List of political parties in Brazil

Brazil has a multi-party system since 1979, when the country's military dictatorship disbanded an enforced two-party system and allowed the creation of multiple parties.[1] All candidates for federal, state, municipal, and Federal District offices must be nominated by a political party. Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil.[2]

The Brazilian National Congress has been since characterized by political fragmentation, reaching a peak of 35 registered political parties in 2018, 30 of which were represented in congress after the 2018 general election[3][4][5], with an effective number of parties of 16.5.[6] An electoral threshold introduced in 2017, which restricted access to party subsidies and free party political broadcasts, combined with the end of coalitions in proportional elections, has since caused this number to decrease.[6][7] Since 2021, parties are allowed to unite under party federations, with a minimum duration of four years, sharing a common statute and leadership.[8]

Since the 2022 general election, the Liberal Party (PL), the Workers' Party (PT), the Brazil Union (UNIÃO), the Progressives (PP), the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) and the Republicans together control over 80% of the Brazilian Congress, along with over 70% of the mayors in municipalities.[9][10]

Brazilian parties have access to party subsidies in the form of Fundo Partidário (lit. 'Party Fund') and Fundo Eleitoral (lit. 'Electoral Fund')[11], and a system of free party political broadcasts during election time known as the horário eleitoral gratuito.[12]

Since 1982, Brazilian political parties have been given an electoral number to make it easier for illiterate people to vote. Initially, it was a one-digit number: 1 for PDS, 2 for PDT, 3 for PT, 4 for PTB, and 5 for PMDB.[13] When it became clear that there was going to be more than nine parties, two-digit numbers were assigned, with the first five parties having a "1" added to their former one-digit number (PDS becoming number 11, PDT 12, PT 13, PTB 14, and PMDB 15).[14] Political parties often change their names, but they can retain their number.

Active parties

Parties with representation in the National Congress

Logo Party
Ideology
 Political
position		 President Chamber[15] Senate[16] Assemblies[17] Governors
 Liberal Party
Partido Liberal		 PL Right-wing to far-right Valdemar Costa Neto
90 / 513
15 / 81
128 / 1,059
2 / 27
 Workers' Party
Partido dos Trabalhadores		 PT Centre-left
to left-wing
Factions:
Left-wing to far-left		 Edinho Silva
67 / 513
9 / 81
118 / 1,059
4 / 27
Brazil Union
União Brasil		 UNIÃO Centre-right[18][23] Antônio de Rueda
55 / 513
5 / 81
98 / 1,059
4 / 27
 Progressives
Progressistas		 PP Centre-right Ciro Nogueira
48 / 513
8 / 81
86 / 1,059
2 / 27
Social Democratic Party
Partido Social Democrático		 PSD Gilberto Kassab
46 / 513
13 / 81
79 / 1,059
4 / 27
Republicans
Republicanos		 Repub. Right-wing[31] Marcos Pereira
45 / 513
5 / 81
76 / 1,059
2 / 27
Brazilian Democratic Movement
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro		 MDB Baleia Rossi
43 / 513
10 / 81
94 / 1,059
3 / 27
Brazilian Socialist Party
Partido Socialista Brasileiro		 PSB Centre to centre-left
Historically:
Left-wing		 João Henrique Campos
16 / 513
5 / 81
54 / 1,059
3 / 27
We Can
Podemos		 PODE Centre-right Renata Abreu
16 / 513
4 / 81
48 / 1,059
0 / 27
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira		 PSDB Centre to Centre-right
Historical, now faction:
Centre to centre-left		 Marconi Perillo
16 / 513
3 / 81
55 / 1,059
1 / 27
Democratic Labour Party
Partido Democrático Trabalhista		 PDT Centre-left[62]
Historical:
Left-wing[63]		 Carlos Lupi
16 / 513
2 / 81
44 / 1,059
0 / 27
Socialism and Liberty Party
Partido Socialismo e Liberdade		 PSOL Left-wing[68] to far-left[72] Paula Coradi
15 / 513
0 / 81
22 / 1,059
0 / 27
Communist Party of Brazil
Partido Comunista do Brasil		 PCdoB Centre-left to left-wing
Historically:
Far-left		 Luciana Santos
9 / 513
0 / 81
18 / 1,059
0 / 27
Forward
Avante		 Avante Centre[79][80][81] Luis Tibé
8 / 513
0 / 81
14 / 1,059
0 / 27
New Party
Partido Novo		 NOVO Right-wing[87] to far-right[88] Eduardo Ribeiro
5 / 513
1 / 81
5 / 1,059
1 / 27
Solidarity
Solidariedade		 Solid. Centre Paulinho da Força
5 / 513
0 / 81
29 / 1,059
1 / 27
Democratic Renewal Party
Partido Renovação Democrática		 PRD National conservatism Right-wing Marcus Vinícius Neskau
4 / 513
0 / 81
25 / 1,059
0 / 27
Green Party
Partido Verde		 PV Green politics Centre[90] to left-wing[91] José Luiz Penna
4 / 513
0 / 81
20 / 1,059
0 / 27
Citizenship
Cidadania		 Cidad. Roberto Freire
4 / 513
0 / 81
19 / 1,059
0 / 27
Sustainability Network
Rede Sustentabilidade		 REDE
Centre-left to left-wing[102]
Historical:
Centre to centre-right[103]
  • Paulo Lamac
  • Iaraci Dias
4 / 513
0 / 81
6 / 1,059
0 / 27
Mission Party
Partido Missão		 MISSÃO Conservative liberalism[104]
Economic liberalism[104]
National liberalism[105]
Technocapitalism[106]
Bukelism[107]

