Crime in Chicago

Chicago
Crime rates* (2024)
Violent crimes
Homicide21.1
Rape76.0
Robbery336.4
Aggravated assault240.0
Total violent crime673.5
Property crimes
Burglary282.2
Larceny-theft748.1
Motor vehicle theft801.6
Note: 
Reported crimes per 100,000 population

Source: Chicago Crime statistics (2024)

Crime in Chicago has been tracked by the Chicago Police Department's Bureau of Records since the beginning of the 20th century.

The city's overall crime rate, especially the violent crime rate, is higher than the US average.[1] Gangs in Chicago have a role in the city's crime rate.[2][3][4][5] Chicago gangs prefer to do business with Indiana gun stores because Indiana has significantly weaker laws than Illinois.[6][7][8]

The number of homicides in Chicago hit a 25-year high in 2021,[9] but reached a five year low in 2024 with a continued downward trend into 2025.[10][11]

The scatterplot displays the reported crimes in Chicago for each week in 2024

Overview

Chicago saw a major rise in violent crime starting in the late 1960s. Homicides in the city peaked in 1974, with 970 homicides when the city's population was over three million, resulting in a homicide rate of around 29 per 100,000, and again in 1992, with 948 homicides when the city had fewer than three million people, resulting in a homicide rate of 34 per 100,000 citizens.

After 1992, the homicide count steadily decreased to 415 murders by the mid-2000s, a reduction of over 50 percent. In 2021, there were 805 homicides recorded, representing a homicide rate of 29.8 per 100,000. The year of 2022 saw a decline in homicides, followed by another 15% decline in 2023, ending the year with a total of 621.[12]

Violent crime

Chicago experienced major rises in the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s, [13] a decline in overall crime in the 2000s,[14] and then a rise in murders in 2016.[15] Murder, rape, and robbery are the most common violent crimes in the city, and occurrences of such incidents are documented by the Chicago Police Department and indexed in annual crime reports.[16]

Violent Crime Totals 2010-Present

Year[17] Homicide Shooting Criminal Sexual Assault Robbery Vehicular Hijacking Aggravated Battery Aggravated Assault All Violent Crime
2025 417417 1,8711,871 2,0112,011 6,0996,099 571571 6,6796,679 8,088,018 25,28725,287
2024 587587 2,8532,853 2,0002,000 9,4899,489 1,1481,148 7,3197,319 9,9069,906 32,70932,709
2023 623623 2,9912,991 2,0652,065 11,87411,874 1,5401,540 6,9726,972 9,8019,801 35,20735,207
2022 719719 3,5333,533 2,0612,061 8,4868,486 1,9371,937 5,9355,935 9,0859,085 31,02431,024
2021 805805 4,4574,457 1,9391,939 6,8716,871 2,1512,151 6,2176,217 8,9838,983 30,55530,555
2020 781781 4,0904,090 1,6711,671 7,0717,071 1,6841,684 6,4846,484 7,7687,768 28,72928,729
2019 500500 2,6392,639 2,0762,076 8,1388,138 736736 6,8596,859 7,1497,149 27,57427,574
2018 579579 2,8762,876 2,1702,170 9,8559,855 910910 6,5566,556 7,3427,342 29,71829,718
2017 661661 3,3843,384 2,1062,106 12,25112,251 1,1501,150 6,3146,314 7,1047,104 32,22632,226
2016 778778 4,2714,271 1,9541,954 12,61612,616 809809 5,9165,916 7,0657,065 32,55632,556
2015 494494 2,9222,922 1,8221,822 10,41510,415 412412 5,7105,710 5,5775,577 26,82226,822
2014 425425 2,5582,558 1,7181,718 10,62010,620 379379 5,5175,517 5,3695,369 26,10026,100
2013 425425 2,2632,263 1,6521,652 12,82912,829 429429 5,6565,656 5,1645,164 27,94327,943
2012 512512 2,9552,955 1,7761,776 14,67014,670 603603 6,6176,617 5,8965,896 32,42332,423
2011 441441 2,6702,670 1,8211,821 15,08515,085 694694 7,6387,638 6,3806,380 34,20734,207
2010 439439 2,7992,799 1,7271,727 15,49115,491 687687 8,5998,599 6,4846,484 35,71735,717


