2024 Baltimore City Council election

2024 Baltimore City Council election

November 5, 2024

15 seats on Baltimore City Council
8 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party
 
Party Democratic
Last election 15
Seats won 15

President before election

Nick Mosby
Democratic

Elected President

Zeke Cohen
Democratic

The 2024 Baltimore City Council election was held on November 5, 2024. The primary elections were held on May 14, 2024. All 15 seats of the Baltimore City Council were up for election.

Summary of results by district

Baltimore's city council districts
District Incumbent Candidates
Location Member Party First
elected
Status
President Nick Mosby Democratic 2020 Incumbent lost renomination.[1]
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Zeke Cohen (Democratic) 89.0%
  • ▌Emmanuel Digman (Republican) 10.7%
1 Zeke Cohen Democratic 2016 Incumbent retired to
run for City Council President.[2]
New member to be elected.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Mark Parker (Democratic) 98.0%
2 Danielle McCray Democratic 2019 (appointed) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Danielle McCray (Democratic) 87.5%
  • ▌Andy Zipay (Republican) 12.2%
3 Ryan Dorsey Democratic 2016 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Ryan Dorsey (Democratic) 96.1%
4 Mark Conway Democratic 2020 Incumbent re-elected.
5 Yitzy Schleifer Democratic 2016 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Yitzy Schleifer (Democratic) 98.4%
6 Sharon Green Middleton Democratic 2007 (appointed) Incumbent re-elected.
7 James Torrence Democratic 2020 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY James Torrence (Democratic) 91.1%
  • ▌Christopher Anderson (Republican) 8.4%
8 Kristerfer Burnett Democratic 2016 Incumbent retired.[3]
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Paris Gray (Democratic) 99.2%
9 John Bullock Democratic 2016 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY John Bullock (Democratic) 97.6%
10 Phylicia Porter Democratic 2020 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Phylicia Porter (Democratic) 97.5%
11 Eric Costello Democratic 2014 (appointed) Incumbent lost renomination.[4]
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Zac Blanchard (Democratic) 97.9%
12 Robert Stokes Democratic 2016 Incumbent lost renomination.[5]
Democratic hold.
  • ▌Green tickY Jermaine Jones (Democratic) 99.0%
13 Antonio Glover Democratic 2020 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Antonio Glover (Democratic) 90.2%
  • ▌Alexander Artis (Republican) 9.3%
14 Odette Ramos Democratic 2020 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌Green tickY Odette Ramos (Democratic) 90.8%
  • ▌Renaud Deaundre Brown (Green) 8.8%

City council president

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Zeke Cohen, city councilmember from the 1st district (2016–present)[2]

Eliminated in primary

  • Nick Mosby, incumbent city council president[6]
  • Shannon Sneed, former city councilmember (2016–2020) and candidate for city council president in 2020[7]

Endorsements

Zeke Cohen

State legislators

Local officials

Labor unions

Organizations

Nick Mosby

State legislators

Local officials

Newspapers

Shannon Sneed

State legislators

Local officials

Labor unions

Polling

Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[a]
Margin
of error
Zeke
Cohen
Nick
Mosby
Shannon
Sneed
Other Undecided
OpinionWorks[22][A] April 7–11, 2024 508 (LV) ± 4.3% 40% 21% 17% 3% 19%
Goucher College[23][B] April 3–7, 2024 508 (LV) ± 4.3% 27% 23% 17% 14% 20%
Global Strategy Group[24][C] February 15–20, 2024 400 (LV) ± 4.3% 31% 22% 18% 5% 24%
October 20, 2023 Shannon Sneed enters the race
Goucher College[25][B] September 19–23, 2023 537 (RV) ± 4.2% 30% 17% – 34% 18%
Global Strategy Group[26][C] May 31 – June 1, 2023 702 (LV) ± 3.7% 40% 24% – – 18%

Results

Results of the city council presidential Democratic primary election by precinct
  Cohen
  •   30–40%
  •   40–50%
  •   50–60%
  •   60–70%
  •   70–80%
  •   80–90%
  Sneed
  •   30–40%
  •   40–50%
  •   50–60%
  Mosby
  •   30–40%
  •   40–50%
  •   50–60%
  Tie 30–40%
  No data
Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Zeke Cohen 46,232 50.92%
Democratic Shannon Sneed 23,451 25.83%
Democratic Nick Mosby (incumbent) 21,116 23.26%
Total votes 90,799 100.00%

