Bellerophinidae
| Bellerophinidae Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The shell of Oxygyrus keraudrenii, a species closely resembling Bellerophina | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Pterotracheoidea |
| Family: | †Bellerophinidae Destombes, 1984 |
Bellerophinidae is an extinct family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.[1] It is considered by WoRMS to contain 2 genera; Bellerophina and Freboldia.[2] Despite Bellerophina being the namesake of this family, more recent research has moved the genus to the family Atlantidae on the basis of similar shell morphology to the extant genus Oxygyrus, although the exact relationship remains unclear.[3]
Description
Both genera in Bellerophinidae share small, thin, rounded, and bilaterally symmetrical aragonitic shells.[4] Bellerophina is morphologically similar to and likely closely related to the Atlantids, with their shared adaptations and minuscule maximum shell size of 6-8mm making it probable that both genera in Bellerophinidae would have shared their lifestyle as active holoplanktonic predatory micromolluscs.[3][4]
†Freboldia d'Orbigny, 1843
The genus Freboldia contains two species; F. carinii, and F. fluitans.[2][5] It was named after the late Hans Frebold, a German paleontologist who was instrumental in advancing paleontology in the Arctic.[4] F. fluitans dates to the Early Jurassic (Late Pliensbachian/Early Toarcian) of Ellesmere Island.[4] The shells of F. fluitans are small, reaching at most 8 mm in diameter and 6.3 mm in height, and thin, ranging from 25-40 µm in thickness.[4] The shape is described as "inflated, globular, planispiral, bilaterally symmetrical, with deep umbilici."[4] The aperture is kidney-shaped, being taller than it is wide when viewed from the side, with the inner lip curving inwards whilst the outer lip curves outwards.[4] Mature shells are smooth except for straight growth-lines that run parallel to the shell axis at the edges and touch the umbilicus at a single point, whilst young shells have vague spirals and tubercles.[4] A presumed larval shell under 1 mm in size has very thin indents along the whorls lacking in older individuals, which would be unique among known holoplanktonic gastropods.[4] The bilateral symmetry of the shell makes it difficult to tell which direction the whorls coil in.[4] F. carinii is known from the Middle Triassic of the Brembana Valley, very closely resembling the other species except in being much older; if it shared the proposed lifestyle of F. fluitans, it would be the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod.[5]
†Bellerophina Nützel & S. Schneider, 2016
The genus Bellerophina has been proposed to contain up to 3 species, including B. minuta, B. recens, and B. vibrayi.[2] However, the classification of B. recens is problematic, and B. vibrayi is a synonym of B. minuta.[2] B. minuta is known from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of England, originally being incorrectly classified as Ammonites minutus.[2][6] The shell is small, thin, rounded, bilaterally symmetrical, up to 6 mm in diameter, and has a deep umbilicus.[3][4][6] It is ornamented with a grid of raised lines following the curvature, closely resembling larval Oxygyrus inflatus; Freboldia also closely resembles Bellerophina in shape but lacks the lines.[3][4]
References
- ↑ Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2).
- 1 2 3 4 5 "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Out of scope". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
- 1 2 3 4 Wall-Palmer, Deborah; Janssen, Arie W.; Goetze, Erica; Choo, Le Qin; Mekkes, Lisette; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A. (2020-09-21). "Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 20 (1): 124. Bibcode:2020BMCEE..20..124W. doi:10.1186/s12862-020-01682-9. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 7507655. PMID 32957910.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nützel, Alexander; Schneider, Simon; Hülse, Peter; Kelly, Simon R.A.; Tilley, Laura; Veit, Reinhart (June 30, 2016). "A new Early Jurassic gastropod from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic - an ancient example of holoplanktonic gastropods". Bulletin of Geosciences. 91 (2): 229–242. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1597 – via Research Gate.
- 1 2 Pieroni, Vittorio; Nützel, Alexander (2020-10-28). "Freboldia carinii sp. nov. from the Middle Triassic Brembana Valley (Esino Limestone, Southern Alps, Italy) – possibly the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 298 (1): 9–15. Bibcode:2020NJGPA.298....9P. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0929.
- 1 2 Sowerby, James; Farey, John; Sowerby, James de Carle (1812). The mineral conchology of Great Britain; or, Coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the earth / By James Sowerby. Vol. 1. London: Printed by B. Meredith [etc.] pp. 116–117. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.14408. Archived from the original on 2025-04-25.