1993 in the Philippines
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1993 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1993.
Incumbents
_(cropped).jpg)
Fidel V.
Ramos
Ramos
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Joseph E.
Estrada
Estrada
Edgardo J.
Angara
Angara
Jose C.
de Venecia Jr.
de Venecia Jr.
Andres D.
Narvasa
Narvasa
- President: Fidel Ramos (Lakas)
- Vice President: Joseph Estrada (NPC)
- Senate President:
- Neptali Gonzales (until January 18)
- Edgardo Angara (starting January 18)
- House Speaker: Jose de Venecia, Jr.
- Chief Justice: Andres Narvasa
- Philippine Congress: 9th Congress of the Philippines
Events
January
- January 5 – A state of public calamity is declared in Davao Oriental and Surigao del Sur due to torrential rains and heavy flooding.[1]
- January 10 – A state of calamity is declared in Malita, Don Marcelino and Jose Abad Santos in Davao del Sur due to heavy rains on the previous day that results to floods.[2]
February
- February 2 – Mayon volcano in Albay begins to erupt, spewing ash and 10-kilometer high steam.[3][4] Volcanic landslides also occur.[5] Until March 20, 72 people are reported killed;[4] with 118 others injured and 25 missing.[5] On February 3, the entire province is placed under a state of public calamity.[6]
- February 2 and 7 – A state of public calamity is declared in the eastern part of Northern Mindanao (Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte; and the cities of Butuan and Surigao) due to torrential rains and heavy flooding.[7][8]
- February 9 – About 200 suspected guerrillas of the separatist Moro National Liberation Front kill 29 troops of a platoon in an ambush in Tuburan, Basilan.[9][10][11]
- February 10 – A state of calamity is declared in Southern Leyte due to heavy rains that has flooded ten of its municipalities.[12]
- February 17 – Alfredo de Leon, a renegade communist who has been the suspected leader of the Red Scorpion Gang and the country's most wanted kidnapper, is killed in a police raid in his residence in Calumpit, Bulacan.[13][14][15] The operation breaks up the country's largest kidnapping organization[16] which has been involved in about a hundred kidnappings[14] and bank robberies since 1989.[17]
- February 21 – A state of public calamity is declared in Basilan due to military operations against the Moro National Liberation Front rebels.[18]
March
- March 5 – A state of public calamity is declared in Aparri, Cagayan due to a cold spell that has killed at least 25 people.[19]
- March 21 – A convoy onboard Vice President Estrada, also the chairperson of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission, is ambushed by suspected renegade communist rebels near Santo Tomas, Batangas, injuring two policemen.[20]
- March 29:
- A state of calamity is declared in the city of San Pablo and the municipalities of Nagcarlan and Rizal, all in Laguna, due to a fish kill that has affected six lakes in the province.[21]
- A state of calamity is declared in Gumaca, Quezon due to a conflagration in the municipality on March 1.[22]
April
- April 5 – The Congress approves Republic Act No. 7648 (Electric Power Crisis Act),[23] granting special emergency powers to President Ramos to resolve a nationwide energy crisis that has been occurring since 1991,[24] particularly daily power outages which began on October 1, 1992.[25]
- April 24 – The entire leadership of the Philippine National Police, including 23 generals, is dismissed for corruption.[26]
May
- Early May – President Ramos partially opens the diesel-fired Batangas Power Plant in an attempt to end the power crisis.[25]
- May 11 – A Taiwanese businessman is abducted by an unidentified, newly-formed kidnap-for-ransom gang in Metro Manila. He is brought to Laguna and is released on May 17 after a ransom is paid in Hong Kong. Police later believes that the gang has international links and flees Manila thereafter.[16]
- May 14 – A firewall at the Guzman Institute of Technology building, damaged by a fire in December 1992 and being demolished, collapses onto an estimated 20 houses in Quiapo, Manila, killing at least 12 people and injures about 29 others;[27] with almost 20 reported trapped.[28] Two days later, criminal charges are filed against the contractor who is in charge of the demolition.[29]
- May 21 – The Supreme Court upholds another ruling by the Court of Appeals which has favored the civil suits filed by residents of Norzagaray, Bulacan, against the National Power Corporation; thus eventually finding the latter liable in connection with the flooding of the municipality during Typhoon Kading in 1978, which was purportedly caused by the release of water from Angat Dam.[30][31]
June
- June 23–27 – Typhoon Goring causes massive damage to the provinces in Northern and Central Luzon,[32] leaving 51 people dead, 5 missing, 109 injured and ₱2.775 billion in damages.