After adopting crime-fighting techniques in 2004 that were recommended by the Los Angeles Police Department and the New York City Police Department, Chicago recorded 453 homicides, the lowest total since 1965. This homicide rate of 15.8 per 100,000 population was still above the U.S. average, an average which takes in many small towns and suburbs.[18]

By 2010, Chicago's homicide rate had surpassed that of Los Angeles (16.3 per 100,000), and was more than twice that of New York City (7.0 per 100,000).[19] By the end of 2015, Chicago's homicide rate rose to 18.6 per 100,000. By 2016, Chicago had recorded more homicides and shooting victims than New York City and Los Angeles combined.[20] By the end of 2020, Chicago's homicide rate rose to 28.4 per 100,000. Chicago recorded 779 homicides in 2020. This figure represents an increase of more than 55% over 2019. On the Fourth of July weekend 2021, at least 100 people, mostly African-American, were shot, 18 of them fatally.[21]

Chicago's biggest criminal justice challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, armed robbery, gang violence, and aggravated battery.

Murder and shootings 1991-Present

Year Chicago population
(millions)

[22][23][24][25]

 Murders / Homicides
(count)

[12]

 Murder / Homicide rate
(per 100,000 population)		 Reported murder
clearance rate (%)		 Total Shootings (count)

[12]

 Non-fatal Shootings (count)

[12]

2025 2.721 416416 21.515.3
2024 2.721 586586 21.521.5 56%[26] 2,8532,853 2,3362,336
2023 2.699 623623 23.123.1 52% [16] 2,9912,991 2,4302,430
2022 2.684 719719 26.826.8 50% [16] 3,5333,533 2,8872,887
2021 2.706 805805 29.729.7 50% [27] 4,4574,457 3,7073,707
2020 2.746 781781 28.428.4 45.8% [28] 4,0904,090 3,3903,390
2019 2.694 500500 18.618.6 53.4% 2,6392,639 2,1932,193
2018 2.701 579579 21.421.4 45.1% [29] 2,8762,876 2,3952,395
2017 2.711 661661 24.424.4 34.8% [30] 3,3843,384 2,7802,780
2016 2.717 778778 28.628.6 20.1% [31] 4,2714,271 3,5763,576
2015 2.724 494494 18.118.1 26% [32] 2,9222,922 2,4892,489
2014 2.727 425425 15.615.6 2,5582,558 2,1932,193
2013 2.726 425425 15.615.6 2,2632,263 1,9101,910
2012 2.719 512512 18.818.8 2,9552,955 2,5152,515
2011 2.708 441441 16.316.3 34% 2,6702,670 2,3002,300
2010 2.696 439439 16.316.3 33.9% [33] 2,799 2,445
2009 2.851 461461 16.216.2 34.7%
2008 2.830 517517 18.318.3
2007 2.811 448448 15.915.9
2006 2.806 474474 16.916.9
2005 2.825 446446 15.815.8
2004 2.849 453453 15.915.9
2003 2.866 603603 21.021.0
2002 2.881 652652 22.622.6
2001 2.895 671671 23.223.2
2000 2.896 636636 22.022.0
1999 2.799 640640 22.922.9
1998 2.803 709709 25.325.3
1997 2.808 758758 27.027.0
1996 2.814 798798 28.428.4
1995 2.801 821821 29.329.3
1994 2.797 932932 33.333.3
1993 2.794 867867 31.031.0
1992 2.792 948948 34.034.0
1991 2.790 930930 33.333.3
10
20
30
40
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
The Chicago homicide rate by police district (click to enlarge)
CPD working a murder crime scene in Englewood, 2015

Former Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy said a pervasive "no-snitch code" on the street remains the biggest reason more murders aren't being solved in Chicago, adding, "We're not doing well because we're not getting cooperation [...] They don't feel protected when they come forward. They feel that police will throw them under a bus, and they still have to live in the neighborhood."[63] By 2016, Chicago's murder clearance rate had dropped to only 21%, and its detective force had dwindled from 1,151 in 2009 to 863 as of July 2016.[64] Warmer months have significantly higher homicide rates, and over 70% of homicides take place between 7 pm and 5 am.[65]

Crime scene from a CPD shootout with an armed suspect in 2016

In 2011, 83% of homicides involved a firearm, and 6.4% were the result of a stabbing. 10% of homicides in 2011 were the result of an armed robbery and at least 60% were gang or gang narcotics altercations. Over 40% of victims and 60% of offenders were between the ages of 17 and 25. 90.1% of victims were male. 75.3% of victims and 70.5% of offenders were African American, 18.9% were Hispanic (20.3% of offenders), and whites were 5.6% of victims (3.5% of offenders).[65]

Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy was terminated by Rahm Emanuel following the fall out from the shooting of Laquan McDonald.[66]

A map of homicides and Level 1 Trauma Centers in Chicago, 2018

A gunshot wound to the body's center of mass can quickly prove fatal without immediate medical attention due to blood loss and internal injuries.[67] In September 2015, University of Chicago Medicine and Sinai Health Systems announced a joint $40 million venture to convert Holy Cross Hospital into a Level 1 trauma center on the South side, making some of Chicago's most violent neighborhoods less than five miles from high-quality care.[68] Non-fatal gunshot victims in Chicago had an overall rate of occurrence of 46.5 per 100,000 from 2006 to 2012, with a demographic breakdown of 1.62 per 100,000 for whites; 28.72 for Hispanics, and 112.83 for blacks.[69] It was estimated in 2013 that the medical expenses associated with gun violence costs the city of Chicago $2.5 billion a year.[70][71]

August 2016 marked the most violent month Chicago had recorded in over two decades with 92 homicides, included the murder of Nykea Aldridge, cousin of NBA star Dwyane Wade.[20][72] Chicago's 2016 murder and shooting surge attracted national media attention from CNN, The New York Times, USA Today, Time magazine and PBS.[73][74][75][76][77] Filmmaker Spike Lee's 2015 release, Chi-Raq, highlights Chicago's gun violence using a narrative inspired by the Greek comedy Lysistrata.[78]

Chicago's deadliest day since reliable digital records began in 1991 was on May 31, 2020, with 18 murders committed. That day was part of a three-day weekend that had 85 shootings, and 24 murders, the all-time highest number killed on a Chicago weekend.[79] Reports indicated that the victims were of various ages and occupations, but mostly Black. The violence was framed by the George Floyd protests, but researchers said it was unheard of and unable to be contextualized. The city's second-deadliest day had 13 murders, and occurred in 1991 shortly after digital records were introduced. There is no deadlier day recorded in the past 60 years, but records prior to 1991 may be unreliable.[80]

Crime rates by community area

The seventy-seven Chicago community areas were defined cooperatively by the U.S. Census Bureau and the University of Chicago Department of Sociology following the 1920 Census. Although there have been substantial changes in population and infrastructure since then, the community areas remain the most widely used geographic units by Chicago planning agencies, advocacy groups, and service providers.

Homicide rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the community area. Many of the predominantly African American community areas on the South Side are impoverished, lack educational resources, and are noted for high levels of street gang activity.[81] The community areas of Englewood on the South Side, and Austin on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.[82] In September 2015, West Garfield Park was named "America's mass shooting capital", citing 18 occasions in 2015 in which at least four people were shot in a single incident.[83]

Violence in these community areas has had a detrimental impact on the academic performance of children in schools, as well as a higher financial burden for school districts in need of counselors, social workers, and psychiatrists to help children cope with the violence.[84] In 2014, Chicago Public Schools adopted the "Safe Passage Route" program to place unarmed volunteers, police officers and firefighters along designated walking routes to provide security for children en route to school.[85] From 2010 to 2014, 114 school children were murdered in Chicago.[86]

The table below shows population, crime totals and per capita crime rates by community area for 2020, the most recent Census year.

