Communist Party of Kenya

Communist Party of Kenya
Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Kenya
AbbreviationCPK
National ChairpersonMwandawiro Mghanga[1][2]
National Vice ChairpersonGitahi Ngunyi[2]
General SecretaryBenedict Wachira[2]
FounderJohnstone Makau
Founded1992 (1992)
HeadquartersNairobi
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationKenya Kwanza
Party flag
Website
cpk.ke
In 2024, the CPK split into a majority faction, which became the Communist Party Marxist – Kenya, and a minority faction, which joined the Kenya Kwanza alliance and retained the original "Communist Party of Kenya" name.[4]

The Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) (Swahili: "Chama cha Kikomunisti cha Kenya"),[5][6] is a political party in Kenya. Founded in 1992 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the party later underwent internal reforms where its name, ideological orientation and political positioning, shifted from that of a social democracy to communism. The party has participated in Kenyan politics through elections, political activism and internal factional disputes.[7]

History

Formation and early years

The party was founded in 1992 as the Social Democratic Party (SDP) by Johnstone Makau.[8] In its early years, the SDP struggled to gain electoral support in national elections, receiving only 177 votes of 5.4 million in the National Assembly elections of the 1992 general election. The party achieved greater visibility in the 1997 general election, when its presidential candidate, Charity Ngilu, finished in 5th position with 7.9% of the national vote; winning 15 out of 222 seats in the National Assembly.[9]

Ngilu left the party in 2001, and was succeeded by James Orengo, who took over as party chairman. As the party's presidential candidate in the 2002 general election, Orengo received 0.4% of the vote and the party lost all 15 of its seats in the National Assembly.[10] The SDP again performed poorly in the 2007 general election, receiving 0.4%, while fielding 24 candidates. It also failed to win seats in the 2013 general election, receiving 0.15% of the vote with seven candidates.

Transition to communism

Following its poor performance in the 2002 and 2007 general elections, the party underwent a phase of significant internal changes in 2011.[11]

Members of the Young Socialist Leaders, including future party leaders Booker Ngesa Omole and Benedict Wachira, advocated for a shift towards Marxism–Leninism in 2013.[12] The SDP leadership of the time, Mutahi Kagwe and Njeri Ndwiga, was replaced. Mwandawiro Mghanga[13] assumed the role of National Chairman,[14] with Omole and Wachira assuming the key positions of National Vice Chairperson and Secretary General, respectively.[15]

In 2019, the party officially changed its name to the Communist Party of Kenya,[16] reflecting its adoption of a communist political identity and after obtaining its full registration as a Communist Party.[17] The party has described itself as the first registered socialist political party in Kenya since the 1965 constitutional ban associated with Sessional Paper No. 10[18]

Internal crisis of 2022

In April 2022, senior party leaders Benedict Wachira and Mwandawiro Mghanga joined the Kenya Kwanza Alliance, leading to an internal crisis within the party.[19][20] The Kenya Kwanza faction resolved to expel Booker Omole, the national vice chairman and organising secretary, after he questioned and opposed the decision to join the coalition.[4][20] Omole appealed the decision to the Political Parties Dispute Tribunal, which blocked the expulsion.[1]

The party's youth league also took the matter to the Political Parties Dispute Tribunal, challenging Mghanga's eligibility to serve as chairman.[21] Mghanga's chairmanship was disputed since he was reportedly a government employee in the County Government of Taita Taveta at the time the party joined the Kenya Kwanza Coalition. The youth league argued that he could not serve as chairman, as the Constitution of Kenya prohibits state officers from holding political office.[22] It asked the tribunal to nullify his position, which would then have nullified his authority to sign the party into the Kenya Kwanza Coalition.[23] The dispute remained unresolved and resulted in the effective splintering of the party.[24][25]

Following the split, the faction opposed to Kenya Kwanza reconstituted the party's central committee in September 2022 and elected new leaders.[26] Kinuthia Ndung'u was elected national chairman, Booker Ngesa Omole was reinstated as the national vice chairman and organising secretary,[1] and Sefu Sani as the secretary general.

