2024 California wildfires

2024 California wildfires
A satellite view of the smoke plumes from the Bridge, Line, and Airport fires in Southern California on September 10, 2024
Statistics[1][2]
Total fires8,110[1]
Total area1,077,711 acres (436,134 ha)[1]
Impacts
Deaths1[1]
Structures destroyed1,837 (432 damaged)[1]
Map
California is shown with a combination satellite and 3D terrain view. Large fires are shown with orange perimeters and the very largest are labeled (e.g. Park, Lake, Airport, Bridge).
A map of wildfires 1,000 acres or larger in California in 2024
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In 2024, a total of 8,110 wildfires burned a cumulative 1,077,711 acres (436,134 ha) throughout the U.S. state of California. The total number of wildfires was slightly higher than the five-year average, while the total number of acres burned was lower.[3] Wildfires destroyed a total of 1,837 structures and killed one person in the state in 2024.[4] This season had the most burned acres since the 2021 wildfire season.

Background

The timing of "fire season" in California is variable, depending on the amount of prior winter and spring precipitation, the frequency and severity of weather such as heat waves and wind events, and moisture content in vegetation. Northern California typically sees wildfire activity between late spring and early fall, peaking in the summer with hotter and drier conditions. Occasional cold frontal passages can bring wind and lightning. The timing of fire season in Southern California is similar, peaking between late spring and fall. The severity and duration of peak activity in either part of the state is modulated in part by weather events: downslope/offshore wind events can lead to critical fire weather, while onshore flow and Pacific weather systems can bring conditions that hamper wildfire growth.[5][6]

Summary

False-color view of the burned area and smoke from the Park Fire in Northern California, viewed from the Landsat 9 satellite on July 27, 2024

By the end of spring (June 20), the total area burned by wildfires in California was nearly 90,000 acres (36,000 ha). This early spike in activity was primarily from wind-driven grass fires, more than 30 of which occurred on several days in mid-June with low humidity, high temperatures, and strong winds.[6]

The first and only wildfire fatality of the year in California occurred on July 8, when the Mina Fire burned a home.[7] This makes the 2024 season have the lowest number of wildfire deaths in a season since 2013.

During late July, the total area burned during the 2024 wildfire season saw significant growth due in part to long periods of hot, dry weather. These conditions allowed several fires to grow rapidly in size, such as the Park Fire, in Butte and Tehama counties, and the Borel Fire, in Sequoia National Forest. By July 29, more than 726,000 acres (294,000 ha) had burned across the state.[8]

Fire activity decreased during August, but a long period of extreme heat across the Western United States during early September allowed numerous wildfires across the state to grow rapidly, such as the Line Fire, the Bridge Fire, and the Airport Fire in Southern California. Later in September, fire activity again decreased due to improved fire weather.[9]

While numerous storms in Northern California significantly slowed fire activity in November and December, dry conditions and multiple rounds of Santa Ana Winds led to multiple wildfires in Southern California, such as the Mountain and Franklin fires.

List of wildfires

The following is a list of fires that burned more than 1,000 acres (400 ha), produced significant structural damage, or resulted in casualties.