General crime rates by community area

2025 Chicago crime rates by community area
No.NameCrimes[87]Population[88]Per CapitaChange 24-25%Change
01Rogers Park1,70954,173.0315Positive decrease391Positive decrease19%
02West Ridge1,48878,373.0190Positive decrease217Positive decrease13%
03Uptown1,99856,344.0355Positive decrease287Positive decrease13%
04Lincoln Square90941,651.0218Positive decrease67Positive decrease7%
05North Center58736,014.0163Positive decrease133Positive decrease18%
06Lake View3,416102,827.0332Positive decrease540Positive decrease14%
07Lincoln Park2,36467,987.0348Positive decrease450Positive decrease16%
08Near North Side5,990107,331.0559Positive decrease44Positive decrease1%
09Edison Park9811,558.0085Positive decrease10Positive decrease9%
10Norwood Park46539,840.0117Positive decrease76Positive decrease14%
11Jefferson Park30226,649.0113Positive decrease138Positive decrease31%
12Forest Glen18819,901.0094Positive decrease61Positive decrease24%
13North Park50618,356.0276Negative increase6Negative increase1%
14Albany Park93245,538.0205Positive decrease175Positive decrease16%
15Portage Park1,36363,031.0216Positive decrease120Positive decrease8%
16Irving Park96853,332.0182Positive decrease297Positive decrease23%
17Dunning52341,233.0127Positive decrease137Positive decrease21%
18Montclare30414,280.0213Negative increase17Negative increase6%
19Belmont Cragin1,71972,088.0238Positive decrease328Positive decrease16%
20Hermosa45922,576.0203Positive decrease158Positive decrease26%
21Avondale1,19335,533.0336Positive decrease148Positive decrease11%
22Logan Square2,51371,192.0353Positive decrease789Positive decrease24%
23Humboldt Park2,07256,153.0369Positive decrease491Positive decrease19%
24West Town3,94688,164.0448Positive decrease858Positive decrease18%
25Austin4,68597,452.0481Positive decrease626Positive decrease12%
26West Garfield Park1,14215,096.0756Positive decrease124Positive decrease10%
27East Garfield Park1,28620,731.0620Positive decrease205Positive decrease14%
28Near West Side5,18168,165.0760Positive decrease524Positive decrease9%
29North Lawndale1,94733,958.0573Positive decrease533Positive decrease21%
30South Lawndale1,33869,884.0191Positive decrease387Positive decrease22%
31Lower West Side1,18533,446.0354Positive decrease258Positive decrease18%
32Loop (The)4,45842,550.1048Positive decrease465Positive decrease9%
33Near South Side99230,482.0325Positive decrease213Positive decrease18%
34Armour Square56413,885.0406Positive decrease10Positive decrease2%
35Douglas1,34621,088.0638Negative increase47Negative increase4%
36Oakland3496,937.0503Positive decrease46Positive decrease12%
37Fuller Park3182,345.1356Negative increase8Negative increase3%
38Grand Boulevard1,45925,181.0579Positive decrease314Positive decrease18%
39Kenwood93918,417.0510Positive decrease91Positive decrease9%
40Washington Park95212,313.0773Positive decrease98Positive decrease9%
41Hyde Park1,50930,599.0493Negative increase95Negative increase7%
42Woodlawn1,54223,801.0648Positive decrease90Positive decrease6%
43South Shore3,43153,588.0640Positive decrease376Positive decrease10%
44Chatham2,41529,942.0807Positive decrease202Positive decrease8%
45Avalon Park4499,024.0498Positive decrease81Positive decrease15%
46South Chicago1,52027,551.0552Positive decrease204Positive decrease12%
47Burnside1152,304.0499Negative increase1Negative increase1%
48Calumet Heights61411,229.0547Positive decrease61Positive decrease9%
49Roseland2,06236,635.0563Positive decrease207Positive decrease9%
50Pullman4536,744.0672Positive decrease71Positive decrease14%
51South Deering83512,854.0650Positive decrease30Positive decrease3%
52East Side58022,613.0256Negative increase21Negative increase4%
53West Pullman1,25324,549.0510Positive decrease208Positive decrease14%
54Riverdale3787,518.0503Positive decrease74Positive decrease16%
55Hegewisch3348,927.0374Positive decrease23Positive decrease6%
56Garfield Ridge71336,732.0194Positive decrease271Positive decrease28%
57Archer Heights59913,414.0447Positive decrease16Positive decrease3%
58Brighton Park78042,994.0181Positive decrease157Positive decrease17%
59McKinley Park46614,854.0314Positive decrease107Positive decrease19%
60Bridgeport72033,638.0214Positive decrease5Positive decrease1%
61New City1,44640,065.0361Positive decrease319Positive decrease18%
62West Elsdon34617,901.0193Positive decrease94Positive decrease21%
63Gage Park1,01136,081.0280Positive decrease44Positive decrease4%
64Clearing38423,629.0163Positive decrease57Positive decrease13%
65West Lawn84131,942.0263Positive decrease114Positive decrease12%
66Chicago Lawn1,71054,409.0314Positive decrease260Positive decrease13%
67West Englewood1,48528,144.0528Positive decrease285Positive decrease16%
68Englewood1,82723,195.0788Positive decrease221Positive decrease11%
69Greater Grand Crossing2,36429,143.0811Positive decrease339Positive decrease13%
70Ashburn78742,007.0187Positive decrease337Positive decrease30%
71Auburn Gresham2,41243,779.0551Positive decrease112Positive decrease4%
72Beverly40119,521.0205Negative increase24Negative increase6%
73Washington Heights1,12024,851.0451Positive decrease251Positive decrease18%
74Mount Greenwood17919,059.0094Positive decrease13Positive decrease7%
75Morgan Park75520,873.0362Positive decrease35Positive decrease4%
76O'Hare69014,394.0479Positive decrease17Positive decrease2%
77Edgewater1,48556,563.0263Positive decrease329Positive decrease18%
-Chicago104,3672,711,226.0385Positive decrease14,573Positive decrease12%

