Cambodian–Spanish War

Cambodian–Spanish War
Part of Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)

Cambodian-Spanish War Map
Date1593–1597; 1599
Location
Cambodia, Phnom Penh
Result Cambodian victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Cambodia
Spanish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Laksamana
Units involved
Cambodian, cham and Malay forces Spanish, Mexican, Portuguese, Japanese and Filipino forces
Casualties and losses
Unknown 4 soliders survived, 3 warships were destroyed and 2 warships sunk

The Cambodian–Spanish War (Spanish: Guerra Ibero-Camboyana; Filipino: Digmaang Kambodyano-Espanyol; Khmer: សង្គ្រាមកម្ពុជា-អេស្ប៉ាញ)[1] (1593–1599) was an attempt to conquer Cambodia on behalf of King Satha I and Christianize Cambodia's population by the Spanish and Portuguese Empires.[2] Along with the Spanish, Filipinos, Mexican recruits, Japanese mercenaries participated in the invasion of Cambodia.[3][4]

Background

In 1896, the accomplished Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo completed his painting featuring Luis Perez Dasmariñas, who governed the Philippines between 1593 and 1596 and Fray Domingo de Salazar, a Dominican friar who was the 1st Bishop of Manila serving 1581 to 1584. Here they are said to be discussing the dispatch of a military expedition to free the Kingdom of Cambodia from Siamese invaders, and thereby gain a Spanish foothold in mainland Asia.

Each power that participated in the war possessed different motives for their invasion of Cambodia; specifically, the Siamese (Thai) interference in Cambodian affairs and the Spanish expedition resulting from the power struggle between rival factions in Cambodia's government.[5] Both Spanish and Portuguese took part in the invasion of Cambodia because King Philip II ruled both Spain and Portugal as the Iberian Union.[6]

In February 1593, Siamese ruler Naresuan attacked Cambodia.[7] Later on, in May 1593, 100,000 Siamese soldiers invaded Cambodia.[8] The increasing Siamese expansion, which later got the approval of China, drove the Cambodian king Satha I to search for allies overseas, ultimately finding it in Portuguese adventurer Diogo Veloso and his Spanish associates Blas Ruiz de Hernán Gonzáles and Gregorio Vargas Machuca.[9]

The Iberian adventurers tried to raise reinforcements from Portuguese Malacca, but were unsuccessful, and the same happened in the Spanish Philippines, when the governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas rejected their plan of an alliance with Cambodia, and chose to try to arbitrate the conflict between Cambodia and Siam. Dasmariñas was more concerned with protecting Portuguese trading interests in the Strait of Malacca. The Siamese conquered the Cambodian capital Longvek in July 1594 and Satha was executed or fled to Laos.[9]

The three Iberian adventurers, now accompanied by Pantaleón Carnero and Antonio Machado, were captured and sent to Siam. However, Veloso and Vargas convinced Naresuan to send them as emissaries to Manila, where they escaped, while Ruiz and the rest managed to seize the junk that carried them as prisoners. They all reunited in Manila, where they organized a military expedition.[9]