- June 28 – University of the Philippines Los Baños students, Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez, are abducted by the men of Calauan, Laguna mayor Antonio Sanchez, later killed and found dead the following day.[33] Sanchez is arrested on Aug. 13; with his six henchmen, would be convicted in 1995.[34]
July
- July 2 – An overcrowded barge carrying pagoda sinks on the Bocaue river during an annual religious festival in Bocaue, Bulacan. Official death toll is 315 including 30 missing;[35] although some reports ranging it from more than 260 up to 326.[13][36] It is the country's deadliest accident involving river procession.[37]
- July 6 – President Ramos declares a state of public calamity in the entire Ilocos and Cordillera Administrative Regions, and the provinces of Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Ecija (including the cities of Cabanatuan and Palayan), Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon and Quirino, which have been affected by Typhoon Goring.[38]
- July 8 – In New York, United States, a district court sentences mercenary Robert Steele to a 7-year prison term on the bank secrecy charge and a 5-year probation on the arms violation, after pleading guilty in connection to a failed plan in early 1986 to overthrow the government of Corazon Aquino, who ousted president Ferdinand Marcos. Steele was hired by Marcos to carry out the plot.[39]
- July 19 – The national government and the Marcos family announce agreeing to the planned return to the country of the body of former President Marcos, who died in exile in Hawaii, United States, in 1989. However, the interment would be held in his hometown in Ilocos Norte instead of Manila.[40]
- July 22 – A state of public calamity is declared in General Santos due to torrential rains and flash floods.[41]
- July 23 – A state of calamity in connection to a massacre in Tungawan, Zamboanga del Sur, is declared,[42] which was later applied to the said municipality.[43]
- July 27 – President Ramos declares a state of calamity in the coastal areas of Metro Manila and the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite and Pampanga, due to the recurrence of red tide and infestation in Manila Bay.[44]
September
- September 7–10 – In Ilocos Norte, the remains of former president Marcos arrive in Laoag International Airport,[26][45][46] being held as part of an earlier deal.[47] His body is then brought to Laoag Cathedral and the provincial capitol, both also in Laoag.[45] Three days later, he is entombed in a family mausoleum in Batac,[48][49] lying in state until 2016.[45][47]
- September 24 – The Sandiganbayan convicts former first lady Imelda Marcos and former transport minister Jose Dans of two graft charges, each having prison terms of 9–12 years,[26] and acquits them of three other charges;[50] all involving five contracts in which the state-run Light Rail Transit Authority awarded property leases to the Philippine General Hospital Foundation.[51][52] It is both the first concluded trial and conviction for Marcos' alleged corruption that linked to her husband's presidency.[50][51] However, the two remain free on bail;[50] and in 1998, the Supreme Court would acquit Marcos[52] by overturning the judgment on appeal.[53]
October
- Early October – The national government tentatively agrees to drop fraud charges against Westinghouse Electric Corporation in exchange for power-generating equipment, in an effort to end a decade-long dispute over a nuclear power plant which was eventually mothballed after the ouster of President Marcos. Earlier in May, the company has been cleared of charges of bribery in relation to the contract with the Marcos administration.[54]
- October 1 – A state of calamity is declared in eleven municipalities in Maguindanao (Ampatuan, Buluan, Datu Paglas, Datu Piang, Dinaig, Kabuntalan, Maganoy, Pagalungan, Pendatun, Sultan sa Barongis, Talayan) and in Lambayong, Sultan Kudarat, in connection with the overflowing of the Allah River and Rio Grande de Mindanao.[55]
- October 7 – The musical Les Misérables opens at Meralco Theater.