Fiscalism[104][108]

 Right-wing[111] to far-right[112] Renan Santos
1 / 513
0 / 81
1 / 1,059
0 / 27

Parties without representation in the National Congress

Logo Party Ideology Political
position		 President Assemblies[17]
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro		 PRTB Far-right[119] Leonardo Avalanche
6 / 1,059
Act
Agir		 AGIR
Daniel Tourinho
5 / 1,059
National Mobilization
Mobilização Nacional		 Mobiliza Centre-right[133][134]
Historical:
Centre-left[78]		 Antonio Massarollo
5 / 1,059
Democrat
Democrata		 Suêd Haidar
3 / 1,059
Christian Democracy
Democracia Cristã		 DC Centre-right José Maria Eymael
1 / 1,059
Workers' Cause Party
Partido da Causa Operária		 PCO Left-wing[141] to far-left Rui Costa Pimenta N/a
 Brazilian Communist Party
Partido Comunista Brasileiro		 PCB Far-left[148] Edmilson Costa N/a
United Socialist Workers' Party
Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado		 PSTU
Left-wing[150] to far-left[151] Zé Maria N/a
Popular Unity
Unidade Popular		 UP Far-left Léo Péricles N/a

Party federations

On 28 September 2021, Law No. 14,208 was enacted, establishing "federations" (Portuguese: federações).[29] These federations are associations between parties, considered as a single party in elections and legislative activities such as the creation of caucuses and committees.[152] The associated parties must belong to the federation for at least four years from the date of its registration, with penalties if they leave before the deadline.[29]

The establishment of party federations followed the abolition of coalitions in proportional elections, which allowed parties to function as single in seat allocation. This change was implemented through Constitutional Amendment No. 97 of 2017, which also introduced an electoral threshold for future parliamentary elections.[153] Parties and federations that surpass this threshold gain access to public subsidies through the Party Fund (Portuguese: Fundo Partidário) and are entitled to free advertising on radio and television.

Below are listed the federations currently registered with the Superior Electoral Court:[154]

Federation President Representation[155][156][157] Parties
Deputies Senators Assemb.
Brazil of Hope Federation
Federação Brasil da Esperança		 José Luiz Penna
80 / 513
9 / 81
156 / 1,059
 PT
PCdoB
PV
PSDB Cidadania Federation
Federação PSDB Cidadania		 Aécio Neves
20 / 513
3 / 81
74 / 1,060
 PSDB
Cidadania
PSOL REDE Federation
Federação PSOL REDE		 Paula Coradi
15 / 513
0 / 81
28 / 1,060
 PSOL
REDE
Solidary Renewal Federation
Federação Renovação Solidária		 Ovasco Resende
10 / 513
0 / 81
54 / 1,060
 Solidariedade
PRD
Progressive Union
Federação União Progressista		 Antônio Rueda
Ciro Nogueira
101 / 513
14 / 81
186 / 1,060
 UNIÃO
PP

Extinct parties

This list presents the parties of the current Sixth Republic that were once registered with the Superior Electoral Court, but have ceased to exist. The existence of all these parties has ended by the result of mergers.

Historical parties

This list presents the parties that never reached the Sixth Republic. Due to the large number of parties that were dissolved, especially during the First and Second Republics, it is not intended to be an exhaustive list.

Imperial Brazil (1822–1889)

First and Second Republics (1889–1937)

Fourth Republic (1945–1964)

Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Known from 1985 to 2007 as the Party of the Liberal Front (Partido da Frente Liberal).
  2. ↑ Known from 1995 to 1998 as the National Solidarist Party (Partido Solidarista Nacional), and from 1998 to 2000 as the Party of National Solidarity (Partido da Solidariedade Nacional).
  3. ↑ Known from 2011 to 2017 as the National Ecological Party (Partido Ecológico Nacional).
  4. ↑ Also called Progressive Party.
  5. ↑ Known from 1945 to 1947 as the Democratic Left (Esquerda Democrática).
  6. ↑ Known from 1946 to 1947 as the Proletarian Party of Brazil (Partido Proletário do Brasil).
  7. ↑ Created from the merger of three parties: the National Agrarian Party (Partido Agrário Nacional), the Popular Syndicalist Party (Partido Popular Sindicalista) and the Progressive Republican Party (Partido Republicano Progressista).
  8. ↑ Known from 1958 until its dissolution in 1965 as the Rural Labour Party (Partido Rural Trabalhista).

