Year of three presidents

A year of three presidents is a year when a country has three presidents within the same calendar year. Such a year has historically occurred when a newly elected president dies, resigns, or is removed from office very early into their presidency.

Instances

There have been many instances in which at least three individuals have held the office of president of a given country in a given calendar year.

Acting, interim, provisional, or de facto presidents are represented in italics.

Year	Country	Presidents
1827	Peru	Simón Bolívar (until 27 January) Andrés de Santa Cruz (27 January – 9 June) José de La Mar (starting 9 June)
1829	Peru	José de la Mar (until 6 June) Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (6 June – 31 August) Agustín Gamarra (starting 31 August)
1832	Mexico	Anastasio Bustamante (until 14 August) Melchor Múzquiz^[1]^[2]^[3] (14 August – 24 December) Manuel Gómez Pedraza (starting 24 December)
1833	Mexico	Manuel Gómez Pedraza (until 31 March) Valentín Gómez Farías^[4]^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7] (1 April – 16 May; 3–18 June; 5 July – 27 October; starting 16 December) Antonio López de Santa Anna^[5]^[8]^[9]^[10] (17 May – 3 June; 18 June – 5 July; 27 October – 15 December)
1839	Mexico	Anastasio Bustamante (until 20 March;^[11]^[12] starting 19 July^[13]) Antonio López de Santa Anna^[10]^[8]^[14] (20 March – 10 July) Nicolás Bravo^[10]^[15]^[16] (10–19 July)
1841	Mexico	Anastasio Bustamante (until 22 September) Francisco Javier Echeverría^[17]^[18]^[19] (22 September – 10 October) Antonio López de Santa Anna (starting 10 October)
1841	United States	Martin Van Buren (until 4 March) William Henry Harrison^[20] (4 March – 4 April) John Tyler (starting 4 April)
1842	Peru	Manuel Menéndez (until 16 August) Juan Crisóstomo Torrico (16 August – 17 October) Juan Francisco de Vidal (starting 17 October)
1843	Mexico	Nicolás Bravo (until 14 May) Antonio López de Santa Anna^[21] (14 May – 6 September) Valentín Canalizo (starting 6 September)
1844	Mexico	Valentín Canalizo (until 4 June) Antonio López de Santa Anna^[22]^[23] (4 June – 12 September) José Joaquín de Herrera (starting 12 September)
1848	Mexico	Pedro María de Anaya (until 8 January) Manuel de la Peña y Peña^[24] (8 January – 3 June) José Joaquín de Herrera (starting 3 June)
1855	Nicaragua	Fruto Chamorro (until 12 March) José María Estrada (12 March – 22 October) Patricio Rivas (starting 22 October)
1858	Mexico	Ignacio Comonfort (until 11 January) Félix María Zuloaga^[25] (11 January – 24 December) Manuel Robles Pezuela (starting 24 December)
1859	Mexico	Manuel Robles Pezuela (until 21 January) José Mariano Salas^[26] (21 January – 2 February) Miguel Miramón (starting 2 February)
1861	Argentina	Santiago Derqui (until 5 November) Juan Esteban Pedernera (5 November – 12 December) Bartolomé Mitre (starting 12 December)
1862	Honduras	José Santos Guardiola (until 11 February) José Francisco Montes (11 January – 4 February; starting 11 December) Victoriano Castellanos (4 February – 11 December)
1863	Peru	Miguel de San Román (until 3 April) Pedro Diez Canseco (9 April – 5 August) Juan Antonio Pezet (starting 5 August)
1881	Peru	Nicolás de Piérola (in the South; until 28 December) Francisco García Calderón (in Lima; 12 March – 6 November) Lizardo Montero (in Lima; starting 6 November)
1881	United States	Rutherford B. Hayes (until 4 March) James A. Garfield^[27] (4 March – 19 September) Chester A. Arthur (starting 19 September)
1889	Nicaragua	Evaristo Carazo (until 1 August) Nicolás Osorno (1–5 August) Roberto Sacasa (starting 5 August)
1894	Peru	Remigio Morales Bermúdez (until 1 April) Justiniano Borgoño (1 April – 10 August) Andrés Avelino Cáceres (starting 10 August)
1895		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (until 20 March) Manuel Candamo (20 March – 8 September) Nicolás de Piérola (starting 8 September)
1904		Manuel Candamo (until 7 May) Serapio Calderón (7 May – 24 September) José Pardo y Barreda (starting 24 September)
1911	Mexico	Porfirio Díaz (until 25 May) Francisco León de la Barra^[28] (25 May – 6 November) Francisco I. Madero (starting 6 November)
1913		Francisco I. Madero (until 19 February) Pedro Lascuráin^[29] (19 February [45 minutes]) Victoriano Huerta (starting 19 February)
1914		Victoriano Huerta (until 15 July) Francisco S. Carvajal^[30] (15 July – 13 August) Eulalio Gutiérrez (until 13 August)
1915		Eulalio Gutiérrez (until 16 January) Roque González Garza^[31] (16 January – 10 June) Francisco Lagos Cházaro (starting 10 June)
1920	France	Raymond Poincaré (until 18 February) Paul Deschanel^[32] (18 February – 21 September) Alexandre Millerand (starting 21 September)
1920	Mexico	Venustiano Carranza (until 1 June) Adolfo de la Huerta^[33] (1 June – 30 November) Álvaro Obregón (starting 30 November)
1922	China	Xu Shichang (until 2 June) Zhou Ziqi (2–11 June) Li Yuanhong (starting 11 June)