- October 8 – A state of calamity is declared in Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur, due to a large fire that has hit the city's commercial district.[56]
- October 18 – President Ramos declares a state of public calamity in the provinces of Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Batanes, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales; the cities of Angeles and San Jose; and few municipalities in Metro Manila (Marikina and Navotas) and Rizal (Rodriguez and San Mateo); due to massive flooding caused due to Tropical Storm Kadiang.[57]
November
- November 9 – A state of calamity is declared in Columbio, Sultan Kudarat, which has been affected by the harassment of armed men, resulting in the deaths of four persons and injuries of 18 others, with one reported missing.[58]
December
- December 3 – A state of calamity is declared in Kalingalan Caluang, Sulu, which has been affected by the armed conflict between two clans.[59]
- December 6–8 – President Ramos declares a state of public calamity in the provinces of Albay, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental and Quezon; the cities of Batangas, Cavite, Iriga, Legazpi, Lipa, Lucena, Naga, San Pablo, Tagaytay and Trece Martires; and the municipalities of Abuyog and Mahaplag in Leyte; due to the impact of Typhoon Lola (Monang).[60][61][62]
- December 11–12 – Typhoon Manny hits Visayas and southern Luzon, killing 67.[63]
- December 13 – President Ramos signs a law restoring the death penalty for thirteen crimes including plunder. The death penalty, last imposed in the country in the 1970s, was abolished in the 1987 Constitution.[64]
- December 14 – A state of calamity is declared in nine municipalities (Cuartero, Dao, Dumarao, Ma-ayon, Mambusao, Panitan, Pilar, Pontevedra, and Sigma) in Capiz due to the impact of typhoon Saling.[65]
- December 15 – A C-130 military plane crashes into a hill and explodes in Libmanan, Camarines Sur; out of about 30 people on board, twenty-four bodies are retrieved from the crash site.[66][67][68]
- December 23 – President Ramos declares a state of public calamity in the provinces of Masbate, Northern Samar, Romblon and Sorsogon due to the impact of typhoon Naning.[69]
- December 24 – A grenade attack at a public market in Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental, kills 5 individuals and injures 47–48 others.[70][71]
- December 26–28 – Four separate grenade attacks occur in Davao City. The first one, during an evening mass at San Pedro Cathedral, kills 6–7 people and injures more than 130 others.[72][73] In the following two days, three mosques are likewise attacked, injuring six in the second one.[70][71][72]
Holidays
As per Executive Order No. 292, chapter 7 section 26, the following are regular holidays and special days, approved on July 25, 1987.[74] Note that in the list, holidays in bold are "regular holidays" and those in italics are "nationwide special days".
- January 1 – New Year's Day
- February 25 – Anniversary of the 1986 EDSA Revolution[75]
- April 8 – Maundy Thursday
- April 9:
- Good Friday
- Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of Valor)
- April 10 – Holy Saturday[76]
- May 1 – Labor Day
- June 12 – Independence Day
- August 29 – National Heroes Day
- November 1 – All Saints Day
- November 2 – All Souls' Day[77]
- November 30 – Bonifacio Day
- December 25 – Christmas Day
- December 30 – Rizal Day
- December 31 – Last Day of the Year
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."
Sports
- June 12–20 – The Philippines participates in the 1993 Southeast Asian Games.
