Apalachee language
| Apalachee | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Florida |
| Ethnicity | Apalachee |
| Extinct | early 18th century |
Muskogean
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xap |
| Glottolog | apal1237 |
Apalachee was a Muskogean language of Florida. It was closely related to Koasati and Alabama.[1] Apalachee was found to belong to the same branch of the Muskogean family as Koasati, Alabama, and Hitchiti.[2] Apalachee was originally spoken in western Florida, but is believed to have last been spoken in the nineteenth century by Apalachee people that had been removed to Louisiana.[3]: 11
History
The language is known primarily from one document, a letter written in 1688 to Charles II of Spain. The original version of that letter is lost, but a copy published in 1860 survives. Additional Apalachee texts are said to have existed in archives in Havana but they have never been located.[4]: 136
The letter is accompanied by a loose Spanish translation, from which some aspects of Apalachee have been inferred. Related Muskogean languages have also been used to help understand the structure of Apalachee.[4]: 136–137 [5]: 388 Geoffrey Kimball produced a grammatical sketch[4] and a vocabulary of the language[5] based on these resources.
Apalachee is one of only three indigenous languages from its region to have any surviving documentation, alongside Timucua and Calusa.[3]: 28
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | plain | p | t | tʃ | k ⟨c, g, q⟩ | |
| voiced | b | |||||
| Fricative | plain | f | s | h | ||
| lateral | ɬ ⟨lz⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | w ⟨gu, w⟩ | l | j ⟨y⟩ | |||
Orthography is only shown where it differs from the IPA.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ||
| Close-mid | o | ||
| Open | a |
Grammar
Apalachee relies on fixed word order (subject–object–verb) rather than case marking to specify the subject and object of a sentence. Apalachee does have some case markings, but does not rely on them to the same degree that other Muskogean languages do.[4]: 139
There is significant affixation in Apalachee morphology. Possession and pluralization are both marked by affixes on the noun. Objects can be marked on the verbs by prefixes.[4]: 140–141, 147 Derivational affixes are attested for both nouns and verbs, including distributive and causative markers.[4]: 153, 156
References
- ↑ Broadwell, George A. (1992). Reconstructing Proto-Muskogean Language and Prehistory: Preliminary results. 3, en. 2. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.72.4700.
{{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter|citeseerx=(help) - ↑ Haas, Mary R. (April 1949). "The Position of Apalachee in the Muskogean Family". International Journal of American Linguistics. 15 (2). University of Chicago Press: 121–127. doi:10.1086/464031.
- 1 2 Goddard, Ives (2005). "The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast". Anthropological Linguistics. 47 (1): 1–60. ISSN 0003-5483. Retrieved May 18, 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kimball, Geoffrey (April 1987). "A Grammatical Sketch of Apalachee". International Journal of American Linguistics. 53 (2). University of Chicago Press: 136–174. doi:10.1086/466050. JSTOR 1265142.
- 1 2 Kimball, Geoffrey (October 1988). "An Apalachee Vocabulary". International Journal of American Linguistics. 54 (4). University of Chicago Press: 387–398. doi:10.1086/466093. JSTOR 1265100.
External links