Homicide rates by community area

2025 Chicago homicide rates by community area [89]
No.NameSideHomicides [12]Population [90]RateChange 24-25
01Rogers ParkNorth355,7115.38Positive decrease5
02West RidgeNorth279,2652.52Positive decrease2
03UptownNorth257,4643.48Steady0
04Lincoln SquareNorth142,2712.37Negative increase1
05North CenterNorth135,8142.79Negative increase1
06Lake ViewNorth0101,7390Positive decrease2
07Lincoln ParkNorth169,0991.45Steady0
08Near North SideCentral12101,20811.86Negative increase5
09Edison ParkNorth011,4020Steady0
10Norwood ParkNorth139,6412.52Negative increase1
11Jefferson ParkNorth027,0320Positive decrease2
12Forest GlenNorth019,8550Steady0
13North ParkNorth019,8550Steady0
14Albany ParkNorth247,6634.20Positive decrease4
15Portage ParkNorth264,2133.11Negative increase1
16Irving ParkNorth153,5841.87Positive decrease1
17DunningNorth042,5740Steady0
18MontclareNorth013,7650Steady0
19Belmont CraginNorth473,9915.41Negative increase1
20HermosaNorth023,1570Positive decrease2
21AvondaleNorth336,3748.25Negative increase3
22Logan SquareNorth271,2522.81Positive decrease1
23Humboldt ParkWest1855,41632.48Negative increase2
24West TownWest386,4823.47Negative increase1
25AustinWest45100,12044.95Positive decrease2
26West Garfield ParkWest1316,37479.39Positive decrease5
27East Garfield ParkWest1219,90160.30Positive decrease5
28Near West SideWest1965,58128.97Negative increase4
29North LawndaleWest2030,40965.77Positive decrease8
30South LawndaleWest1369,70818.65Positive decrease11
31Lower West SideWest334,2378.76Positive decrease5
32Loop (The)Central741,67116.80Negative increase3
33Near South SideCentral428,21614.18Negative increase1
34Armour SquareSouth213,22815.12Positive decrease3
35DouglasSouth421,35518.73Positive decrease5
36OaklandSouth06,9770Positive decrease2
37Fuller ParkSouth32,219135.20Negative increase1
38Grand BoulevardSouth324,81312.09Positive decrease4
39KenwoodSouth018,6370Positive decrease2
40Washington ParkSouth612,36648.52Positive decrease4
41Hyde ParkSouth229,5596.77fSteady0
42WoodlawnSouth723,86529.33Positive decrease6
43South ShoreSouth2355,75441.22Positive decrease10
44ChathamSouth1131,38235.05Positive decrease14
45Avalon ParkSouth29,60620.82Positive decrease1
46South ChicagoSouth830,31526.39Positive decrease8
47BurnsideSouth22,24689.05Negative increase2
48Calumet HeightsSouth512,08741.37 Steady0
49RoselandSouth1837,61047.86Positive decrease6
50PullmanSouth06,8560Positive decrease4
51South DeeringSouth515,21832.86Negative increase2
52East SideSouth623,87025.14Negative increase4
53West PullmanSouth825,44931.44Positive decrease11
54RiverdaleSouth87,817102.34Negative increase7
55HegewischSouth29,09721.99Negative increase2
56Garfield RidgeSouth136,4012.75Positive decrease3
57Archer HeightsSouth213,86714.42Negative increase2
58Brighton ParkSouth342,2437.10Positive decrease2
59McKinley ParkSouth115,4796.46Positive decrease1
60BridgeportSouth333,1869.04Steady0
61New CitySouth640,97114.64Positive decrease9
62West ElsdonSouth018,3660Positive decrease1
63Gage ParkSouth434,78811.50Positive decrease4
64ClearingSouth124,7284.04Negative increase1
65West LawnSouth232,5946.14Negative increase2
66Chicago LawnSouth552,4649.53Positive decrease9
67West EnglewoodSouth825,77231.04Positive decrease9
68EnglewoodSouth1221,37856.13Positive decrease9
69Greater Grand CrossingSouth2228,99175.89Positive decrease14
70AshburnSouth242,7454.68Positive decrease4
71Auburn GreshamSouth2044,87844.57Positive decrease10
72BeverlySouth119,7815.06Steady0
73Washington HeightsSouth326,45611.34Positive decrease5
74Mount GreenwoodSouth019,1210Steady0
75Morgan ParkSouth520,72424.13Negative increase4
76O'HareNorth013,9970Steady0
77EdgewaterNorth456,0997.13Negative increase1
-Chicago-5242,711,22619.33Positive decrease165

