Party of Action and Solidarity

Party of Action and Solidarity
Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate
AbbreviationPAS
LeaderIgor Grosu
Secretary-GeneralAndrei Rusanovschi
Parliamentary group leaderDoina Gherman
FounderMaia Sandu
Founded15 May 2016 (2016-05-15)
Headquarters9/1 Maria Cebotari Street, Chișinău
Youth wingPAS Youth
Membership (2025)15,301
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
European affiliationEuropean People's Party (associate)
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union[1]
Colours  Yellow   Black
SloganE vremea oamenilor buni ('It is the time of the good people')
Parliament
55 / 101 (54%)
District Presidents
18 / 32 (56%)
Mayors
291 / 898 (32%)
Party flag
Website
www.unpaspentru.md Edit this at Wikidata

The Party of Action and Solidarity (Romanian: Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate, PAS) is a pro-European political party in Moldova. The PAS was founded by Maia Sandu, the former Minister of Education and the incumbent president of Moldova. It is an observer of the European People's Party (EPP)[2] and the International Democracy Union (IDU).[3]

History

Formation

The party was created amid the 2015–2016 protests in Moldova and growing popular dissatisfaction with the ruling parties. On 23 December 2015, Maia Sandu posted a YouTube video in which she announced her intention to form a new political party. Her stated reason for doing so was the creation of a grassroots party, that would function based on the principles of internal democracy and would be financed through small donations.[4] Sandu was elected as leader of the PAS on 15 May 2016 and the party was officially registered by the Ministry of Justice on 26 May. At the time of registration, the party had 7,500 members and 20 local organizations.[5] In February 2017, the party applied for membership of the European People's Party (EPP).[6]

In coalition government: June 2019 – November 2019

In the 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election, the PAS and the Dignity and Truth Platform Party formed the NOW Platform electoral alliance, which gathered 26.8% of the votes. After the alliance split into two separate parliamentary groups, the PAS ended up with 15 seats. On 6 June, the Party announced that it was ready to form a coalition government with the pro-Russian Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova (PSRM) with the goal of freeing state institutions, which in their opinion were under oligarchic control. After the coalition was formed, PSRM leader Zinaida Greceanîi was elected as Speaker of the Parliament and the Sandu Cabinet was inaugurated.[7] Largely because of the significant ideological differences between the ruling parties, the government only lasted for five months and was ousted on 12 November after the PSRM and the Democratic Party of Moldova voted in favor of a motion of no confidence.[8]

In opposition: November 2019 – July 2021

After the ousting of the Sandu cabinet, the PAS was in opposition. In the 2020 Moldovan presidential election, the party's candidate and leader Sandu was elected as President of Moldova. According to Moldovan law, the president cannot be a member of a political party which resulted in Sandu resigning from the office of party president and renouncing her party membership. Until the next party congress, the post of PAS president was held by first vice president Igor Grosu on an interim basis, who was subsequently elected as the next PAS president.[9]

In majority government: July 2021 – present

The PAS won by a landslide during the 2021 Moldovan parliamentary election, earning them 63 seats in the parliament.[10] Igor Grosu was elected the President of the Moldovan Parliament.[11] On 6 August 2021, Natalia Gavrilița was voted by 61 MPs as the Prime Minister of Moldova and she became the second PAS Prime Minister of Moldova, after Maia Sandu (2019).[12] In early 2022, the party will hold a leadership election and is also expected to nominate a candidate for the 2023 Chișinău mayoral elections.[13] In December 2023, the PAS joined forces with PSRM to secure a two-thirds majority for dismissing Octavian Armașu as governor of the National Bank of Moldova.[14][15][16] The dismissal was criticised by the European Commission[17][18] and International Monetary Fund.[19]

Elections in Moldova have played a decisive role in shaping the country’s geopolitical direction, often seen as a crossroads between pro-European reform and closer ties with Russia. The 2021 parliamentary election was particularly significant, marking a major shift toward European integration as PAS secured a commanding majority. The 2025 election further reinforced this trajectory; even though the number of parliamentary seats had been reduced, PAS managed to retain its majority, underscoring continued public support for institutional reforms, anti-corruption efforts, and closer cooperation with the European Union. These elections not only redefined Moldova’s domestic political landscape but also drew international attention due to their implications for regional stability in Eastern Europe.