Television
Unknown
- Maskman on IBC-13
- Shaider on IBC-13
- Metalder on IBC-13
- Kamen Rider Black or Masked Rider Black on IBC-13
- Machineman on IBC-13
- Koseidon on ABS-CBN
(Premiere)
- Bioman on IBC-13
- Candy Crush on ABS-CBN
Births
- January 4 – Marlo Mortel, actor
- January 17 – Ken Chan, actor and singer
- January 20 – Meg Imperial, actress
- January 25 – Kylie Padilla, actress and singer
- February 10 – Kevin Ingreso, football player
- February 11 – Marlann Flores, actress and comedienne
- February 12 – Mac Belo, basketball player
- February 13 – Nikko Natividad, members of Hashtags
- February 17 – AJ Perez, actor (d. 2011)
- February 19 – Empress Schuck, actress and commercial model
- March 18 – Leandro Leviste, businessman and politician
- March 26 – Kevin Ferrer, basketball player
- April 13 – Juancho Trivino, actor
- April 17 – Lauren Reid, actress and commercial model
- May 4 – Joyce Pring, television personality and host
- May 10 – Ian Tayao, singer
- May 11 – James Reid, actor and singer
- May 14 – Albie Casiño, actor
- May 20 – Devon Seron, member of Girltrends
- June 5 – Tsuyoshi Anthony Horibata, baseball player and politician
- June 18 – Arno Morales, actor
- June 20 – Jasmine Alkhaldi, swimmer
- June 29 – Alyssa Valdez, volleyball player
- July 12 – Scottie Thompson, basketball player
- July 22 − Toni Fowler, actress, singer and social media personality
- September 1 – Arianne Bautista, actress and commercial model
- September 12 – Myla Pablo, volleyball player
- September 23 – Lloyd Cadena, vlogger, radio personality, and author (d. 2020)
- September 26 – Dindin Santiago-Manabat, volleyball player
- September 29 – Teejay Marquez, actor
- September 30 – Kim Fajardo, volleyball player
- October 9:
- Sarah Lahbati, actress
- Jhoana Marie Tan, actress
- October 10 – Paolo Onesa, singer
- October 12 – Carl John Barrameda, actor
- October 16 – Jovit Baldivino, singer (d. 2022)
- October 27 – Kiefer Ravena, basketball player
- October 31 – Nadine Lustre, singer-actress
- November 4 – Moira Dela Torre, singer
- November 8 – Lauren Young, actress
- November 13 – Maria dela Cruz, football player
- December 2 – Jak Roberto, actor
- December 8 – Yamyam Gucong, actor and comedian
- December 11 – Mikoy Morales, actor and singer
- December 19 – Katrina Guillou, footballer
- December 23 – Jessie Lacuna, swimmer
Deaths
- February 25 – Mary Walter, actress (b. 1912)
- March 31 – Chichay, actress and comedian (b. 1918)
- May 25 – Rogelio Roxas, treasure hunter involved in a case surrounding Yamashita treasure[78][79]
- May 26 – Fernando Lopez, Vice President of the Philippines (b. 1904)
- July 24 – Rene Requiestas, actor and comedian (b. 1957)
- August 27 – Richard Abelardo, director and visual effects artist (b. 1900)
- October 18 – Salvador P. Lopez, writer, journalist and diplomat (b. 1911)
- November 7 – Jon Hernandez, Filipino actor (b. 1969)
References
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 123". The Lawphil Project. January 5, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 123-A". The Lawphil Project. January 10, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Philippines braces for volcanic blasts". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. Reuters. February 4, 1993. p. F19. Retrieved May 14, 2026 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 "Philippines on alert as Mayon erupts again". The Canberra Times. Canberra. Associated Press. March 22, 1993. p. 9. Retrieved May 16, 2026 – via Trove.