References

  1. ↑ Sousa, Ana Cristina Augusto de; Silva, Lays Correa da (6 August 2021). "Redemocratização no Brasil: continuidade ou ruptura?". Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) (in Portuguese). 22 (47): 570–575. doi:10.1590/2237-101X02204713. ISSN 1518-3319. S2CID 238849517.
  2. ↑ Larrubia, Mariana (1 December 2025). "STF veta possibilidade de candidaturas sem filiação partidária". JOTA Jornalismo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  3. ↑ "Número de partidos na Câmara deve cair após ápice da fragmentação em 2018". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  4. ↑ "Brasil tem 75 partidos políticos em processo de formação". Archived from the original on 19 November 2023.
  5. ↑ "Brasil vai às urnas em outubro com 35 partidos". Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 Mali, Tiago (8 July 2023). "Brasil deixa de ter o Legislativo mais fragmentado do mundo". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2025.
  7. ↑ "Contextos competitivos fazem diferença?: o efeito do fim das coligações proporcionais sobre a fragmentação partidária (2016-2020)".
  8. ↑ "Saiba o que é uma federação partidária". Justiça Eleitoral (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  9. ↑ "G7 dos partidos políticos domina disputa a prefeituras e Congresso e mira 2026". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 27 May 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2025.
  10. ↑ "PSD se consolida à frente após 2º turno com 887 prefeituras; MDB e PP vêm em seguida". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 27 October 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2025.
  11. ↑ Fundo Partidário (estudo) Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine. Por Miriam Campelo de Melo Amorim. Brasília: Biblioteca Digital da Câmara dos Deputados, outubro de 2005.
  12. ↑ "L9504". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  13. ↑ "De 10 a 90: entenda como são definidos os números dos partidos". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 August 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  14. ↑ "Folha de S.Paulo - Eleição em números: História recente explica número dos partidos - 25/09/2000". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  15. ↑ "Bancadas atuais da Câmara dos Deputados". Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  16. ↑ "Senadores em Exercício". Federal Senate. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  17. 1 2 "Resultado da Eleição". sig.tse.jus.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  18. 1 2 Marco Aurélio Nogueira (7 October 2021). "Uma fusão para mexer nas peças do jogo político". Estadão (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  19. ↑ João Almeida Moreira (6 October 2021). "Direita cria maior partido do Brasil para fazer frente a Lula e Bolsonaro". Diário de Notícias. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  20. ↑ "Manifesto União Brasil" (PDF). Democratas (in Portuguese). 6 October 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  21. 1 2 Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. 1 2 ""A miríade de partidos que temos confunde o eleitor, favorece o fisiologismo", diz manifesto do União Brasil". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 October 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  23. ↑ Cite error: The named reference NEX was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ↑ Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Norbert Kersting (28 June 2003). Poverty and Democracy: Self-Help and Political Participation in Third World Cities. Zed Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84277-205-8.
  25. ↑ "Kassab à CNN: PSD é liberal e se preocupa com a responsabilidade fiscal". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 October 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2026. Segundo o líder partidário, o programa econômico do PSD foi elaborado por Guilherme Afif Domingos, reconhecido economista liberal. Kassab esclareceu: "É evidente que um liberal de um partido de centro, um programa liberal, é um partido que admite gastos expressivos em saúde pública, na educação, na defesa, no Judiciário". [According to the party leader, the PSD's economic program was developed by Guilherme Afif Domingos, a renowned liberal economist. Kassab clarified: "It is evident that a liberal from a centrist party, with a liberal program, is a party that allows for significant spending on public health, education, defense, and the judiciary."]
  26. ↑ Bouchard, Joseph (9 October 2024). "Divided Conservative Movement Wins Big in Brazil's Municipal Elections". RealClearWorld. Retrieved 10 September 2025. The city of Rio de Janeiro's seat went to the Social Democratic Party (PSD), a big-tent party that broadly supports liberal democracy and centre-right economics.
  27. ↑ Franco, Luiza (2 April 2025). "Brazil's Low-Key Operator". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 9 September 2025. However, many prominent PSD members were Bolsonaro supporters and repeatedly voted with the administration—while others didn't, in typical PSD big-tent style.
  28. ↑ [6][26][27]
  29. 1 2 3 4 Spechoto, Caio (12 August 2021). "Congresso aprova federações partidárias, que socorrem partidos pequenos". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  30. ↑ Ventura, Arthur (19 September 2020). "El ascenso político de los actores religiosos conservadores. Cuatro lecciones del caso brasileño". Encartes. Archived from the original on 9 December 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025. If now the reactionary political actors accuse the Workers' Party of all the sins of Brazil, in their time the neo-Pentecostal and conservative evangelical representatives accommodated themselves to the governments of theptand they managed to reinforce their presence and their weight throughout these 13 years (Tadvald, 2015). The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, the main neo-Pentecostal church in Brazil, entered the PT government in 2003, first through the Liberal Party (pl) and then through the Brazilian Republican Party (prb).