The Kenya Kwanza-aligned members, led by Mghanga and Wachira were described by the opposing faction as a minority faction. After failing to gain control of the party's official instruments, the faction created its own website and established a separate party leadership structure.[2]

2024 party split

At the second national congress of the Communist Party of Kenya's majority faction in November 2024, delegates voted to formally differentiate themselves from the minority faction.[11] The majority faction subsequently rebranded itself as the Communist Party Marxist – Kenya following what it described as a rectification programme.[27] The congress adopted a new party emblem, constitution, manifesto and leadership structure, and reaffirmed the party's stated commitment to Marxism-Leninism and its application to Kenya's historical and material conditions.[28] The party also resolved to maintain its independence and reject alliances with what it described as bourgois coalitions dominated by comprador interests[29]

CPM-K describes itself as a people's organisation focused on the interests of the Kenyan masses under the leadership of the proletariat.[28] The Central Organising Committee elected Booker Omole as the general secretary and Mwaivu Kaluka as national chairperson.[30] The party also reconstituted its youth league as the Revolutionary Youth League,[31] established the Revolutionary Women's League as an organ of mass mobilisation and formed a Politburo chaired by Walter Nyaluogo. The Politburo functions as the party's highest decision making body between meetings of the Central Organising Committee.[32]

Political participation

The CPK has participated in Kenyan national elections, while presenting its involvement as a strategic means of engaging with the public, promoting socialist ideas, and criticising the existing capitalist system.[12][33] The party has also described electoral participation as a way to access resources for organisational development, expose social contradictions, encourage democratic participation, and pursue political power.[14] Its ultimate goal is to establish a socialist government in Kenya with said political power.[34]

1992 and 1997 general elections

Following its formation in 1992, the party did not nominate a presidential candidate[8] and received only 177 votes in the National Assembly elections during the 1992 general election.[35]

In the 1997 general election, the party nominated Charity Ngilu as its presidential candidate. Ngilu finished fifth among the presidential candidates with 7.9% of the national vote, and the party won 15 seats in the National Assembly.[36]

Subsequent elections

The party performed poorly in subsequent general elections, including the 2002 general elections under James Orengo.[37] Its limited electoral success anbd difficulties with national recognition contributed to internal debates about its party's direction.[35] In 2013, members of the youth wing and other socialist activists within the party pushed for the adoption of a socialist ideology. This process culminated in the party's 2019 name change from the SDP (Social Democratic Party) to the CPK (Communist Party of Kenya).[17]

2022 anti-electoralism decision

In 2022, the party's central committee decided not to field a presidential candidate or support any coalition leader in the presidential election.[38] The party cited ideological conflict and declared both leading coalitions anti-people.

Ideology

Ideological struggle

The party has experienced several internal disputes, ideological debates and leadership changes since the late 1990s.[8] These developments have shaped its organisational structure and political direction.

The CPK identifies with Marxism–Leninism and advocates a classless society, social equality and the abolition of private property.[39] It states that it remains committed to socialist principles while adapting to Kenya's changing political landscape.[16] The party says it seeks to address economic inequality, oppose corruption and empower the working class.[40]

The CPK describes itself as a vanguard movement committed to ideological struggle and to building an organisation based on Marxist-Leninist principles. The party has also acknowledged the role of its youth wing in the transition from social democracy to communism.[41] Its participation in international leftist movements reflects its stated opposition to neocolonialism, imperialism and capitalism.[42][43][44]

Towards a socialist Kenya

The party states that it supports a democratic and sovereign government embodying values such as human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, and non-discrimination.[45] The CPK advocates for a shift from the present capitalist system to socialism, which it regards as necessary for Kenya's liberation and development.[46]

Political activism

The CPK has been involved in various social and political movements relating to the rights of workers, peasants, and marginalised communities.[47] It has taken positions on issues such as land reform, anti-imperialism, corruption, and the struggle against neocolonialism.