Political positions

The PAS has been widely described as a pro-European,[10][20][21] pro-Western,[22][23][24] centrist,[25] centre-right,[26][27][28][29][30][31] and right-wing[32][33] party that adheres to liberalism,[34][35][36][37] conservative liberalism,[38] and liberal conservatism.[39] The 2016 party program claims that they adhere to social liberalism.[40] Italian scholar Gian Marco Moisé described the party as populist.[41]

Social policy

The PAS has pursued policies deemed to be "culturally European" with examples including the signing of the anti-domestic abuse Istanbul Convention. This has received criticism about "western elites-based genderism" from Moldova's left.[32] It has also been described as progressive[42] and culturally liberal.[31]

Economic policies

According to its program, the PAS supports the idea of an economy "based on private initiative" and is in favor of a "significant reduction of bureaucracy in all stages of business".[43] In the 2020 Moldovan presidential election campaign, the party's candidate Maia Sandu proposed raising the minimum wage to 2,000 lei (around 114 US dollars).[44]

Foreign policy

A member of the European People's Party (EPP),[45] the PAS supports membership of Moldova in the European Union,[46][47] establishing a strategic partnership with the United States and the further west,[32] and maintaining a normal and non-confrontational relationship with Russia. The party supports strengthening Moldova's relationship with Romania but does not explicitly endorse the unification of Moldova and Romania.[43][48]

According to Moldovan diplomat Mihai Gribincea, PAS promoted a "civic Moldovan nation" not adhering to Soviet-era Moldovenism and its anti-Romanian framing but neither to explicit unionism with Romania and to a national historical narrative coherently Romanian. This would have aimed to produce a balanced neutral identitary discourse to replace old ethnolinguistic and geopolitical conflicts and avoid fractures in the electorate and allow the formation of a broad civic front capable of supporting a pro-European agenda.[49][50] A similar opinion was argued by the writer and journalist Nicolae Negru, who said in 2018 that PAS and the Dignity and Truth Platform have a duplicitous attitude towards Romania: on the one hand, they support closer relations with Romania, but, on the other hand, they promote the statalism and "the civic Moldovan nation".[51] In 2025, the opposition Moldovan National Party accused PAS, that although it promoted the introduction of the Romanian language as the official language into the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova in 2023, it did not implement this law in order to promote the idea of "the civic Moldovan union" and not an explicitly Romanian identity of Moldovans.[52] A similar opinion was expressed by the Romanian sociologist and geopolitician Dan Dungaciu in 2016:

The underlying theme of the anti-corruption battle was the idea of a “civic Moldovan nation.” THIS is the reason why so many people gathered around the DA Platform and, later, around Maia Sandu. For many Moldovan intellectuals, “anti-corruption” became the false conscience of a so-called “civic Moldovan patriotism.”

This also explains why, within the DA Platform and later in Maia Sandu’s inner circle, we could find former advisers of Mircea Snegur — people who, back in June 1994, were encouraging him to sponsor the insidious congress “Our Home – Republic of Moldova”, the first explicit and well-articulated project of Moldovan identity after the fall of the USSR. In 1994, Moldovenism effectively became a state project. This explains why the DA Platform, and later Maia Sandu, rejected any Romanian identity formulas: because they already had one! It was the idea of a “civic Moldovan nation” (different from the “ethnic Moldovan nation” of Snegur or Voronin). This concept claims to transcend ethnicity and focus solely on “unity”: it rejects anything that could fragment the monolithic unity of the republic — whether geopolitics, appeals to Romania, or appeals to Russia. Instead, it seeks to unite everyone — Romanians, Moldovans, Russians, Ukrainians, Gagauz, Bulgarians, Jews, and others—into the “civic Moldovan nation” and to mobilize them in the fight against corruption. Anti-corruption becomes, in effect, a mechanism of nation-building. Still, there is nothing truly new under the sun. This is merely another episode—in fact, a project that died before it was fully born—in the long saga of attempts to define the republic in non-Romanian terms: from the ethnic Moldovanism of Mircea Snegur (*“Our Home – Republic of Moldova”*) and Vladimir Voronin’s 2003 National Conception, to Vlad Filat’s slippery notion of “European Moldovanism,” and, more recently, the identity projects of Marian Lupu and the Democratic Party.