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 March 2026. Retrieved 17 June 2020. Voltando ao meme: seria o PSDB um partido de esquerda? Os dados acima sugerem que o PSDB não está agindo como um partido esquerdista no momento. Os tucanos foram os mais aguerridos na defesa das medidas econômicas liberais propostas pelo governo de Michel Temer. Mais até que o próprio PMDB, partido do presidente. [Returning to the meme: is the PSDB a left-wing party? The data above suggests that the PSDB is not acting like a left-wing party at the moment. The PSDB members were the most ardent in defending the liberal economic measures proposed by Michel Temer's government. Even more so than the PMDB, the president's own party.]
  33. 1 2 "Brazil: Political parties" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu. The Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, PMDB) is the government's main coalition partner and the party of the current Vice-President, Michel Temer. PMDB is a centrist neoliberal party and the successor to the 1966 MDB party.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement". Britannica.
  35. ↑ Tähtinen, Lauri (25 October 2022). "Brazil: Five Phenomena and Three Scenarios". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  36. ↑ Narloch, Leandro (31 July 2020). "PMDB, o partido da malemolência". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  37. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 8 August 2025. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  38. ↑ [33][34][35][36][37]
  39. ↑ Sara Brandellero; Derek Pardue; Georg Wink, eds. (2020). Living (Il)legalities in Brazil: Practices, Narratives and Institutions in a Country on the Edge. Routledge. ISBN 9781000057683.
  40. ↑ "Michel Temer: Brazil ex-president arrested in corruption probe". BBC. 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020. Mr Temer, from the centre-right MDB party, took over the Brazilian presidency in August 2016 following the impeachment of leftist Dilma Rousseff, a process in which he played a key role.
  41. ↑ "Democracy in Brazil | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank". www.chathamhouse.org. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2026. This declined rapidly in her second term, a time of increasing unemployment and inflation, until, in 2015, Rousseff was accused of budgetary trickery. After large protests swept across Brazil, she was impeached and convicted. She was succeeded by her vice president from a more centrist party.
  42. ↑ [39][40][41]
  43. ↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (Jr.), eds. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 502. ISBN 9780195170559. In 1982 São Paulo's governor, Franco Montoro of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), created the Council for Participation and Development of the Black Community.
  44. ↑ Paul Freston, ed. (2008). Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America. Oxford University Press. p. 502. ISBN 9780199721245. Garotinho, however, continued in the political limelight, joining the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB; Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro), and positioning himself to run as the PMDB candidate in the 2006 presidential election.
  45. ↑ [34][43][44]
  46. ↑ Power, Timothy J. (2008). Kingstone, Peter (ed.). Centering Democracy?: Ideological Cleavages and Convergence in the Brazilian Political Class. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Porto, Mauro P. (2008). Democratization and Election News Coverage in Brazil. Routledge. p. 253. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ [34][46][47]
  49. ↑ Silva, João Herminio Marques de Carvalho e (28 July 2023). A classe operária vai ao paraíso dos tribunais: hiperjudicialização antipolítica e a decisão ideológica pela política do direito (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Dialética. ISBN 978-65-252-9676-0. Afinal, PDT e Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) há muito também experimentam o social-liberalismo com as frequentes defeozóes de seus parlamentares e de seus agentes do poder executivo (prefeitos e governadores) em sentido social-lberal. [Ultimately, the PDT and the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) have also long experimented with social liberalism, with the frequent defections of their parliamentarians and executive branch agents (mayors and governors) in a social-liberal sense.]
  50. ↑ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil. Archived from the original on 5 March 2026. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  51. 1 2 "Cartiha" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Podemos. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  52. ↑ Bruna Borges. "Veja como é o novo partido de Alvaro Dias, o Podemos". Gazeta do Povo.
  53. ↑ "PODEMOS: Novo partido defende transparência e democracia direta | Mais RO". 21 June 2017.
  54. ↑ [52][53]
  55. ↑ Jörg Nowak, ed. (2019). Mass Strikes and Social Movements in Brazil and India: Popular Mobilisation in the Long Depression. Springer. p. 247. ISBN 9783030053758. Silva had been a member of PT since 1985, while Rousseff, who had been a founding member of Brizola's social-democratic PDT, joined PT only in 2001.