Despite limited electoral success, internal divisions and periods of government pressure, the CPK has contributed to the discourse and political debate on social justice and socialism in Kenya.[33] The party's ideological evolution, political activity and international links have helped maintain its presence within Kenya's left-wing political landscape.[48][49]

Party publications

The party publishes, "Itikadi: Socialism, Theory, and Practice," its official magazine, which presents the CPK's ideological perspectives on various social, economic, political, and cultural issues. The magazine promotes socialist and revolutionary ideas and critiques capitalist stances.[50]

During the 23rd International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP) in İzmir, Turkey, CPK joined SolidNet,a leftist editorial archive.[51] The party described this as part of its effort to strengthen its international links and to promote its anti-imperialist position.[52]

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election Party candidate Votes % Result
1992 did not contest
1997 Charity Ngilu 488,600 7.89% Lost Red X
2002 James Orengo 24,524 0.4% Lost Red X
2007 did not contest
2013
Aug. 2017
Oct. 2017
2022

National Assembly elections

Election Votes % Seats +/– Position
1992 177 <0.01%
0 / 188
 Increase 9th
1997
15 / 188
 Increase 15 Increase 5th
2002
0 / 210
 Decrease 15
2007 39,871 0.41%
0 / 210
 Steady Increase 22nd
2013 Constituency 18,284 0.15
0 / 349
 Steady Decrease 39th
County 7,684 0.06
2017 did not contest
0 / 348
 Steady N/A
2022
0 / 349
 Steady N/A

Senate elections

Election Votes % Seats +/– Position
2013 24,650 0.20%
0 / 67
 Increase 25th
2017 did not contest
0 / 67
 Steady N/A
2022
0 / 67
 Steady N/A