Street gangs

Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions according to studies from 2011/2012.[91][92] Gangs were responsible for 32% of the homicides in Chicago in 2011, however this has fluctuated over time. In 2023, 24% of criminal homicides could be attributed to a gang altercation, a decrease from 2022's 30%.[93]

Former Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy blamed Chicago's gang culture in 2015 for its high rates of homicide and other violent crime, stating "It's very frustrating to know that it's like 7% of the population causes 80% of the violent crime...The gangs here are traditional gangs that are generational, if you will. The grandfather was a gang member, the father's a gang member, and the kid right now is going to be a gang member."[94]

Mayor Rahm Emanuel disbanded the Chicago Police Department's anti-gang unit in 2012 in order to focus on beat patrols, which he said would have a more long-term solution to violence than anti-gang units.[95][96]

As many as 70 active and inactive Chicago street gangs with 753 factions were identified in 2016.[97][98] Some of the gangs that contribute most of the crime on the streets of Chicago:

Detailed analysis of the homicides timeline by month show that homicides (of all races) went up right after Martin Luther King was killed in 1968 (still for reasons unknown). However, Hispanic-on-Hispanic homicides, did not notably start until the summer of 1971, due to the Latin Kings gang election meetings.[99] However, this claim can't be immediately proven, as homicides by race are not made public for those time periods.

Political corruption

Chicago has a long history of public corruption that regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.[100] Chicago's political landscape has been firmly under the control of the Democratic Party for over 85 years and has been widely described as a political machine.[101][102][103][104] In the 1980s, the FBI's Operation Greylord uncovered massive and systemic corruption in Chicago's judicial system. Greylord was the longest and most successful undercover operation in the history of the FBI, and resulted in 92 federal indictments, including 17 judges, 48 lawyers, eight policemen, ten deputy sheriffs, eight court officials, and one state legislator. Nearly all were convicted on a variety of charges including bribery, kickbacks, fraud, vote buying, racketeering, and drug trafficking.[105][106][107]

The late 1980s and 1990s saw further efforts by the FBI to prosecute Chicago's public crime syndicates. Operation Incubator obtained about a dozen convictions or guilty pleas, including those from five members of the City Council and an aide to former Mayor Harold Washington.[108] Later Operation Gambat brought a wide range of charges against a Chicago judge, a state senator, an alderman, and two others relating to corruption in the Cook County Circuit Court, the Illinois Senate, and the Chicago City Council. Four were convicted and a fifth died during trial.[109] The most extensive operation by the FBI of the 1990s, Operation Silver Shovel, sought to uncover corruption within Chicago labor unions, organized crime, and other city government officials. Operation Silver Shovel resulted in the conviction of six Chicago aldermen and a dozen other local officials on a wide range of corruption related charges.[109][110][111]

From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago aldermen were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderman took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.[112] In 2015, mayor appointed Barbara Byrd-Bennett, the CEO of Chicago Public Schools, was convicted in a $23 million kickback scheme and was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison.[113] In addition to the Bennett conviction, a joint investigative report issued by the Office of the Inspector General and federal authorities documented widespread corruption within Chicago Public Schools in 2015. The audit noted the criminal shakedown of a CPS vendor, a records forgery scheme by a principal, numerous instances of employees abusing CPS's tax-exempt status to purchase personal items at big-box retailers, illegally using taxpayer-funded resources to campaign for political causes and stealing from taxpayer-funded accounts intended for purchasing student materials.[114]