  56. ↑ Silva, João Herminio Marques de Carvalho e (28 July 2023). A classe operária vai ao paraíso dos tribunais: hiperjudicialização antipolítica e a decisão ideológica pela política do direito (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Dialética. ISBN 978-65-252-9676-0. Afinal, PDT e Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) há muito também experimentam o social-liberalismo com as frequentes defeozóes de seus parlamentares e de seus agentes do poder executivo (prefeitos e governadores) em sentido social-lberal. [Ultimately, the PDT and the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) have also long experimented with social liberalism, with the frequent defections of their parliamentarians and executive branch agents (mayors and governors) in a social-liberal sense.]
  57. 1 2 3 4 Mainwaring, Scott P. (1999), Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil, Stanford University Press, p. 91
  58. ↑ Cruz, André Kaysel Velasco e (2014). Entre a nação e a revolução: o marxismo de matriz comunista e o nacionalismo popular no Peru e no Brasil. doi:10.11606/T.8.2014.tde-21052015-122325.
  59. ↑ [57][58]
  60. ↑ "Former São Paulo governor withdraws from Brazil election race". Financial Times. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022. The next closest candidate, Ciro Gomes of the centre-left Democratic Labour party, is polling at about 7-8 per cent.
  61. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 8 August 2025. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  62. ↑ [57][60][61]
  63. ↑ Banks, Arthur S.; Overstreet, William (1983). Political Handbook of the World: 1982-1983: Governments and Intergovernmental Organisation as of January 1st 1983. McGraw-Hill. p. 62. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
  64. ↑ "Official party program (in portuguese)".
  65. ↑ Senra, Ricardo; Guimarães, Thiago (31 October 2016). "Como as eleições municipais desidrataram os partidos de esquerda". BBC Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  66. ↑ "Brazilian Electoral Bulletin 2022". Washington Brazil Office. 13. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 27 May 2025. The party alliance supporting Lula da Silva's candidacy is practically defined and will be composed of one center-right party (Solidariedade), two center parties (Green Party, PV; Sustainable Network, REDE), three center-left parties (Workers' Party, PT; Communist Party of Brazil, PCdoB; and the Brazilian Socialist Party, PSB), and one left-wing party (Party of Socialism and Liberty, PSOL).
  67. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 8 August 2025. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS,PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  68. ↑ [65][66][67]
  69. ↑ "Partidos de Extrema Esquerda lideram ações na USP". Globo. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. partidos de extrema-esquerda - o PCO, o PSTU e o PSOL. [far-left parties – the PCO, the PSTU, and the PSOL]
  70. ↑ "Representação brasileira no Parlamento do Mercosul". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. É considerado, no espectro político, como um partido de extrema esquerda. [It is considered an far-left party on the political spectrum.]
  71. ↑ Correira de Moura, Pablo Thiago (2011). "As razões da esquerda radical - PCB, PSTU e PSOL". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. No Brasil, são classificados como esquerda radical os partidos de orientação marxista, socialista e comunista, como o PSOL, o PSTU e o PCB [...] O que caracteriza o extremismo é a tendência em ver as relações nos moldes das alternativas radicais. [In Brazil, parties with Marxist, socialist, and communist orientations, such as the PSOL, PSTU, and PCB, are classified as radical left [...] What characterizes extremism is the tendency to view relationships in terms of radical alternatives.]
  72. ↑ [69][70][71]
  73. ↑ TSE Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Estatuto do Partido Comunista do Brasil
  74. ↑ Cite error: The named reference sintomas was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  75. 1 2 Banks, Arthur S.; Overstreet, William (1983). Political Handbook of the World: 1982-1983: Governments and Intergovernmental Organisation as of January 1st 1983. McGraw-Hill. p. 63. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
  76. ↑ "As diferenças entre PCB e PCdoB". 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  77. ↑ [76][75]
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: The named reference fgv was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  79. ↑ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 March 2026. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  80. ↑ "Direita cresce e engole o centro no congresso mais fragmentado da história". Congresso em Foco (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  81. ↑ "Genealogia dos partidos". Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  82. ↑ "João Amoêdo se diz 'liberal na economia', mas 'conservador nos costumes'" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
  83. ↑ [82]
  84. ↑ Pinheiro, Leo. "Desilusão com a política pode ajudar Novo a crescer, diz presidente da sigla". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  85. ↑ Bevins, Vincent (30 October 2022). "Brazil's Democracy Is on the Brink and the Ballot". New York. Retrieved 7 February 2025. After the first round of voting, all of the other major candidates, along with the founder of the country's libertarian NOVO party, lined up behind him.
  86. ↑ [85]