Fires of more than 1,000 acres or that caused significant damage or casualties
Name County Acres Start date Containment date Notes[a] Ref.
School Kern1,479May 2May 3[11]
Roberts Monterey7,030May 17May 25Burned in Camp Roberts.[12]
Hill Santa Barbara1,383May 28June 1[13]
Firebaugh Madera 1,300 May 30 May 30 [14]
Corral San Joaquin14,168June 1June 6Destroyed one home and injured two firefighters. Prompted highway closures and evacuation orders near Tracy.[15][16]
West Kern1,576June 2June 6[17]
Road Kern1,076June 4June 6[18]
Lost Kern3,281June 6June 11[19]
Bear San Luis Obispo1,410June 12June 14[20]
Junes Butte1,056June 15June 18Destroyed one structure.[21]
Post Los Angeles, Ventura15,563June 15June 26Began near Gorman, burned parallel to Interstate 5; caused the evacuation of ~1,200 people in nearby recreation areas. Destroyed one structure, injured one person.[22][23]
Hesperia San Bernardino1,078June 15June 24[24]
Point Sonoma1,207June 16June 24Prompted evacuations of some 400 residents northwest of Dry Creek Valley. Caused one injury and destroyed three structures.[25]
Sites Colusa19,195June 17June 25[26][27]
Aero Calaveras5,285June 17June 27Caused evacuations in both Calaveras and Tuolumne counties, damaged one structure and destroyed three.[28][29]
Apache Butte691June 24June 29Prompted evacuations in Butte County. A firefighter was injured, and the fire destroyed 14 structures and damaged two.[30]
Fresno June Lightning Complex Fresno10,616June 24July 6Consisted of the Flash, Bolt, Hog, and other fires. Ignited by lightning. Destroyed one structure.[31]
Basin Fresno14,023June 26July 20Prompted evacuations in the Kirch Flat Campground and Balch Camp area.[32][33][34]
Mccain San Diego1,595July 1July 10Prompted evacuations near Jacumba and caused one civilian injury.[35]
Thompson Butte3,789July 2July 8Caused evacuations in parts of Oroville and Kelly Ridge. Destroyed 26 structures, damaged eight. Two people were injured. Started by arson.[36][37]
Airline San Benito1,295July 2July 5Caused one injury.[38]
Shelly Siskiyou15,520July 3August 6Eight firefighters were injured.[39][40]
Olive Kern1,310July 3July 5[41]
French Mariposa908July 4July 13Destroyed 11 structures, damaged seven, and caused four injuries.[42]
Lake Santa Barbara38,664July 5August 4Destroyed four structures, damaged one, and injured seven firefighters.[43][44]
North Modoc4,685July 7July 14[45]
Vista San Bernardino2,936July 7August 17Caused the evacuation of the Mt. Baldy ski resort[46][47]
Mina Mendocino98July 8July 21Resulted in one fatality and destroyed two structures.[48]
Hurricane San Luis Obispo, Kern12,703July 13July 17[49]
White Kern5,562July 13July 26[50]
SQF Lightning Complex Tulare33,026July 13September 17Contained the Trout and Long fires. The Trout and Long fires burned within the Domeland Wilderness.[51][52][53]
Rancho Kern9,637July 13July 26[54]
Rim Lassen1,025July 13July 23[55]
Lost Hills Kern4,032July 14July 15Crossed over and shut down a portion of Interstate 5 near Lost Hills.[56][57][58]
Hill Humboldt7,224July 15August 14Caused 5 injuries[59][60]
Happy Fresno12,543July 16November 15Burned in the Monarch Wilderness and Kings Canyon National Park. Started by lightning.[61]
Ridge Lake, Colusa2,756July 20July 29[62]
Eagle Riverside1,710July 21July 23[63]
Hawarden Riverside527July 21July 25Destroyed seven homes and damaged eighteen more in Riverside. Started by fireworks.[64][65][66][67]
Gold Complex Plumas3,007July 22August 4Comprised the Smith and Mill fires.[68][69][70]
Metz Monterey1,100July 23July 25[71]
Apache Ventura1,538July 23August 3[72]
Borel Kern59,288July 24September 15Destroyed 223 structures and damaged 29. Prompted evacuations in Kern County and destroyed the historic community of Havilah.[73][74][75][76]
Park Butte, Tehama429,603July 24September 26Fourth largest wildfire in California history. Destroyed 709 structures and damaged 54, including parts of the community of Cohasset, California. Started by arson.[77]
San Clemente Island Los Angeles13,000July 24July 30Burned more than one-third of San Clemente Island, damaging electrical infrastructure for the naval base there.[78]
Nixon Riverside, San Diego5,222July 29August 7Forced evacuations near Anza. Destroyed 23 structures and damaged three. Human caused.[79][80]
Pedro Mariposa, Tuolumne3,815July 30August 8Destroyed two structures.[81]
Coffee Pot Tulare14,104August 3December 16Burned in Sequoia National Park. Injured three firefighters. Started by lightning.[82]
Edgehill San Bernardino54August 5August 7Destroyed six structures and damaged three.[83]
Crozier El Dorado1,938August 6August 20[84][85]
Boise Humboldt, Siskiyou12,967August 9September 20Burned in Six Rivers and Klamath National Forests.[86]