Republican primary

Nominee

  • Emmanuel Digman, perennial candidate[28]

Results

Republican primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Emmanuel Digman 2,888 100.00%
Total votes 2,888 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council presidential election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Zeke Cohen 193,730 88.95%
Republican Emmanuel Digman 23,196 10.65%
Write-in 866 0.40%
Total votes 217,792 100.00%

District 1

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Mark Parker, pastor[30]

Eliminated in primary

  • Liam Davis, Baltimore City Department of Transportation legislative affairs manager[30]
  • Joseph Koehler, accountant[30]

Declined

  • Zeke Cohen, incumbent city councilmember (ran for city council president, endorsed Parker)[2][30]

Endorsements

Liam Davis

Local officials

  • Mark Conway, city councilmember from the 4th district (2020–present)[31]
  • Eric Costello, city councilmember from the 11th district (2014–present)[31]
  • Antonio Glover, city councilmember from the 13th district (2020–present)[31]
  • Danielle McCray, city councilmember from the 2nd district (2019–present)[31]
  • Sharon Green Middleton, vice president of the Baltimore City Council (2016–present) from the 6th district (2007–present)[31]
  • Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer, city councilmember from the 5th district (2016–present)[31]
  • Robert Stokes Sr., city councilmember from the 12th district (2016–present)[31]

Labor unions

Joseph Koehler

Organizations

Mark Parker

State legislators

Local officials

  • Zeke Cohen, city councilmember from the 1st district (2016–present)[30]
  • Bill Henry, comptroller of Baltimore (2020–present)[33]

Labor unions

Organizations

Declined to endorse

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mark Parker 2,780 52.58%
Democratic Liam Davis 1,888 37.71%
Democratic Joseph Koehler 619 11.71%
Total votes 2,888 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 1 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mark Parker 14,113 97.95%
Write-in 296 2.05%
Total votes 14,409 100.00%

District 2

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Danielle McCray, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

Endorsements

Danielle McCray

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Danielle McCray (incumbent) 4,337 79.62%
Democratic India Carter 1,110 20.38%
Total votes 5,447 100.00%

Republican primary

Nominee

  • Andy Zipay, social worker[28]

Results

Republican primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Andy Zipay 215 100.00%
Total votes 215 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 2 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Danielle McCray (incumbent) 12,524 87.53%
Republican Andy Zipay 1,739 12.15%
Write-in 45 0.31%
Total votes 14,308 100.00%

District 3

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Ryan Dorsey, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

Endorsements

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ryan Dorsey (incumbent) 5,296 64.90%
Democratic Margo Bruner-Settles 2,089 25.60%
Democratic Marques Dent 775 9.50%
Total votes 8,160 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 3 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ryan Dorsey (incumbent) 15,691 96.13%
Write-in 631 3.87%
Total votes 16,322 100.00%

District 4

Democratic primary

Nominee

Endorsements

Mark Conway

Organizations

Declined to endorse

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mark Conway (incumbent) 6,984 100.00%
Total votes 6,984 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 4 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mark Conway (incumbent) 16,533 99.01%
Write-in 166 0.99%
Total votes 16,699 100.00%

District 5

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

Endorsements

Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer (incumbent) 6,229 76.18%
Democratic Marvin Briscoe 1,948 23.82%
Total votes 8,177 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 5 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer (incumbent) 16,239 98.40%
Write-in 264 1.60%
Total votes 16,503 100.00%

District 6

Democratic primary

Nominee

Eliminated in primary

  • Robyn Christian, retired investigator[28]
  • Steven Johnson, former president of the Pimlico Terrace Neighborhood Association[28]

Endorsements

Sharon Green Middleton

Labor unions

Organizations

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sharon Green Middleton (incumbent) 4,160 61.96%
Democratic Steven T. Johnson 1,710 25.47%
Democratic Robyn A. Christian 844 12.57%
Total votes 8,160 100.00%

Republican primary

Nominee, disqualified in general election

Results

Republican primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ronday Wilson 136 100.00%
Total votes 136 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 6 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Sharon Green Middleton (incumbent) 13,694 98.47%
Write-in 213 1.53%
Total votes 13,907 100.00%

District 7

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • James Torrence, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

Withdrawn

Endorsements

James Torrence

Labor unions

Organizations

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James Torrence (incumbent) 3,781 59.86%
Democratic Tori Rose 2,535 40.14%
Total votes 6,316 100.00%

