Age of Gerombolan
| Age of Gerombolan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Republic of Indonesia |
 Islamic State of Indonesia Permesta PRRI East Indonesia APRA Republic of South Maluku Communist Party of IndonesiaBambu Runtjing Barisan Sakit Hati Tjitarum Brigade Merapi-Merbabu Complex | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Sukarno Suharto |
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo  Abdul Kahar Muzakkar † Ibnu Hadjar Alexander Evert Kawilarang  Ventje Sumual Sjafruddin Prawiranegara Assaat Dt. Mudo (POW) Andi Aziz (POW) Raymond Westerling Sultan Hamid II (POW) Johanis Manuhutu (POW) Chris Soumokil Musso Amir Sjarifuddin D. N. Aidit Khaerul Saleh (POW) Sukendro † Suradi Bheledeg † Tjetje Subrata † | ||||||||
Age of Gerombolan (Indonesian: Zaman Gerombolan), literally translates to Age of Hordes, was a term used for period of political instability and regional armed conflicts mainly between communists, Islamist, and secular nationalist in newly independent Indonesia during the early Liberal democracy period under Sukarno.[1] It is also a term frequently used to refer the direct rule of Darul Islam in rural areas of West Java,[2] South Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan, where Darul Islam militias had strong bases until the early 1960s.[3][4][5] Although the specific year is not agreed upon, it is generally referring to conflicts after 1949, and well-used until 1962, although sporadic rebellions mostly under Darul Islam did not end until early 1970s.[6][7][8] The term "gerombolan" or hordes is sometimes also used to refer other rebel groups during that time such as Permesta, Mandau Talawang Pancasila, the rebellion under Andi Aziz, and Republic of South Maluku.[9][10][3][11]
Conflicts and events
Separatist conflicts:
- Indonesian invasion of South Maluku
- APRA coup d'état
- Makassar Uprising
- Permesta rebellion
- PRRI rebellion
Islamist conflicts:'
Communist conflicts:'
References
- ↑ Ahsan, Ivan Aulia (19 March 2019). "Zaman Kacau Balau: Kala Kaum Kiri Menunggangi Gerakan DI/TII". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ Arifianto, Bambang. "Zaman Gorombolan dalam Karya Sastra dan Kawih Sunda, Suasana Muram dan Getir di Konflik DI/TII dan Pemerintah - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- 1 2 Andini, Batari Oja (2017-04-30). "The Islamization in Bugis Society during the Darul Islam Era under Kahar Muzakar in 1960s". DINIKA: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies. 2 (1): 23–34. doi:10.22515/dinika.v2i1.107. ISSN 2503-4227.
- ↑ Wulandari, Eka; Jumadi, Jumadi; Malihu, La (2020-08-17). "Aktivitas Gerombolan DI/TII dan Dampaknya Terhadap Masyarakat Sidrap 1950-1965". Pattingalloang (in Indonesian). 7 (2): 160–171. doi:10.26858/jp.v7i2.13725 (inactive 11 July 2025). ISSN 2686-6463.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) - ↑ Rahmadi, Rahmadi (2020-11-11). Komando Resor Militer (Korem) 141/Toddopuli di Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 1956-1980 (other thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Hasanuddin.
- ↑ "Zaman Gorombolan (DI/TII)". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ "Kenangan Ramadan Zaman "Gorombolan"". Jernih.co. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ Matanasi, Petrik (15 August 2017). "Zaman Susah 'Negara Islam' di Sulawesi Selatan". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ Pramisti, Nurul Qomariyah (2 March 2019). "Permesta, Pemberontakan Atau Bukan?". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ↑ van Klinken, Gerry (2006-04-01). "Colonizing Borneo: State-Building and Ethnicity in Central Kalimantan". Rochester, NY. SSRN 1876543.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Asma, Nur (2015). MAROS PADA MASA DI/TII 1953-1965* (Maros in The Period Of DI/TII in (1953-1965) (masters thesis). Universitas Negeri Makassar.