  87. ↑ The loneliness of the right-wing legislator - The Economist(2014) (subscription required) Archived 15 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑
    • Horta, José Luiz Borges (12 December 2021). "Federalismo e Democracia" (PDF). Revista de Ciências do Estado (in Portuguese). 6 (2): 1–18. doi:10.35699/2525-8036.2021.37464. ISSN 2525-8036. Em respeito aos fatos, é preciso registrar que nenhuma destas virtudes fez-se manifestar em Minas, tanto pelo perfil do eventual ocupante do Palácio da Liberdade (como se dizia) quanto, se não mesmo especialmente, pelas ideologias frequentadas pelo chamado "Partido Novo" a que o Governo (!?) de Minas pertenceu durante estes anos. Em algo como uma ultradireita, aproximam-se de uma mundivisão anarcocapitalista que, talvez, possa ser melhor compreendida pela via da chave de leitura que propomos: são apenas piratas, portando-se frente ao Estado exatamente como os piratas de antanho se comportavam frente às potestades de outrora. [With respect to the facts, it is necessary to note that none of these virtues were manifested in Minas Gerais, both due to the profile of the eventual occupant of the Palácio da Liberdade (as was said) and, if not especially, due to the ideologies favored by the so-called “Partido Novo” to which the government (!?) of Minas Gerais belonged during these years. In something like an ultra-right, they approach an anarcho-capitalist worldview that, perhaps, can be better understood through the reading key that we propose: they are just pirates, behaving before the State exactly as the pirates of yesteryear behaved before the powers of yesteryear.]
    • Soares Braga, Sergio; Linhares, Rafael; Ramos, Rangel Ramiro (July 2024). "Más allá de las "fake news"; estrategias discursivas y defensa de políticas públicas de parlamentarios de Argentina, Brasil y Portugal en entornos digitales". XII Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política. Extrema direita: NOVO, PL; La Libertad Avanza, Buenos Aires Libre; Chega, Iniciativa Liberal. [Far right: NOVO, PL; Freedom Advances, Free Buenos Aires; Chega, Liberal Initiative.]
    • Albino, Nathália Moreira (1 September 2023). "A saúde como mercadoria: o projeto das Organizações Sociais de Saúde em Minas Gerais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (Thesis). Archived from the original on 19 December 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2025. Em 2018, Romeu Zema, do Partido Novo - a ultra direita liberal - assume o governo de Minas Gerais, baseado no discurso de que, se eleito, seu governo seria uma alternativa à "velha política". [In 2018, Romeu Zema, of the Partido Novo - a liberal far right - assumes government of Minas Gerais, based on speech that, if elected, its government would be An alternative to “old politics”.]
    • "Eleições 2024: olhando além das aparências". Brasil de Fato (in Brazilian Portuguese). 27 November 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025. O quadro abaixo nos permite visualizar de forma mais nítida estes resultados. Nele agrupamos os partidos em quatro grandes blocos: a) a extrema direita: (PL, Republicanos e Novo); b) o "centrão": PP, PSD, União, PRD, Podemos e todos os outros pequenos partidos deste campo político; c) o centro tradicional: MDB, PSDB e Cidadania; e d) a esquerda: PDT, PSB, PT, PSOL, PV, Rede e PCdoB. Este é um agrupamento meio arbitrário, mas eficiente para efeitos da compreensão da dinâmica política, pois se pode perceber a evolução dos partidos de uma eleição para a outra. Para isto este tipo de agrupamento em blocos pode ser bastante esclarecedor, como se pode ver abaixo. [The table below allows us to visualize these results more clearly. In it we group the parties into four large blocks: a) the extreme right: (PL, Republicans and Novo); b) the “centrão”: PP, PSD, União, PRD, Podemos and all the other small parties in that political field; c) the traditional center: MDB, PSDB and Cidadania; and d) the left: PDT, PSB, PT, PSOL, PV, Rede and PCdoB. This is a somewhat arbitrary grouping, but it is efficient for understanding political dynamics, as it allows us to see the evolution of parties from one election to the next. For this reason, this type of grouping into blocks can be quite enlightening, as can be seen below.]
  89. ↑ "Paulinho ao 247: "O Solidariedade é livre". 25 September 2013.
  90. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. Archived from the original on 13 December 2025. Retrieved 8 August 2025. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  91. ↑ Chiodi, Hermano (15 May 2023). "PV dá guinada à esquerda para 'caber' em federação com o PT | O TEMPO". www.otempo.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 15 June 2025. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  92. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  93. ↑ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 12 February 2025.
  94. ↑ Cite error: The named reference ecologist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  95. ↑ Cite error: The named reference progressive was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  96. ↑ https://realtime1.com.br/rede-sustentabilidade-promove-encontro-para-discutir-ecossocialismo/