- 1 2 "World Briefs — Death toll climbs to 61 from volcano". Press-Courier. Oxnard, California. Associated Press. February 6, 1993. p. 8. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 135". The Lawphil Project. February 3, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 132". The Lawphil Project. February 2, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 137". The Lawphil Project. February 7, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Muslim rebels ambush, kill 25". The Prescott Courier. Prescott, Arizona. Associated Press. February 12, 1993. p. 13A. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "In Brief — 25 slain in ambush". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. February 11, 1993. p. A-4. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Platoon massacred in guerrilla 'trap'". The Canberra Times. Canberra. Agence France Presse. February 12, 1993. p. 9. Retrieved May 16, 2026 – via Trove.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 141". The Lawphil Project. February 10, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- 1 2 "Name it and it happened in Bulacan". Manila Standard. December 21, 1993. p. 5. Retrieved May 12, 2026 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 "Police kill public enemy No. 1 during raid at suspect's home". The Vindicator. Youngstown, Ohio. February 17, 1993. p. A7. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Mickolus, Edward; Simmons, Susan (1997). Terrorism, 1992–1995. Greenwood Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780313304682. Retrieved February 15, 2021 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 "Manila suspects new international kidnap gang". United Press International. May 27, 1993. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
- ↑ "Police kill suspected kidnap gang leader". United Press International. February 17, 1993. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 143". The Lawphil Project. February 21, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 149". The Lawphil Project. March 5, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Vice president Estrada escapes injury in ambush". Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Associated Press. March 21, 1993. p. 8-A. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 158". The Lawphil Project. March 29, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 159". The Lawphil Project. March 29, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Republic Act No. 7648". The Lawphil Project. April 5, 1993. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
- ↑ Goodno, James (April 17, 1993). "Uproar over energy in Philippines". New Scientist. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
- 1 2 Drogin, Bob (May 15, 1993). "Power Outages Make for Dark Days in Sweltering Manila". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 9, 2026.
- 1 2 3 "Philippines". Atlapedia Online. Mount Gravatt, Queensland: Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd. 1993. Retrieved May 20, 2026.
- ↑ "Death toll rises from collapsed wall in Manila". United Press International. May 15, 1993. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
- ↑ "At least 8 killed, 20 trapped as school wall falls in Philippines". United Press International. May 14, 1993. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
- ↑ "Phillippine contractor faces criminal charges in firewall collapse accident". United Press International. May 16, 1993. Retrieved May 11, 2026.
- ↑ Marcelo, Elizabeth (November 16, 2020). "Suing dam operator for flood damage has precedent". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
- ↑ Reyes–Estrope, Carmela (November 3, 2011). "Bulacan gov says flood damage suit not his priority". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
- ↑ "Typhoon Koryn hits northern Philippines, one dead". UPI. United Press International. June 25, 1993. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ↑ —"'Seeing The Body Of Eileen Sarmenta Was Numbing'". One News. August 23, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
—"Alamin: Buong timeline ng pangre-rape at pagpatay ni Antonio Sanchez sa UPLB student". Abante Tonite (in Tagalog). August 22, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2022. - ↑ For the details of the case:
—"G.R. No. 121039-45". Supreme Court E-Library. January 25, 1999. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
—"'A plot hatched in hell': Timeline of the Gomez-Sarmenta murder case". ABS-CBN News. August 22, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
—""Hatched in Hell": The Gruesome Rape-Slay of Mary Eileen Sarmenta". Esquire (Philippines). August 23, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2022. - ↑ Citations:
- Guerrero, Eileen (July 4, 1993). "Festival mourns loss of life". The Sunday Gazette. Schenectady, New York. Associated Press. p. A7. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- "Search for drowning victims ends". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. July 4, 1993. p. 11A. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- ↑ "Most deadly sinkings of the past 15 years". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Agence France-Presse. July 3, 2000. p. 11. Retrieved May 11, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- ↑ "300 religious die as barge sinks in river". The Canberra Times. Canberra. Agence France Presse. July 4, 1993. p. 1. Retrieved May 16, 2026 – via Trove.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 202". The Lawphil Project. July 6, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Marcos coup accomplice sentenced to 7 years in prison". United Press International. July 8, 1993. Retrieved May 21, 2026.