Today, in the case of Maia Sandu and her supporters, what we are dealing with is the project of a “civic Moldovan nation.”[53][54]

In 2021, when asked how she views the rise of the pro-union movement in the Republic of Moldova, given that the most recent poll showed that around 44% of Moldovans would like unification with Romania, Moldovan President Maia Sandu, founder of the Action and Solidarity Party (PAS), stated:

We know that there is a large number of people who support the idea of unification. At the same time, there is another part of society that is fearful of this idea. A major project like this can only be undertaken with sufficient majority support. We will follow the polls to see how things develop. Meanwhile, we are building relations with Romania. Beyond speeches, we are building bridges—projects that unite us in the energy, cultural, and educational fields.[55]

When asked whether it would be enough for 50% plus one to support unification, Maia Sandu replied that "more than that is needed, as such a project must be supported by an overwhelming majority of citizens." Furthermore, Maia Sandu implied that she is not advocating for an unification with Romania, but rather for closer ties within the framework of the European Union: "Romania is waiting for us in the European Union," Maia Sandu concluded.[55]

Leadership

  Has been serving as the President of Moldova and also served as Prime Minister of Moldova
No. Name Image Term start Term end Term length
1 Maia Sandu 15 May 2016 10 December 2020 4 years, 6 months and 25 days
2 Igor Grosu 15 May 2022 Incumbent 4 years, 3 months and 15 days

Current leadership positions

Election results

Parliament

Election Leader Performance Rank Government
Votes % ± pp Seats +/–
2019 Maia Sandu 380,181
26.84%
(ACUM)[a]		 New
15 / 101
 New 3rd Coalition (ACUM (PAS–PPDA)–PSRM) majority government (2019)
Opposition to PSRM–PDM government (2019–2021)
2021 Igor Grosu 774,754
52.80%
 Increase 25.96
63 / 101
 Increase 48 1st Majority government
Gavrilița Cabinet (2021–2023)
Recean Cabinet (2023–2025)
2025 792,557
50.20%
 Decrease 2.60
55 / 101
 Decrease 8 1st Majority government
Munteanu Cabinet (2025–2026)
Tofan Cabinet (2026–present)

President of Moldova

Election Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
2016 Maia Sandu 549,152
38.71%
 766,593
47.89%
 Lost Red X
2020 Maia Sandu 487,635
36.16%
 943,006
57.72%
 Elected Green tick
2024 Supported Maia Sandu[b] 656,852
42.49%
 930,139
55.35%
 Elected Green tick

Chișinău mayoral elections

Election Leader Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
2018 Maia Sandu Andrei Năstase
(ACUM)		 71,803 32.12 129,432 52.57 Elected Green tick
2019 70,056 31.08 112,514 47.61 Lost Red X
2023 Igor Grosu Lilian Carp 74,074 28.23 N/a N/a Lost Red X

Chișinău Municipal Council elections

Election Leader Votes Seats Position
Votes % No.
2019 Maia Sandu 74,255 33.30
19 / 51
(ACUM)		 2nd
2023 Igor Grosu 84,615 32.88
20 / 51
 2nd
  1. ↑ NOW Platform DA and PAS won 26 seats of which 15 went to the PAS and 11 to the PPDA.
  2. ↑ The President of Moldova traditionally resigns from party membership after taking office. Although Sandu was officially an independent candidate, her campaign was endorsed, supported, and funded by the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS).

Local elections

Mayors

Election year Mayors % of
overall
mayor mandates		 No. of
overall
mandates won		 +/–
2023 291 32.51
291 / 898

President of Romania

Election Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
2025 Supported Crin Antonescu 1,892,930
20.07%
 Not qualified Lost Red X
Supported Nicușor Dan Not endorsed 6,168,642
53.60%
 Elected Green tick