[87]

Bear Sierra3,323September 2September 19[88]
Boone Fresno, Monterey17,600September 3September 13Prompted evacuations in Fresno and Monterey Counties.[89]
Chimineas San Luis Obispo1,200September 4September 10[90]
Line San Bernardino43,978September 5December 23Prompted evacuation orders in parts of Highland and the entire community of Running Springs. Destroyed one structure and injured six firefighters. Started by arson.[91]
Roblar San Diego1,000September 7September 11Burned in Camp Pendleton.[92]
Boyles Lake81September 8September 11Destroyed 33 residential structures and 80 vehicles in Clearlake.[93]
Bridge Los Angeles, San Bernardino56,030September 8November 26Burned in the Angeles National Forest. Prompted evacuation orders for Wrightwood and Mount Baldy Village. Destroyed 81 structures and injured eight firefighters. Cause under investigation.[94]
Airport Orange, Riverside23,526September 9October 5Began in Trabuco Canyon. Evacuations were along Ortega Highway and in surrounding areas. Destroyed 160 structures. Two civilians and 20 firefighters were injured. Started by equipment use.[95]
Shoe Shasta5,124October 9November 8Burned in Shasta-Trinity National Forest. Injured one firefighter. Human-caused.[96]
Gabilan Monterey1,200October 22October 23Burned in Fort Hunter Liggett.[97]
Horseshoe Inyo4,537October 30December 12Began in Inyo National Forest. Was declared contained on November 14 before reigniting under strong winds late November 22. Destroyed two homes and six outbuildings.[98][99]
Mountain Ventura19,904November 6November 27Destroyed 243 structures and damaged 127 near Camarillo. Injured five civilians and one firefighter.[100][101][102]
Franklin Los Angeles4,037December 9
December 18
Destroyed 20 structures and damaged 28 in Malibu.[103][104]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Containment means that fire crews have established and secured control lines around the fire's perimeter. These lines are artificial barriers, like trenches or cleared vegetation, designed to stop the fire's spread, or natural barriers like rivers. Containment reflects progress in managing the fire but does not necessarily mean the fire is starved of fuel, under control, or put out.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "2024 Incident Archive". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Current Emergency Incidents". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 1, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Statistics". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  4. ↑ "2024 Incident Archive". May 9, 2026.
  5. ↑ "Weather: Fire Season Climatology (Northern California)". National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  6. 1 2 Toohey, Grace (June 22, 2024). "California wildfires have already burned 90,000 acres, and summer is just beginning". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  7. ↑ Har, Janie; Yamat, Rio (July 12, 2024). "California fire officials report first wildfire death of the 2024 season". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  8. ↑ Romero, Dennis; Alsharif, Mirna; Prociv, Kathryn (July 29, 2024). "More than 726,000 acres burned as wildfires rage in California". NBC News. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  9. ↑ Garcia, Eugene; Rodriguez, Olga (September 9, 2024). "Thousands evacuate as wildfires rage outside Los Angeles and Reno, Nevada". Associated Press. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  10. ↑ "What containment and other wildfire related terms mean". Los Angeles: KCAL-TV. September 12, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  11. ↑ "School Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Roberts Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Hill Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved May 30, 2024.
  14. ↑ "Firebaugh Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Corral Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Containment on Corral Fire increases; evacuations lifted after more than 14,000 acres burned". CBS News. June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  17. ↑ "West Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  18. ↑ "Road Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  19. ↑ "Lost Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  20. ↑ "Bear Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Junes Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  22. ↑ "Post Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  23. ↑ Curwen, Thomas (June 16, 2024). "Post fire near Gorman burns 11,000 acres, prompts evacuations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  24. ↑ "Hesperia Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  25. ↑ "Point Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire). Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Sites Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Sites Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  28. ↑ "Aero Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  29. ↑ "Aero Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  30. ↑ "Apache Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  31. ↑ "Fresno June Lightning Complex". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  32. ↑ "Basin Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  33. ↑ "Basin Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  34. ↑ "Basin Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