- ↑ Drogin, Bob (July 20, 1993). "4 Years After Death, Marcos' Body to Go Home for Burial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 208". The Lawphil Project. July 22, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 211". The Lawphil Project. July 23, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 257". The Lawphil Project. September 20, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 214". The Lawphil Project. July 27, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- 1 2 3 Fabonan, Epi III (February 20, 2016). "#Journeyto30: (1993) Forgiving and forgetful". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
- ↑ Guerrero, Eileen (September 7, 1993). "Marcos's body arrives in Philippines". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- 1 2 Gavilan, Jodesz (November 18, 2016). "Timeline: The Marcos burial controversy". Rappler. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
- ↑ "Marcos buried with pomp but masses shun rites". Orlando Sentinel. September 10, 1993. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
- ↑ Reid, Robert (September 7, 1993). "Analysis — Marcos stirs passions in Philippines". The Daily Gazette. Schenectady, New York. Associated Press. p. D4. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 3 Citations:
- "Marcos convicted—gets 18 years in prison". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Associated Press. September 24, 1993. p. A8. Retrieved May 21, 2026 – via Google Books.
- "Imelda Marcos prays to be saved from 'evil men'". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. September 25, 1993. p. 10A. Retrieved May 21, 2026 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 Reid, Robert (September 24, 1993). "Imelda Marcos convicted of corruption, sentenced". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- 1 2 Gonzalez, Margarita; Tuquero, Loreben (October 26, 2020). "False: Marcoses were not convicted of any charges". Rappler. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ↑ Haas, Michael (2024). "Imelda Marcos". EBSCO. Ipswich, Massachusetts: EBSCO Information Services, Inc. Retrieved May 21, 2026.
- ↑ Sandell, Scott (October 11, 1993). "Philippines Sweating Out Power Outages". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved May 9, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 268". The Lawphil Project. October 1, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 271". The Lawphil Project. October 8, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 278". The Lawphil Project. October 18, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 296". The Lawphil Project. November 9, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 302". The Lawphil Project. December 3, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 306". The Lawphil Project. December 6, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 306-A". The Lawphil Project. December 7, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 307". The Lawphil Project. December 8, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "Typhoon Manny kills 67 in the Philippines". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. Agence France Presse. December 14, 1993. p. 27. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- ↑ Death Penalty News (PDF). London: Amnesty International. December 1993. p. 3. Retrieved May 21, 2026 – via official website.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 310". The Lawphil Project. December 14, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- ↑ "C-130 Air Force plane crashes in Philippines". UPI. December 15, 1993. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ↑ "No survivors found in wreckage of C-130 air force plane". UPI. December 16, 1993. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ↑ "Military Cargo Plane Crashes in Philippines". AP. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 315". The Lawphil Project. December 23, 1993. Retrieved May 14, 2026.
- 1 2 "6 Killed and 130 Are Wounded In Blasts at Philippine Cathedral". The New York Times. New York City. Reuters. December 27, 1993. p. A2. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- 1 2 "Grenade attack on church leaves seven people dead". The Gadsden Times. Gadsden, Alabama. Associated Press. December 27, 1993. p. A5. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- 1 2 "Bombings spark fears of religious strife". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. Reuters. December 29, 1993. p. 23. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Grenades kill 7 in Philippines". Record-Journal. Meriden, Connecticut. Associated Press. December 27, 1993. p. 3. Retrieved May 15, 2026 – via Google News Archive.
- ↑ "Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK I/Chapter 7-Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days]". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. July 25, 1987. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 142". The Lawphil Project. February 16, 1993. Retrieved May 15, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 165". The Lawphil Project. April 6, 1993. Retrieved May 15, 2026.
- ↑ "Proclamation No. 286". The Lawphil Project. October 29, 1993. Retrieved May 15, 2026.
- ↑ Supreme Court of Hawaii (1999). "R. Roxas & The Golden Budha Corporation v. F.E. Marcos & I. Marcos; No. 20606". United Settlement. New York; London: United Settlement Church; United Settlement Co. Ltd. Retrieved May 22, 2026.
- ↑ Umali, D. Ahl (1993). Tracing Marcos' Gold. Ortigas Center, Metro Manila: Treasure Hunters' Association of the Philippines. p. 207. ISBN 971-91377-0-3. Retrieved May 22, 2026 – via Google Books.
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