References

  1. ↑ "Members | International Democracy Union". 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  2. ↑ "Parties and partners". European People's Party. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  3. ↑ "Members". International Democracy Union. February 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  4. ↑ "(ȘTIREA ZILEI) Maia Sandu anunță formarea unei MIȘCĂRI pentru crearea unui nou partid politic". timpul.md (in Romanian). 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  5. ↑ "(doc) Partidul Acțiune și Solidaritate/PAS a fost înregistrat oficial la Ministerul Justiției". diez.md (in Romanian). 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  6. ↑ Olaf Wientzek (2019). The European People's Party and the East: Party Cooperation in Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. Nomos Verlag. p. 54. ISBN 978-3-7489-0401-4.
  7. ↑ "Distopie politică la Chișinău. PAS acceptă colaborarea cu PSRM". dw.com (in Romanian). 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  8. ↑ "Moldovan parliament approves Ion Chicu as new prime minister". reuters.com. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  9. ↑ "Maia Sandu leaves PAS". ipn.md. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Moldova pro-Europeans win resounding election victory". www.euractiv.com. 13 July 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  11. ↑ "Igor Grosu, ales preşedinte al Parlamentului Republicii Moldova". adevarul.ro. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  12. ↑ "Noul guvern pro-european de la Chișinău a trecut de votul Parlamentului. Republica Moldova este acum condusă de două femei". www.digi24.ro (in Romanian). 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  13. ↑ "PAS şi Platforma DA, în pregătiri pentru alegeri". adevarul.ro. 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  14. ↑ Popa, Dan (16 January 2024). "Cristi Danileț infirmă "categoric" că ar fi fost luat în calcul pentru a completa echipa Băncii Naționale a Moldovei". HotNews. Archived from the original on 11 March 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  15. ↑ "Guvernatorul Băncii Naționale a Republicii Moldova a fost demis după furtul unui miliard de dolari". HotNews. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 1 July 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  16. ↑ Dermenji, Denis (21 December 2023). "Parlamentul l-a revocat din funcție pe guvernatorul BNM, Octavian Armașu, după audieri despre "furtul miliardului"". Radio Europa Liberă Moldova. Archived from the original on 23 May 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  17. ↑ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of macro-financial assistance to third countries in 2023. 2024. p. 5.
  18. ↑ https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/document/download/858717b3-f8ef-4514-89fe-54a6aa15ef69_en?filename=Moldova%20Report%202024.pdf Archived 2 July 2025 at the Wayback Machine page 49 "However, the abrupt dismissal of the governor of the National Bank of Moldova in December 2023 raised concerns regarding good economic governance and the independence of the central bank. The dismissal was conducted in line with Moldovan law, though this falls short of international best practice."
  19. ↑ International Monetary Fund (2024). Country reports: Republic of Moldova Archived 12 August 2025 at the Wayback Machine. p. 6. ISBN 979-8-4002-9715-1.
  20. ↑ "Pro-European Maia Sandu Wins First Round of Moldova Election". Balkan Insight. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Tidey, Alice (16 November 2020). "Moldova: Sandu is president, but the battle for power has only begun". euronews. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  22. ↑ Nigai, Bogdan (20 August 2025). "Moldova's public opinion on EU, NATO, and Russia". Moldova 1. Archived from the original on 24 September 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
  23. ↑ Całus, Kamil (5 September 2025). "On the eve of a parliamentary election in Moldova: a European future in the shadow of uncertain results". Centre for Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
  24. ↑ Harward, Christina (5 September 2025). "Russia Continues Efforts to Regain Influence over Moldova". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.
  25. ↑ "Key Political Risks Facing Central & Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus" (PDF). areterapa.com. Held in 2021, the last (snap) parliamentary election in Moldova resulted in a decisive victory for the pro-EU and centrist Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS), which now has a nearly two-thirds majority in the Moldovan parliament.
  26. ↑ Tanas, Alexander (18 October 2024). "What to know about Moldova's election and crucial vote on EU future". Reuters. A weaker-than-expected result could put her right-centrist Party of Action and Solidarity on a shaky footing at a parliamentary election next year, when its majority could be in jeopardy.
  27. ↑ Felcher, Anastasia. "Cultures of History Forum : The Divided Legacies of 9 May in Moldova". www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de. Archived from the original on 8 June 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2025. In 2019, the socialist legislators sought to mount a more effective challenge to the oligarch Plahotniuc by joining an erratic, paradoxical coalition in the newly elected parliament with the new liberal centre-right parties – the PAS and the Dignity and Truth Platform (DA) – that have lately ascended to power in Moldova.
  28. ↑ "Moldovan leader dissolves parliament, sets July elections". France 24. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  29. ↑ Tidey, Alice (16 November 2020). "Moldova: Pro-western Maia Sandu won the presidency, but the battle for power is only just beginning". EuroNews. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  30. ↑ Necșuțu, Mădălin. "Pro-European Maia Sandu Wins First Round of Moldova Election". EuroNews. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  31. 1 2 "Moldova: Background and U.S. Policy". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 6 August 2026. Sandu's center-right, social-liberal, and pro-EU Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) won the election with 53% of the vote, securing 63 of 101 seats in Moldova's unicameral parliament.