A 2015 report released by the University of Illinois at Chicago's political science department declared Chicago the "corruption capital of America", citing that the Chicago-based Federal Judicial District for Northern Illinois reported 45 public corruption convictions for 2013 and a total of 1,642 convictions for the 38 years since 1976 when the U.S. Department of Justice began compiling the statistics. UIC Professor and former Chicago alderman Dick Simpson noted in the report that "To end corruption, society needs to do more than convict the guys that get caught. A comprehensive anti-corruption strategy must be forged and carried out over at least a decade. A new political culture in which public corruption is no longer tolerated must be created".[115][116]

The FBI's Chicago division.

Examples of other high-profile Chicago political figures convicted on corruption related charges include Rod Blagojevich, Jesse Jackson Jr., Isaac Carothers, Arenda Troutman, Edward Vrdolyak, Otto Kerner, Jr., Constance Howard, Fred Roti and Dan Rostenkowski.

In October 2015, the FBI announced that Michael Anderson would take over for a retiring Robert Holley as Special Agent in Charge of the Chicago Bureau. Anderson, a corruption veteran who wrote the FBI Public Corruption Field Guide, called Chicago "target rich" for cases in an interview with the Chicago Tribune. Anderson commands a team of 850 agents in Chicago along with analysts and support staff.[117][118]

Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by the US Attorney's office, as legal jurisdiction makes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.[119] As of April 7, 2025, the US Attorney for the Northern district of Illinois was Andrew S. Boutros.

Policing

During the Progressive Era, the first juvenile system was created by Chicago officials and, to make the court system more organized and specific, specialized courts, like those for domestic disputes, were created.[120] Not only did the court and corrections systems change, there was also a change in policing. Divisions and squads became specialized on particular types of crime. The courts began to incorporate specialists, like scientists and psychologists, to make the trial and evidence more reliable and trustworthy.[120]

Chicago Police insignia

Chicago was among the first U.S. cities to create an integrated emergency-response center to coordinate the response to natural disasters, gang violence, and terrorist attacks. Built in 1995, the center is integrated with more than 2,000 cameras, communications with all levels of city government, and a direct link to the National Counterterrorism Center. Police credited surveillance cameras with contributing to decreased crime in 2004.[121]

Chicago POD Camera in operation

In 2003, the Chicago Police Department began installing POD's (Police Observation Devices) in high-crime areas. The cameras are able to rotate 360 degrees and zoom to a fine level of detail. The devices are also bulletproof, operable in any weather condition, record continuously and switch into night-vision mode after dark. POD's are used to monitor street crime and direct police deployment. Data from the cameras is wirelessly transmitted to the Chicago Crime Prevention and Information Center (CPIC) which can individually control any camera.[122][123] Over 20,000 cameras currently operate in Chicago. In addition to PODs, colloquially referred to as "blue-light cameras", the city has added general surveillance cameras to CTA stations, buses, Chicago Housing Authority buildings, public buildings and schools.[124] This has prompted harsh criticism from privacy advocates and the ACLU who called the program "A pervasive and poorly regulated threat to our privacy".[125]

The Chicago Police Department has also been criticized for its liberal use of the controversial "stop-and-frisk" policy.[126] For decades, the policy gave officers much more autonomy to conduct stops and pat-downs if there exists a reasonable suspicion that a suspect might be armed and dangerous.[127][128] The ACLU has claimed that the policy unfairly targets African Americans, who accounted for nearly 75% of those stopped in 2014, even though they account for a third of the city's population.[129] The Chicago Police Department confiscated almost 7,000 firearms in 2014, about 583 per month.[130] The stop-and-frisk policy was largely abandoned by CPD in early 2016.[128]

Because the Chicago Police Department tallies data differently than police in other cities, the FBI often does not accept its crime statistics . Chicago police officers record all criminal sexual assaults, as opposed to only rape . They count aggravated battery together with the standard category of aggravated assault . As a result, Chicago is often omitted from studies such as Morgan Quitno's annual "Safest/Most Dangerous City" survey, which relies on FBI-collected data.[131]

The Chicago Police Department's CLEAR (Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) system is a web application enabling the public to search the Chicago Police Department's database of reported crime. Individuals are able to see maps, graphs, and tables of reported crime. The database contains 90 days of information, which can be accessed in blocks of up to 14 days. Data is refreshed daily. However, the most recent information is always six days old.