References

  1. 1 2 3 Munguti, Richard (18 March 2023). "Leadership dispute rocks Communist Party of Kenya". Nation. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Central Committee".
  3. ↑ Socialism theory and practice communistpartyofkenya.org
  4. 1 2 ORPP (6 July 2022). "COALITION POLITICAL PARTIES". Office of the Registrar of Political Parties.
  5. ↑ Committee, Central. "About the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". www.communistpartyofkenya.org/.
  6. ↑ "Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". www.communistpartyofkenya.org (in Swahili). 8 March 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  7. ↑ Republic of Kenya, Embassy in Japan. "The Government and the Political System". Embassy of the Republic of Kenya in Japan.
  8. 1 2 3 Kenya, Year Book (12 May 2022). "Johnstone Muendo Makau – Navigating the choppy waters of transition". Kenya Year Book.
  9. ↑ Buckley, Stephen (30 November 1997). "STRONG CANDIDATE EMERGES TO CHALLENGE KENYA'S MOI". The Washington Post.
  10. ↑ "James Orengo Profile: Education, Family, Career And Politics". 17 October 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  11. 1 2 Muigai, Anne (November 2024). "Communist Party of Kenya to hold 2nd national congress amid rising political tensions". Nipashe Biz.
  12. 1 2 CPK. "AN INTROSPECTIVE TALE OF KENYA'S LEFTIST STRUGGLE". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  13. ↑ Eye on Kenyan Parliament, Mzalendo. "Mwandawiro JD Mghanga". Mzalendo.
  14. 1 2 "Parties run into trouble with law on registration". The Nation. 19 April 2012.
  15. ↑ CPK (15 May 2019). "The Communist Party of Kenya (CPK) gets another victory in the Kenyan courts!".
  16. 1 2 RAJAB, RAMADHAN (13 March 2019). "SDP rebrands to push communist ideals". The Star.
  17. 1 2 Committee, Central. "Why we changed from Social Democratic Party (SDP) to Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". communistpartyofkenya.org. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  18. ↑ Kenya, Republic of (1965). "Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya" (PDF). Kenya Institute of Policy Research and Analysis.
  19. ↑ Mutinda, Tracy (12 April 2022). "[PHOTOS] CCK, DPK among parties that joined Kenya Kwanza". The Star.
  20. 1 2 Committee, The Central (14 October 2022). "On party unity, the crisis in the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  21. ↑ Ogemba, Paul (2022). "Communist Party members sue ex-chairman as takeover fight intensifies". Standard Media.
  22. ↑ Kenya, Constitution of. "77. Restriction on activities of State officers". Kenya Law Reform Commission.
  23. ↑ Maritim, Evans (12 April 2022). "List of new parties that have joined Kenya Kwanza". People Daily.
  24. ↑ Gitonga, Nancy (14 June 2023). "Reprieve for Booker Ngesa Omole as tribunal suspends his ouster as CPK secretary". The People Daily.
  25. ↑ Almasi, Tito (24 February 2023). "IN MAY 2022, MWANDAWIRO MGHANGA SOLD HIS COMMUNIST SOUL TO THE GODS OF CAPITALISM". Kwaela.
  26. ↑ CPK (12 September 2022). "NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC" (PDF). The Communist Party of Kenya.
  27. ↑ Mwangi, Nick (17 November 2024). "REBIRTH: Communist Party Marxist – Kenya comes alive as thousands gather to install new General-Secretary". Nairobi Wire.
  28. 1 2 Progressive International. "The Communist Party Marxist – Kenya". Progressive International.
  29. ↑ Mwangi, Nicholas (22 November 2024). "Communist Party Marxist Kenya charts a new way forward for a "for a truly independent socialist Kenya"". People's Dispatch.
  30. ↑ Marxist Kenya, Communist Party (2 December 2024). "Leadership of the Communist Party Marxist (CPM) Kenya: Elected Leaders from the 2nd National Congress". CPMK.
  31. ↑ Kumar, R Arun (1 December 2024). "A Young and Vibrant Second Congress of CPK". People's Democracy.
  32. ↑ Omole, Booker (26 November 2024). "ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE POLITBURO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY MARXIST CPM KENYA". CPMK.
  33. 1 2 Mati, Mwalimu (13 February 2023). "On Peter Anyang' Nyong'o's Invocation Of Vladimir I. Lenin". DeBunk.
  34. ↑ School, Political (5 December 2023). "Official Statement from the Communist Party of Kenya: International Course on Political Theory". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  35. 1 2 Githongo, John (8 January 1998). "Kenya: What Happened to the Ngilu Campaign Wave?". The East African.
  36. ↑ Kabale, Nasibo. "Charity Ngilu:Kenya's first female presidential candidate". Evewoman Magazine. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  37. ↑ Guide, Election (27 December 2022). "Kenyan Presidency 2002-General". International Foundation for Election Systems.
  38. ↑ Mghanga, Mwandawiro (16 October 2021). "KENYANS MUST THINK AND ELECT LEADERS FROM OUTSIDE THE BOX TO ACHIEVE GREATER DEMOCRACY, IN 2022 ELECTIONS!". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  39. ↑ Star, Leader (13 March 2019). "Communist Party can bring radical change". The Star.
  40. ↑ Oruko, Ibrahim (12 March 2019). "SDP changes name to Communist Party of Kenya". The Daily Nation.
  41. ↑ CPK (16 October 2021). "Summary of the minimum program of the Communist Party of Kenya (CPK)". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  42. ↑ CPK, International Department of the (17 November 2023). "CPK Joins the Global Anti-Imperialist Frontline in Athens: A Call to Action". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  43. ↑ Wachira, Benedict (16 October 2021). "Book Review – Assessing the manifestation and impact of neo-colonialism in Kenya today".
  44. ↑ CPK (24 May 2023). "Kenya's IMF Deal: A Betrayal of the People's Struggle and CPK's Alternative Path to Economic Liberation". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  45. ↑ CPK (29 June 2022). "Press Release – Scientific management of our public health system will improve Kenya's levels of preparedness and accelerate policies and progress toward a preventative approach to health care". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  46. ↑ CPK (14 November 2023). "Kenyan Police in Haiti: A Betrayal of Principles and a Dance with Imperialism". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  47. ↑ CPK (1 April 2021). "Looking back, looking ahead on the current constitution of Kenya: Myths, opportunities, and problems". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  48. ↑ Bellucci, Stefano (25 February 2024). "Not Yet Revolution!": Socialism in Kenya from the 1960s to the 1990s. 54. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. pp. 151–170. ISBN 978-2-7351-2699-6. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  49. ↑ CPK (28 December 2023). "CPK's Prominent Presence at the 13th World Socialism Forum: A Global Struggle Against Neoliberal Forces". The Communist Party of Kenya.
  50. ↑ "COMMUNIST PARTY OF KENYA: "US HAS NO RIGHT OR LEGITIMACY TO DESIGNATE CUBA AS A TERRORIST STATE"". Cuba's Representative Office Abroad. 26 March 2021.
  51. ↑ "CP of Kenya, Itikadi: Socialism, Theory, and Practice". SolidNet. 5 January 2024.
  52. ↑ Kirowe, George (16 January 2024). "MCWP Welcomes CPK: A Vanguard Alliance Against Imperialist Hegemony". The Communist Party of Kenya.
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