  32. 1 2 3 Neaga, Andreea (5 February 2025). The Journey Toward Illiberalism? A Study of The Dynamics Between Gender and The Populist Left in Moldova (Thesis). The right-wing ruling party, the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) has espoused efforts to harmonise national values and practices with EU standards. For example, the Moldovan government ratified the Istanbul Convention on 31 January 2022. The act crystallises Moldova's alignment with the EU-wide sentiment to tackle violence against women (GREVIO 2023). Notwithstanding, the Moldovan Left framed it as an invention of Western elites which propagates genderism. ... Therefore, what is paradoxical here is that Moldovan right-wing parties (such as PAS) advocate for Moldova to embrace EU cultural values, while the Left resists them. In Moldova, it seems that being a "right-wing party" means nurturing ties with the West, while being "of the left", means looking Eastwards.
  33. ↑ "FAKE NEWS: If Moldova leaves the CIS, it will no longer recognize the dissolution of the USSR". www.veridica.ro. 19 March 2026. Retrieved 9 August 2026. The majority in Parliament belongs to the right-wing PAS party, and the deputies will undoubtedly vote in favor of denunciation. The opposition will be powerless to stop it.
  34. ↑ "Moldova and Georgia: Two pivotal votes on their future in Europe". BBC News. 17 October 2024. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  35. ↑ "Results Show Moldovans Determined To Continue On Way To Europe, Sandu Says". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 21 October 2024. Archived from the original on 8 October 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  36. ↑ "Moldova | 2020 Elections | CSIS". www.csis.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2026. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  37. ↑ Pociumban, Anastasia (202). "Moldova's Presidential Elections and EU Referendum: A Critical Moment". Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik. DGAP Memo. 21. doi:10.60823/DGAP-24-41237-en. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025 – via SSOAR.
  38. ↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Moldova". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  39. ↑ "Moldova, a choice between the EU and Russia! DW: Moscow is doing everything it can to move it away from the European path". alfapress.al. 27 September 2025. Retrieved 6 August 2026. If the claims in numerous TikTok videos are to be believed, then the Republic of Moldova is currently ruled by a terrifying regime. The "dictatorship" of pro-European President Maia Sandu and the ruling liberal-conservative Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS).
  40. ↑ "Program-PAS" (PDF). unpaspentru.md. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  41. ↑ Moisé, Gian Marco (2024). "Does Politics Need Foes? Three Focal Events that Explain Contemporary Moldovan Politics and the Risks for its Democracy". Südosteuropa Mitteilungen. 64 (2–03): 78. Archived from the original on 24 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
  42. ↑ Smith, David (9 June 2021). "Explainer: Does Moldova have "Left" and "Right" Wing Parties?". www.moldovamatters.md. Retrieved 9 August 2026. So given our definitions of conserative and progressive above, an astute reader of Moldova Matters will probably quickly note that the so-called "left wing" Socialist and Communist Parties are very much conservatives. While the nominally "right wing" PAS party is actually quite progressive.
  43. 1 2 "The Program of the Political Party "Action and Solidarity Party" (PAS)" (PDF). 15 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  44. ↑ "Program". Maia Sandu Președinte 2020 (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  45. ↑ Milheiro, Karine (21 October 2016). "EPP Presidency: Maia Sandu is the change Moldova needs (EN+RO)". EPP. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  46. ↑ "Moldova election: Pro-EU candidate Maia Sandu wins presidency". BBC News. Politico. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  47. ↑ "Pro-EU Sandu becomes Moldova's president". Politico. 16 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  48. ↑ "Statutul Partidului Politic "Partidul Acțiune Şi Solidaritate" (PAS)" (PDF) (in Romanian). 15 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  49. ↑ ""Națiunea civică moldovenească" – între vis european și amnezie identitară", Podul.ro, 6 June 2025, archived from the original on 3 November 2025, retrieved 3 October 2025
  50. ↑ ""Națiunea civică moldovenească" – între vis european și amnezie identitară.", Reunirea, 6 June 2025, retrieved 4 October 2025
  51. ↑ "Oligarho-unioniștii, oligarho-europeniștii, oligarho-stataliștii etcetera", Ziarulnational.md/nicolae-negru-oligarho-unionistii-oligarho-europenistii-oligarho-statalistii-etcetera, retrieved 4 October 2025
  52. ↑ "Controverse privind implementarea limbii române în Republica Moldova: PNM acuză guvernarea PAS de "trădare națională"", Telegraph Moldova – Agenție de presă, 1 February 2025, archived from the original on 18 March 2025, retrieved 4 October 2025
  53. ↑ "Exclusiv Dan Dungaciu. Geopolitica bate politica la Chişinău", Adevărul, 14 November 2016, retrieved 4 October 2025
  54. ↑ "Orice, dar nu români! Fundamentele "națiunii civice moldovenești"", Laborator Pentru Analiza Războiului Informațional Şi Comunicare Strategicá, 19 March 2018, archived from the original on 16 October 2025, retrieved 4 October 2025
  55. 1 2 "(Video) Maia Sandu desființează ideea Unirii cu România: "Nu este suficient ca 50%+1 din populație să vrea Unirea"", Liber TV – Fii liber cu noi!, 27 December 2021, archived from the original on 5 November 2025, retrieved 4 October 2025
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