2-isopropylmalate synthase
| 2-isopropylmalate synthase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 2.3.3.13 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9030-98-2 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| BRENDA | enzyme data | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | enzyme entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| Rhea | reactions | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
2-isopropylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
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The three substrates of this enzyme are α-ketoisovaleric acid, acetyl-CoA, and water. Its products are the (S) enantiomer of 2-isopropylmalic acid and coenzyme A.[1]
The enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming). Other names in common use include 3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-lyase, (CoA-acetylating), alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase, alpha-isopropylmalate synthase, alpha-isopropylmalic synthetase, isopropylmalate synthase, and isopropylmalate synthetase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of L-leucine and pyruvate metabolism. Monovalent and divalent cation activation have been reported for enzymes from different sources.[1][2][3]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis α-isopropylmalate synthase requires a divalent metal ion, of which Mg2+ and Mn2+ give highest activity, and a monovalent cation, with K+ as the best activator.[4][5] Zn2+ was shown to be an inhibitor, contrary to what was assumed from the structural data. Another feature of the M. tuberculosis homolog is that L-leucine, the feedback inhibitor, inhibits the enzyme in a time-dependent fashion. This was the first demonstration of a feedback inhibitor that displays slow-onset inhibition.[6]
Tertiary structure
As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank accession code PDB: 1SR9.
References
- 1 2 Cole FE, Kalyanpur MG, Stevens CM (1973). "Absolute configuration of alpha isopropylmalate and the mechanism of its conversion to beta isopropylmalate in the biosynthesis of leucine". Biochemistry. 12 (17): 3346–50. doi:10.1021/bi00741a031. PMID 4270046.
- ↑ Kohlhaw G, Leary TR, Umbarger HE (1969). "Alpha-isopropylmalate synthase from Salmonella typhimurium Purification and properties". J. Biol. Chem. 244 (8): 2218–25. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)97789-6. PMID 4976555.
- ↑ Webster RE; Gross, SR (1965). "The alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase of Neurospora. I. The kinetics and end product control of alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase function". Biochemistry. 4 (11): 2309–2327. doi:10.1021/bi00887a008.
- ↑ Carvalho LP, Blanchard, JS (2006). "Kinetic and Chemical Mechanism of alpha-Isopropylmalate Synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Biochemistry. 45 (29): 8988–99. doi:10.1021/bi0606602. PMC 2507874. PMID 16846242.
- ↑ Carvalho LP, Blanchard, JS (2006). "Kinetic analysis of the effects of monovalent cations and divalent metals on the activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis alpha-isopropylmalate synthase". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 451 (2): 141–48. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.030. PMID 16684501.
- ↑ Carvalho LP, Argyrou A, Blanchard, JS (2005). "Slow-onset Feedback Inhibition: Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis alpha-Isopropylmalate Synthase by L-Leucine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (28): 10004–5. Bibcode:2005JAChS.12710004D. doi:10.1021/ja052513h. PMID 16011356.