  35. ↑ "Mccain Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  36. ↑ "Thompson Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Thompson Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  38. ↑ "Airline Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  39. ↑ "Shelly Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  40. ↑ "Shelly Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  41. ↑ "Olive Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  42. ↑ "French Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Lake Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  44. ↑ "Lake Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  45. ↑ "North Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  46. ↑ "Vista Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  47. ↑ "Vista Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  48. ↑ "Mina Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  49. ↑ "Hurricane Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  50. ↑ "White Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  51. ↑ "2024 SQF Lightning Complex". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  52. ↑ "Trout Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  53. ↑ "Long Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  54. ↑ "Rancho Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  55. ↑ "Rim Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 13, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Lost Hills Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  57. ↑ "Lost Hills Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
  58. ↑ "Incident Report: Lost Hills Incident - Vegetation Fire". Kern County Fire Department. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
  59. ↑ "Hill Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  60. ↑ "Hill Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Happy Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
  62. ↑ "Ridge Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  63. ↑ "Eagle Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  64. ↑ "Hawarden Fire: Riverside brush fire destroys 3 homes". abc7.com. July 22, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  65. ↑ Hubbard, Amy (July 21, 2024). "Riverside wildfire guts homes; officials say suspects who lit fireworks were seen on camera". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  66. ↑ "Hawarden Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  67. ↑ "Hawarden Incident: Information for Riverside Residents | riversideca.gov". www.riversideca.gov. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  68. ↑ "Gold Complex". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  69. ↑ "Mill Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  70. ↑ "Smith Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  71. ↑ "Metz Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  72. ↑ "Apache Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  73. ↑ "Borel Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  74. ↑ "Borel Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  75. ↑ "Borel Fire Information". InciWeb. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  76. ↑ "National Fire Situational Awareness".
  77. ↑ "Park Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  78. ↑ Briscoe, Tony (September 4, 2024). "Wildfire damages Navy base on remote California island; live fire suspected". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  79. ↑ "Nixon Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  80. ↑ "Nixon Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  81. ↑ "Pedro Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  82. ↑ "Coffee Pot Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved August 3, 2024.
  83. ↑ "Edgehill Fire destroys homes in San Bernardino County as temps soar in California". nbcnews.com. NBC News. August 6, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  84. ↑ Ayestas, Jonathan (August 8, 2024). "Crozier Fire Updates: Evacuations expand for El Dorado County wildfire as it continues to spread". KCRA.
  85. ↑ "Crozier Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved August 13, 2024.
  86. ↑ "Boise Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  87. ↑ "Boise Fire". app.watchduty.org. Watch Duty. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
  88. ↑ "Bear Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  89. ↑ "Boone Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  90. ↑ "Chimineas Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  91. ↑ "Line Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  92. ↑ "Roblar Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
  93. ↑ "Boyles Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  94. ↑ "Bridge Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  95. ↑ "Airport Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  96. ↑ "Shoe Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  97. ↑ "Gabilan Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  98. ↑ "Horseshoe Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  99. ↑ "Cainf Horseshoe Fire Information". www.inciweb.wildfire.gov. InciWeb. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  100. ↑ "Mountain Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  101. ↑ Fioresi, Dean (November 6, 2024). "Mountain Fire in Moorpark fueled by strong winds amid Red Flag warnings in California". CBS News. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  102. ↑ "Getting Close To Full Containment Of The Mountain Fire » News Talk 1590 KVTA". www.kvta.com. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  103. ↑ "Franklin Fire". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  104. ↑ "Franklin Fire". Watch Duty. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
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