Ein Yabrud

Ein Yabrud
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicعين يبرود
 • Latin'Ein Yabrud (official)
Ayn Yabrood (unofficial)
Ein Yabrud is located in State of Palestine
Ein Yabrud
Ein Yabrud
Location of Ein Yabrud
Coordinates: 31°56′51″N 35°14′55″E / 31.94750°N 35.24861°E / 31.94750; 35.24861
Palestine grid173/151
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateRamallah and al-Bireh
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • Head of MunicipalityAwni Hasan Sha'ib
Area
 • Total
11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total
2,515
 • Density219/km2 (566/sq mi)
Name meaningThe spring of Yebrud[2]

Ein Yabrud (Arabic: عين يبرود) is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the central West Bank. It is located approximately 7 km northeast of the city of Ramallah and its elevation is 800 m. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) the town had a population of 2,515 in 2017.[1]

Location

Ein Yabrud is located (horizontally) 6.8 kilometers (4.2 mi) west of Ramallah. It is bordered by Rammun and Taybeh to the east, Yabrud and Silwad to the north, Dura al-Qar' to the west, and Deir Dibwan, Beitin and Al-Bireh to the south.[3]

History

Sherds from the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras have been found here.[4] A grave, with three arcosolia, and with coins from the reign of Constantine the Great have been excavated here.[5] Sherds from the Umayyad, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have also been found.[4] According to historian Yossef Rapoport, Ein Yabrud was continuously inhabited since the Hellenistic period.[6]

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

The geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi noted about Ein Yabrud in 1226, during Ayyubid rule (1187–1260), that it was "a village lying north of Jerusalem, on the road from the Holy City to Nabulus, between which and Yabrud is Kafar Natha. It possesses orchards and vineyards, and olives and Sumach trees."[7] Half of the village at that time belonged to a waqf (religious endowment) for the benefit of the Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount) in Jerusalem and the other half to a madrasa (Islamic school).[8]

Ein Yabrud was mentioned in two documents found in a corpus stored in Jerusalem dating to the first decade of the 14th century, during Mamluk rule (1260–1516). The waqf to which three-quarters of Ein Yabrud's revenues were allotted was for the benefit of the Haram al-Sharif, as it had been during Ayyubid rule. The first document, from November 1306, records the sale of olive oil to the waqf by two villagers belonging to the family of Banu Amir for the sum of 1,400 dirhams, which they were to share equally among themselves and a third villager, Musa ibn Qasim ibn Isma'il.[9] The second document, dated September 1307, identifies one of the two aforementioned villagers of the Banu Amir as a ra'is (headman) and the second as the son of a ra'is; altogether the second document names twenty-five residents, mostly fellahin (peasants), of Ein Yabrud, divided into five groups, at the head of each was a ra'is. Each ra'is was a mutual guarantor of the other's obligations.[10]

Ottoman period

Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and Ein Yabrud ('Ayn Ibrud') was listed in the Ottoman tax register of 1596 as being in the Nahiya of Quds (Jerusalem) of the Liwa of Quds. The population was 24 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 8,700 akçe.[11][12]

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Ein Yabrud was located "on the top of a hill".[13] It was further noted as a Muslim village, located in the Bani Murra district, north of Jerusalem.[14] In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to have 800 inhabitants and a number of houses were built with antique materials.[15] Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that the village had 66 houses and a population of 282, though the population count only included men. It was further noted that it was located one hour north of Beitin.[16][17] In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Ein Yabrud as: "A village of moderate size on the top of a hill, well built, surrounded with fine groves of olives, with a well on the north-east."[18] In 1896 the population of Ein Yabrud was estimated to be about 573 persons.[19]

British Mandate period

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the population numbered 576 Muslims,[20] increasing in the 1931 census to 788 inhabitants, in 178 houses.[21] In the 1945 statistics Ein Yabrud had a population of 930 Muslims,[22] and a total land area of 11,488 dunams.[23] 3,151 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,632 for cereals,[24] while 88 dunams were built-up areas.[25]

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Ein Yabrud came under Jordanian rule. Jordan confiscated lands of Ein Yabrud and nearby Silwad for the construction of a military camp before the Six-Day War.[26]

The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,501 inhabitants in Ein Yabrud.[27]

Post-1967

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Ein Yabrud has been under Israeli occupation.

After the 1995 accords, 34.3% of village land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 65.7% is classified as Area C.[28] Israel has confiscated land from Ein Yarbrud for two settlements: 1,252 dunams for Ofra and 137 dunams for Beit El.[29]

The Jordanian buildings formed the initial basis of the Israeli settlement of Ofra founded in 1975.[26] Plans for further expansion of Ofra in this land in 2011 resulted in legal challenges and public dispute.[26] Land belonging to the residents of the village has been used to construct hundreds of structures in the neighbouring Israeli settlement of Ofra.[30]

Ein Yabrud is the home village of Hamas military commander Maher Udda.[31]

References

  1. 1 2 Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 224
  3. ↑ ‘Ein Yabrud village profile, ARIJ, p. 4
  4. 1 2 Finkelstein et al, 1997, p. 563
  5. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 832
  6. ↑ Rapoport 2025, p. 108.
  7. ↑ Le Strange, 1890, p. 550
  8. ↑ Rapoport 2025, p. 279, note 30.
  9. ↑ Rapoport 2025, pp. 96–97, 99.
  10. ↑ Rapoport 2025, pp. 97, 99.
  11. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 121
  12. ↑ Toledano, 1984, p. 289, gives the location as 31°57'15"N 35°14'20"E, noting a spring called Ayn Abrud located nearby, at 31°57′00″N 35°13′40″E
  13. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 80
  14. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 125
  15. ↑ Guérin, 1869, pp. 42-43
  16. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 143 Also noted it in the Bani Murra region
  17. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 115 noted 67 houses
  18. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 291
  19. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 121
  20. ↑ Barron, 1922, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramalllah, p. 16
  21. ↑ Mills, 1932, p.49
  22. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26
  23. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 64.
  24. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 112
  25. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.162
  26. 1 2 3 State moves to expand settlement on Palestinian land confiscated by Jordan, Chaim Levinson, Jun 17, 2011, Haaretz.
  27. ↑ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24
  28. ↑ ‘Ein Yabrud village profile, ARIJ, p. 18
  29. ↑ ‘Ein Yabrud village profile, ARIJ, p. 19
  30. ↑ Israel's 'Ulpana neighborhood is built on years of land theft and forgery, Akiva Eldar, 24 April 2012, Haaretz
  31. ↑ Israel arrests Hamas leader March 15, 2010, Al Jazeera

Bibliography

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