  97. ↑ Cite error: The named reference neoliberal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  98. ↑ Cite error: The named reference liberal1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  99. ↑ Contrera, Flávio; Hebling, Matheus Lucas (December 2021). "Perspectivas ideológicas em política externa nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2018". Latinoamérica. Revista de estudios Latinoamericanos (in Portuguese) (73): 69–102. doi:10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2022.73.57257 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 1665-8574. Expressa na categoria "Protecionismo: negativo", a defesa do livre-comércio e de maior abertura comercial foi manifestada por PODEMOS, PSL, MDB, NOVO, REDE, PSDB e PDT. Entre as propostas mais abordadas pelos partidos está a negociação de novos acordos de livre-comércio (Podemos, MDB, NOVO, REDE e PSDB), o aprofundamento do livre-comércio dentro do Mercosul (MDB, REDE e PDT), a conclusão das negociações com a União Europeia (MDB e REDE), a busca de um acordo de livre-comércio com a Aliança do Pacífico (REDE), e a redução de tarifas de importação (PODEMOS, PSL, REDE e PDT). [...] São casos desviantes a REDE e o PDT na defesa do livre-comércio e o PATRIOTA na defesa do anti-imperialismo econômico. [Expressed in the category "Protectionism: negative", the defense of free trade and greater commercial openness was expressed by PODEMOS, PSL, MDB, NOVO, REDE, PSDB and PDT. Among the proposals most addressed by the parties are the negotiation of new free trade agreements (Podemos, MDB, NOVO, REDE and PSDB), the deepening of free trade within the Mercosur (MDB, REDE and PDT), the conclusion of negotiations with the European Union (MDB and REDE), the search for a free trade agreement with the Pacific Alliance (REDE), and the reduction of import tariffs (PODEMOS, PSL, REDE and PDT). [...] These are cases that divert REDE and the PDT from the defense of free trade and the PATRIOTA from the defense of economic anti-imperialism.]{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  100. ↑ Cite error: The named reference liberal2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  101. ↑ [97][98][99][100]
  102. ↑ Cite error: The named reference left was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  103. ↑ Cite error: The named reference right was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  104. 1 2 3 "Partido Missão: ideologia, MBL, TSE e tudo mais sobre o novo projeto político no Brasil; Onça é mascote". Fusne (in Brazilian Portuguese). 26 June 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.
  105. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Folha2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  106. ↑ "Partido do MBL se inspira em ultradireita do Vale do Silício para desafiar Bolsonaro". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 May 2026. Retrieved 12 August 2026.
  107. ↑ "Painel: MBL fará documento propondo medidas de Bukele para o Brasil". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 February 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  108. 1 2 "Seja Um Candidato Pela Missão! - Partido Missão". candidatos.partidomissao.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  109. 1 2 "Partido do MBL quer eliminar traficantes e pode lançar Gentili". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 July 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2026.
  110. ↑ "GCN: Missão: novo partido quer sepultar PT, PL e o reinado do Centrão". sampi (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 July 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2026.
  111. ↑
  112. ↑
  113. ↑ "Histórico". PRTB. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  114. 1 2 "Brazil: Bolsonaro puts military general as VP on election ticket". Al Jazeera. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  115. ↑ "Eleições: Levy Fidelix quer "privatizar tudo que puder" para alavancar São Paulo". IG Último Segundo. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  116. ↑ "RELEMBRANDO 2014: LEVY FIDELIX RESPONDE SOBRE CASAMENTO GAY – DEBATE RECORD". PRTB. 26 January 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  117. ↑ "PRTB 28". PRTB. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  118. ↑ "Antes de Daciolo, Levy Fidelix já alertava sobre o "perigo" dos illuminati". Gazeta do Povo. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  119. ↑
    • Singer, André (November–December 2024). "LULISMO 3.0: A MID-TERM DIAGNOSIS". New Left Review (150): 39–54. Retrieved 14 February 2025. This year, with the backing of the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (prtb), a small far-right outfit with no congressional seats, Marçal made ...
    • "Meet the candidates: this year's 13 presidential hopefuls". Brazil Reports. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2025. Vice – General Mourão (PRTB – Brazilian Labour Renewal Party – far right)
    • "Brazil's Election in the Shadow of the Impeachment". Developing Economics. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2025. After switching parties and struggling to form political alliances, he ended with a [military] vice–president as extreme as him, and a coalition party (PRTB, far-right) that will not have much to add to his candidacy.
    • "Far-Right Politics and Its Historical Marriage to Fascism". Brewminate. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2025. The far right has continued to operate throughout Brazil[104] and a number of far-right parties existed in the modern era including Patriota, the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order, the National Renewal Alliance and the Social Liberal Party as well as death squads such as the Command for Hunting Communists.
  120. ↑ "agir36.com.br" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  121. 1 2 Galván, Javier A. (2020). Modern Brazil. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4408-6032-4.
  122. ↑ Wink, Georg (2021). Brazil, Land of the Past: The Ideological Roots of the New Right. Bibliotopía. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-607-99348-1-1.