Republican primary

Nominee

  • Christopher Anderson, nominee for city council president in 2020 and SD-40 in 2022[28]

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Christopher Anderson 141 100.00%
Total votes 141 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 7 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James Torrence (incumbent) 13,595 91.13%
Republican Christopher Anderson 1,257 8.43%
Write-in 66 0.44%
Total votes 14,918 100.00%

District 8

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Paris Gray, community outreach coordinator[28]

Eliminated in primary

Declined

  • Kristerfer Burnett, incumbent city councilmember (endorsed Gray)[3]

Endorsements

Paris Gray

Local officials

  • Kristerfer Burnett, city councilmember from the 8th district (2016–2024)[3]

Labor unions

Organizations

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paris Gray 2,669 41.41%
Democratic Bilal Ali 2,431 37.71%
Democratic Christian Allen 525 8.14%
Democratic Joyous Jones 465 7.21%
Democratic Jeffery Allen 356 5.52%
Total votes 6,446 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 8 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paris Gray 14,473 99.16%
Write-in 123 0.84%
Total votes 14,596 100.00%

District 9

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • John Bullock, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

  • Sonia Eaddy, community activist[28]
  • Matthew Johnson[28]
  • Venroy July[28]

Endorsements

John Bullock

Labor unions

Organizations

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Bullock (incumbent) 2,188 54.15%
Democratic Sonia Eaddy 957 23.68%
Democratic Venroy July 670 16.58%
Democratic Matthew Johnson 226 5.59%
Total votes 4,041 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 9 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John T. Bullock (incumbent) 9,738 97.62%
Write-in 237 2.38%
Total votes 9,975 100.00%

District 10

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Phylicia Porter, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

Endorsements

Phylicia Porter

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Phylicia Porter (incumbent) 2,161 79.65%
Democratic Richard Parker 552 20.35%
Total votes 2,713 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 10 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Phylicia Porter (incumbent) 8,584 97.53%
Write-in 217 2.47%
Total votes 8,801 100.00%

District 11

Democratic primary

Nominee

Eliminated in primary

  • Eric Costello, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Endorsements

Zac Blanchard

Local officials

Organizations

Eric Costello

Statewide officials

Local officials

Declined to endorse

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Zac Blanchard 3,467 50.35%
Democratic Eric Costello (incumbent) 3,419 49.65%
Total votes 6,886 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 11 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Zac Blanchard 15,932 97.86%
Write-in 349 2.14%
Total votes 16,281 100.00%

District 12

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Jermaine Jones, former president of the Metropolitan Baltimore Council AFL-CIO[28]

Eliminated in primary

  • Robert Stokes Sr., incumbent city councilmember[28]

Endorsements

Jermaine Jones

Organizations

Robert Stokes Sr.

Local officials

Labor unions

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jermaine Jones 2,678 53.70%
Democratic Robert Stokes Sr. (incumbent) 2,309 46.30%
Total votes 4,987 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 12 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jermaine Jones 11,739 99.00%
Write-in 118 1.00%
Total votes 11,857 100.00%

District 13

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Antonio Glover, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Eliminated in primary

  • Walker Gladden, 3rd[28]

Endorsements

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Antonio Glover (incumbent) 3,856 81.73%
Democratic Walker Gladden, 3rd 862 18.27%
Total votes 4,718 100.00%

Republican primary

Nominee

Results

Republican primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Alexander Artis 144 100.00%
Total votes 144 100.00%

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 13 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Antonio Glover (incumbent) 11,829 90.17%
Republican Alexander Artis 1,220 9.30%
Write-in 70 0.53%
Total votes 13,119 100.00%

District 14

Democratic primary

Nominee

  • Odette Ramos, incumbent city councilmember[28]

Endorsements

Odette Ramos

Labor unions

Organizations

Results

Democratic primary results[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Odette Ramos (incumbent) 7,873 100.00%
Total votes 7,873 100.00%

Third-party and independent candidates

Candidates

General election

Results

Baltimore City Council District 14 election, 2024[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Odette Ramos (incumbent) 15,734 90.77%
Green Renaud Deaundre Brown 1,521 8.77%
Write-in 79 0.46%
Total votes 17,334 100.00%

Notes

  1. ↑ Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear

Partisan clients

  1. ↑ Poll sponsored by The Baltimore Sun and WBFF
  2. 1 2 Poll sponsored by The Baltimore Banner
  3. 1 2 Poll sponsored by Zeke Cohen's campaign