The police use "guardian-like" intervention, a method relying on information from an individual's criminal history in order to predict the likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence, to "build public trust and legitimacy."[132]

CPD tallied 22 police-involved shootings in 2015, eight of which resulted in fatalities.[133] Fatality cases involving an African American perpetrator often gave rise to a media sensation, both in Chicago and elsewhere.[134] In December 2015, the US Department of Justice opened a civil rights investigation of the Chicago Police Department in the aftermath of the Laquan McDonald case. The "pattern and practice" probe evaluated the use of force, deadly force, accountability and tracking procedures of the department. A 190-page report issued in April 2016 deemed the Chicago Police Department a racist organization. Chairman of the Chicago Fraternal Order of Police, Dean Angelo called the report "totally biased" and "utterly ridiculous".[135][136][137][138]

2016's surge in murders and shootings, coupled with a decline in gun seizures, led former Police Superintendent John Escalante to express concerns in March 2016 that officers might be hesitant to engage in proactive policing due to fear of retribution. Officers anonymously reported to the Chicago Sun-Times that they have been afraid to make investigatory stops because the Justice Department and American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois have been scrutinizing police practices. Data of the supposed pullback was reflected with an 80 percent decrease in the number of street stops that officers made since the beginning of 2016. Dean Angelo has claimed that part of the problem is politicians and groups like the ACLU who don't know much about policing, and yet are "dictating what police officers do".[139][140][141]

Professors Paul Cassell and Richard Fowles at the University of Utah later analyzed the 2016 Chicago homicide "spike" and concluded that the most likely cause was a consent decree entered into by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with the Chicago Police Department restricting stop and frisks. Cassell and Fowles concluded that 239 additional victims were killed and 1129 additional shootings occurred in 2016 because of the reduction in stop and frisks.[142] This study, however, failed to identify such spikes in the large number of other cities subject to similar consent decrees,[143] leading to questions about whether they had really identified a causal relationship.

Crime reporting accuracy

In 2014 and 2015, Chicago Magazine and The Economist conducted investigations into the CompStat data reporting of crime statistics for the city and reported irregularities. In addition, an audit conducted by Chicago's Office of the Inspector General found significant problems in the accuracy of CPD's crime data.

According to Chicago Magazine, superiors often pressure officers to under-report crime. An unnamed police source quoted in the magazine says there are "a million tiny ways to do it", such as misclassifying and downgrading offenses, counting multiple incidents as single events, and discouraging residents from reporting crime. The police department has responded that their statistics are generally accurate and that the discrepancies can be explained by differences in the Uniform Crime Reporting used by the FBI and CompStat.[144][145][146][147][148]

Gun laws and dealers

The city of Chicago has one of the highest homicide rates among large cities. Despite generally strict gun laws compared to neighboring areas, there are still many illegal guns in Chicago. It is estimated that 80% of homicides in Chicago are committed with firearms.[149]

Chicago passed a citywide handgun ban in 1982 that was in effect until a decision in McDonald v. City of Chicago by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2008. Chicago has a ban on guns designated as "assault weapons" and laser sights.[150][151] Additionally, under Illinois law, to own a firearm one must possess a firearms owners’ identification (FOID) card, undergo a background check, and wait 72 hours before taking possession of a purchased firearm.[152][153] Lost or stolen guns must also be reported to law enforcement within 72 hours.[154] There are currently no gun stores within Chicago city limits and Federal firearms laws already make it illegal to buy firearms out of state without an FFL transfer and background check from that state. Access to guns is likely occurring via neighboring Indiana, a state with lax gun laws, and the many other areas through already illegal straw purchases.[155]

About 7000 guns are recovered by Chicago police each year at crime scenes. An estimated 45% of these guns are bought by straw buyers in states with lax gun laws, namely Indiana.[156] In April 2021, the City of Chicago filed a lawsuit against Westforth Sports of Gary, Indiana, alleging that it consistently ranks as one of the highest suppliers of guns used in crimes. The city claims that during the period from 2009 to 2016, 850 recovered guns were originally purchased from Westforth Sports.[157]

See also

References

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Further reading

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