History

Conflict

The Iberian adventurers' attempts in the Philippines to gain support for a Cambodian expedition faced much skepticism and so took more than a year to organize.In July 1593 king Satha I sent an embassy to Manila asking for Spanish military help to defend Cambodia. The embassy consisted of Portuguese Diogo Veloso, who had been living in his court since 1583, and Spanish Gregorio de Vargas Machuca. Satha I kept Spanish Blas Ruiz de Hernan Gonzalez as captain of his bodyguard. Veloso came back in February 1594, alone and without help. After Ayutthaya's attack on Cambodia, Veloso, Blas Ruiz and de Vargas Machuca found themselves in Manila. They continued to ask for help, and at last, Spanish Manila agreed to send 3 ships with 200 Spanish and Mexican soldiers, some Japanese and Filipino auxiliaries and some friars, under the commander Suarez Gallinato. The ship with Blas Ruiz was the only one that reached Cambodia. The one with Veloso was wrecked off the Mekong delta and Gallinato's ship was forced to go to Malacca due to the weather. The first Spanish expedition arrived in Cambodia in 1596 in three ships under the command of Juan Juárez Gallinato, having 400 Spanish soldiers, mostly from New Spain, and Filipino and Japanese Christian mercenaries. Gallinato's ship was driven away by a storm, but the other two, commanded by Ruiz and Veloso, reached Cambodia, where they learned the throne had been taken by the king's former vassal Preah Ram I. The presence of the Iberians became troublesome after they clashed with and defeated a force of 2000 Chinese, and in view of the king's hostility, Veloso advised the expedition to assault his palace and capture him. The assault was unsuccessful, as the king died, and the expedition was forced to rejoin Gallinato and escape. Gallinato then ordered the fleet to search for allies in Laos, but their failure forced them away, and the expedition disbanded shortly after.[9][10]

In October of the same year, Ruiz and Veloso found an heir to Satha, his second son Barom Reachea II, who was supported by Laos. With their help, the young king invaded Cambodia and was enthroned in May 1597.[11] The king granted the Iberians territorial rights over two provinces on the east and west sides of the Mekong River.[12] Veloso later secured permission and funds to build a fort, but the situation was still unstable. In 1599, he commanded four ships from Manila but two of them were wrecked in a storm.[12] The Malay Muslim admiral Laksamana, who opposed the Iberians, took advantage of the situation to provoke an attack on one of their men, Luis Ortiz. The Spaniards retaliated by attacking a Malay camp,[13] but Cambodian, Malays and Chams attacked and slaughtered the Spaniards and Portuguese, including Diogo Veloso.[14][15] Only a few Filipinos and one Spaniard survived the massacre.[16]

Because of the defeat, the Spanish plan for the Christianization of Cambodia failed.[17] Laksamana later had Barom Reachea II executed. Cambodia became dominated by the Siamese in July 1599.[18] Satha was forced to flee and seek refuge in Lan Xang.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tony Jaques (1 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xxxvi–. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
  2. ↑ Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  3. ↑ "The Spanish Plan to Conquer China - Conquistadors in the Philippines, Hideyoshi, the Ming Empire and more". Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
  4. ↑ K, M. Lazuardi (2025-11-05). "Perang Dingin Iberia-Austronesia di Kamboja 1596-1600, Sebuah Reaksi Berantai Perang Tiga Segi di Asia Tenggara Daratan". Tinta Emas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2026-03-13.
  5. ↑ Peter Church (3 February 2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
  6. ↑ Arthur Cotterell (4 August 2011). Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-1-118-16999-5.
  7. ↑ Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  8. ↑ George Childs Kohn (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. pp. 445–. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Rodao, Florentino (1997). Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939: una aportación al estudio de la presencia hispana en Asia. Editorial CSIC. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-8-400-07634-4.
  10. ↑ Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  11. ↑ Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  12. 1 2 Smith, T. O. (2018). Cambodia and the West, 1500-2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-137-55531-1.
  13. ↑ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 794. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
  14. ↑ Ben Kiernan (1 October 2008). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-300-13793-4.
  15. ↑ Ainslie Thomas Embree; Robin Jeanne Lewis (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 185. ISBN 9780684189017.
  16. ↑ Arthur Cotterell (15 July 2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-981-4634-70-0.
  17. ↑ Milton Osborne (4 September 2008). Phnom Penh: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-19-971173-4.
  18. ↑ Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). A Century of Advance. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1147–. ISBN 978-0-226-46768-9.
  19. ↑ Kersten, Carool (2006). "Cambodia's Muslim King: Khmer and Dutch Sources on the Conversion of Reameathipadei I, 1642-1658". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 37 (1): 6. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000408. JSTOR 20072683. S2CID 162730366.
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