References

  1. ↑ Olaniran, Christian (May 14, 2024). "Zeke Cohen wins race for Baltimore City Council President". WJZ-TV. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 Sullivan, Emily (March 19, 2023). "Zeke Cohen declares run for City Council President". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 Wood, Pamela (June 3, 2023). "Banner political notes: Burnett to step down; Baltimore County public funding; state entertainment council". Baltimore Banner. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  4. ↑ Miller, Hallie (May 23, 2024). "City Council: Blanchard, Jones, Gray hold slim leads as vote counting winds down". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  5. ↑ Opilo, Emily (May 24, 2024). "Baltimore election certification delayed, Jermaine Jones comes out ahead in District 12". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  6. ↑ Sullivan, Emily (March 15, 2023). "City Council President Nick Mosby will seek reelection, as 2024 primary season opens". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  7. ↑ Sullivan, Emily (October 5, 2023). "Shannon Sneed files for a second run for Baltimore City Council president". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  8. ↑ Willis, Adam (May 9, 2024). "To take on a vulnerable incumbent, Zeke Cohen built a full-throttle campaign". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 "Zeke Cohen". The Baltimore Banner. April 12, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  10. ↑ Sullivan, Emily (May 8, 2023). "Henry endorses Cohen for Baltimore City Council President, 2024′s first big endorsement". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  11. ↑ Hofstaedter, Emily (March 21, 2024). "Baltimore City workers union endorse Mayor Scott, Zeke Cohen for council president". WYPR. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Boteler, Cody; Sullivan, Emily; Wood, Pamela; Wintrode, Brenda (February 24, 2024). "Banner political notes: Mayor debate next week; Baltimore and Senate endorsements". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Bikemore Endorses Mayor Brandon Scott". Bikemore. 12 May 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "CASA in Action Endorses Primary Candidates in Maryland Races". casainaction.org. CASA in Action. 23 March 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Past Endorsements". JUFJ Campaign Fund. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "2024 Maryland Primary Election Results for Sierra Club Endorsed Candidates" (PDF). sierraclub.org. Maryland Sierra Club. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Nick Mosby". The Baltimore Banner. April 12, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  18. ↑ DeVille, Taylor; Sullivan, Emily; Wood, Pamela (August 12, 2023). "Political notes: Where to watch the Mayor Scott documentary; an endorsement for Nick Mosby; finding inspiration from Beyoncé; awards and endorsements". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  19. ↑ Willis, Adam; Sanderlin, Lee O. (May 17, 2026). "The rise and fall of the House of Mosby". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  20. ↑ "Nick Mosby picks up AFRO endorsement for president of Baltimore City Council". Baltimore Afro-American. May 1, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "Shannon Sneed". The Baltimore Banner. April 12, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  22. ↑ OpinionWorks
  23. ↑ Goucher College
  24. ↑ Global Strategy Group
  25. ↑ Goucher College
  26. ↑ Global Strategy Group
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Official 2024 Presidential Primary Election Results for Baltimore City". elections.maryland.gov. Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Sullivan, Emily (February 9, 2024). "Here's who is running for office in Baltimore this year". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Official 2024 Presidential General Election Results for Baltimore City". elections.maryland.gov. Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Longo de Freitas, Clara (May 15, 2024). "Mark Parker declares victory in Baltimore's 1st District City Council race". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Russell, Lia; Opilo, Emily (May 8, 2024). "Baltimore City Council races to watch ahead of the May 14 primary". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  32. ↑ Miller, Hallie (May 1, 2024). "In Baltimore's 1st District, a heated race to replace Zeke Cohen on City Council". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 1st District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 3rd District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  35. ↑ "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 5th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  36. 1 2 "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 6th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  37. ↑ "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 8th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 9th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  39. 1 2 3 "Candidates for Baltimore City Council 10th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  40. ↑ "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 11th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  41. ↑ "Endorsed Candidates". VoteVets. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  42. ↑ Pink, Saul (July 23, 2024). "How public financing and a little bit of Reddit helped oust a City Hall veteran". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 Miller, Hallie (May 11, 2024). "Jones hopes union support will overcome Stokes' deep roots in 12th District". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  44. ↑ "Candidate for Baltimore City Council 12th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  45. ↑ "Candidates for Baltimore City Council 13th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
  46. 1 2 3 "Candidates for Baltimore City Council 14th District". The Baltimore Banner. April 13, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2026.