  123. ↑ Valença, Márcio Moraes (2002). "The Politics of Giving in Brazil: The Rise and Demise of Collor (1990-1992)". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (1): 115–152. doi:10.1177/0094582X0202900107. JSTOR 3185075.
  124. ↑ "BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Fernando Collor de Mello: Four years after the fall - Special".
  125. 1 2 Weyland, Kurt (2004). "Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record". Latin American Politics and Society. 46 (1): 135–157. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2004.tb00268.x. JSTOR 3177084. Project MUSE 53324 ProQuest 200243176.
  126. ↑ Panizza, F (April 2000). "Neopopulism and its limits in Collor's Brazil". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 19 (2): 177–192. doi:10.1016/S0261-3050(99)00079-0.
  127. ↑ Bertozzi, Carlos Alberto Milani (2001). Collor de Mello: a Brazilian Neopopulist leader? (Thesis).
  128. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Collor de Mello, Fernando Affonso (1992). Agenda for Consensus: A Social-liberal Proposal. Federative Republic of Brazil.
  129. ↑ "Collor, Fernando (Brazil)". The Statesman's Yearbook Companion. 2019. p. 86. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95839-9_163. ISBN 978-1-349-95838-2.
  130. ↑ Lima, Jadson (23 January 2025). "Mayors of capitals in the Legal Amazon are mostly linked to the right-wing". Revista Cenarium. Retrieved 6 September 2025.
  131. ↑ Tarouco, Gabriela (16 September 2024). "Brazilian Parties in the XXI Century and the Conservative Agenda of the New Right". Desafíos. 36 (2): 1–24. doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.13806.
  132. 1 2 Estatuto do Partido de 25.7.2021 (PDF) (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  133. ↑ Nunes, Fernanda; Piltcher, Antonio (12 February 2021). "Partidos em Números: PRTB e PMN". Pindograma (in Portuguese).
  134. ↑ Mariani, Daniel; Yukari, Diana; Faria, Flávia (21 September 2022). "O que faz um partido ser de direita ou esquerda: Folha cria métrica que posiciona legendas". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). São Paulo.
  135. ↑ "Partido da Mulher Brasileira não levanta a bandeira feminista". Pública (in Portuguese). 17 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  136. ↑ Eymael, José Maria (30 March 1995). "Manifesto do Democracia Cristã". Democracia Cristã (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  137. ↑ Eymael, José Maria (30 March 1995). "Manifesto do Democracia Cristã". Democracia Cristã (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 May 2026.
  138. ↑ "Programa". Democracia Cristã. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  139. ↑ Cite error: The named reference PCO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  140. ↑ "Identitarismo". PCO (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2025.
  141. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  142. ↑ "Manual de Organização Partidária – Comitê Central do Partido Comunista Brasileiro" (PDF).
  143. ↑ "Resoluções do XIV Congresso do PCB – A Estratégia e a Tática da Revolução Socialista no Brasil" (PDF).
  144. ↑ [142][143]
  145. ↑ "Nanicos de extrema esquerda desistem de candidaturas próprias e fazem as pazes com o PT". 10 August 2018.
  146. ↑ "Manual de Organização Partidária: Comitê Central do Partido Comunista Brasileiro" (PDF).
  147. ↑ Harmer, Tanya; Álvarez, Alberto Martín (6 April 2021). "The Brazilian Far Left, Cuba, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1963: New International Evidence on a Discordant "Struggle for Ascendancy"". Toward a Global History of Latin America’s Revolutionary Left. University Press of Florida. p. 103-105. ISBN 1683402839. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  148. ↑ [145][146][147]
  149. ↑ Redação (1 June 2022). "0s 100 anos do Movimento Comunista no Brasil". PSTU (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 September 2025.
  150. ↑ Carlomagno, Márcio; Braga, Sérgio; Angeli, Alzira Ester (2022). "Do — and why do — people interact with politicians on social media? Evidences from Brazilian state level elections". Revista Sociedade e Cultura. 25. doi:10.5216/sec.v25.70812. (vii) Ideology (party): Despite that some international political science approaches consider party ideology a 'démodé' variable, Brazilian political scientists still vastly use it. Considering the objectives of our study, we classified the parties according to the literature concepts (ZUCCO JR., 2009), under which codes range from left (1) to right (5). Left: PSOL, PSTU, PCO, PCB. Center-left: PT, PCdoB, PDT. Center: PMDB, PSDB, PSB, PPS, PV. Center-right: PSD, PP, PR, PRB, PROS, PSC, PTB, PHS, SD. Right: DEM, PMN, PRP, PRTB, PSDC, PSL, PTdoB, PTC, PTN.
  151. ↑ "Partido da extrema esquerda, PSTU lança operária sapateira como pré-candidata à Presidência da República". 2 March 2018.
  152. ↑ "Eleições 2022: Veja como ficam as federações partidárias". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  153. ↑ "Congresso promulga emenda que extingue coligações em 2020 e cria cláusula de barreira". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2026.
  154. ↑ "Federações partidárias registradas no TSE". www.tse.jus.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  155. ↑ "Bancadas Atuais". www.camara.leg.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  156. ↑ "Senadores em Exercício". www25.senado.leg.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  157. ↑ "Resultado da Eleição". sig.tse.jus.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 July 2025.
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