1923	China	Li Yuanhong (until 14 June) Gao Lingwei (14 June – 10 October) Cao Kun (starting 10 October)
1923	Nicaragua	Diego Manuel Chamorro (until 12 October) Rosendo Chamorro (12–27 October) Bartolomé Martínez (starting 27 October)
1924	China	Cao Kun (until 2 November) Huang Fu (2–24 November) Duan Qirui (starting 24 November)
1930	Peru	Augusto Leguía (until 25 August) Manuel María Ponce (25–27 August) Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (starting 27 August)
1944	Argentina	Ramón Castillo (until 4 June) Arturo Rawson^[34]^[35] (4–7 June) Pedro Pablo Ramírez (starting 7 June)
1944	El Salvador	Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (until 9 May) Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (9 May – 20 October) Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (starting 20 October)
1949	Taiwan	Chiang Kai-shek (until 21 January) Li Zongren (21 January – 20 November) Yan Xishan (starting 20 November)
1950	Nicaragua	Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes (until 6 May) Manuel Fernando Zurita (6–21 May) Anastasio Somoza García (starting 21 May)
1952	Israel	Chaim Azriel Weizmann (until 9 November) Yosef Sprinzak (9 November – 16 December) Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (starting 16 December)
1955	Brazil	Café Filho (until 8 November) Carlos Luz (8–11 November) Nereu Ramos (starting 11 November)
1963	Togo	Sylvanus Olympio (until 13 January) Emmanuel Bodjollé (13–15 January) Nicolas Grunitzky (starting 16 January)
	Israel	Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (until 23 April) Kadish Luz (23 April – 21 May) Zalman Shazar (starting 21 May)
	Syria	Nazim al-Qudsi (until 9 March) Lu'ay al-Atassi (9 March^[36] – 27 July^[37]) Amin al-Hafiz (starting 27 July)
	Peru	Ricardo Pérez Godoy (until 3 March) Nicolás Lindley López (3 March – 28 July) Fernando Belaúnde Terry (starting 28 July)
1966	Nicaragua	René Schick (until 3 August) Orlando Montenegro Medrano (3–4 August) Lorenzo Guerrero (starting 4 August)
1967	Togo	Nicolas Grunitzky (until 13 January) Kléber Dadjo (14 January – 14 April) Gnassingbé Eyadéma (starting 14 April)
1969	Bolivia	René Barrientos (until 27 April) Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas^[38]^[39] (27 April – 26 September) Alfredo Ovando Candía (starting 26 September)
	Dahomey	Émile Derlin Zinsou (until 10 December) Maurice Kouandété (10–13 December) Paul-Émile de Souza (starting 13 December)
	France	Charles de Gaulle (until 28 April) Alain Poher (28 April – 20 June) Georges Pompidou (starting 20 June)
	Somalia	Abdirashid Shermarke (until 15 October) Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein (15–21 October) Siad Barre (starting 21 October)
1974	France	Georges Pompidou (until 2 April) Alain Poher (2 April – 27 May) Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (starting 27 May)
1981	Iran	Abolhassan Banisadr (until 22 June) Mohammad-Ali Rajai (2–30 August) Ali Khamenei (starting 9 October)
1982	Bolivia	Celso Torrelio (until 19 July) From 19 to 21 July, the presidency was fulfilled by a junta. Guido Vildoso (21 July – 10 October) Hernán Siles Zuazo (starting 10 October)
1993	Pakistan	Ghulam Ishaq Khan (until 18 July) Wasim Sajjad (18 July – 14 November) Farooq Leghari (starting 14 November)
2000	Israel	Ezer Weizman (until 13 July) Avraham Burg (13 July – 1 August) Moshe Katsav (starting 1 August)
2005	Togo	Gnassingbé Eyadéma (until 5 February) Faure Gnassingbé (2–25 February; starting 4 May) Bonfoh Abass (25 February – 4 May)
2007	Israel	Moshe Katsav (until 1 July) Dalia Itzik (1–15 July) Shimon Peres (starting 15 July)
2008	Pakistan	Pervez Musharraf (until 18 August) Muhammad Mian Soomro (18 August – 9 September) Asif Ali Zardari (starting 9 September)
2010	Germany	Horst Köhler (until 31 May) Jens Böhrnsen (31 May – 30 June) Christian Wulff (starting 30 June)
2012	Germany	Christian Wulff (until 17 February) Horst Seehofer (17 February – 18 March) Joachim Gauck (starting 18 March)
2020	Peru	Martín Vizcarra (until 9 November) Manuel Merino (10–15 November) Francisco Sagasti (starting 17 November)
2024	Iran	Ebrahim Raisi (until 19 May) Mohammad Mokhber (19 May – 28 July) Masoud Pezeshkian (starting 28 July)
2024	South Korea	Yoon Suk Yeol (throughout) Han Duck-soo (14–27 December) Choi Sang-mok (starting 27 December)

Years of four presidents

There have also been years in which countries have had four presidents:

Year	Country	Presidents
1823	Peru	José de la Mar (until 27 February) José de la Riva Agüero (28 February – 23 June; rebelled until November) Francisco Valdivieso y Prada (23 June – 16 August) José Bernardo de Tagle (interim in 27 February; starting 16 August)
1843	Peru	Juan Francisco de Vidal (until 15 March) Justo Figuerola (15–19 March) Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (starting 20 March) Domingo Nieto (in the South; starting 3 September)
1846	Mexico	Mariano Paredes (starting 28 July) Nicolás Bravo (28 July – 4 August) José Mariano Salas (5 August – 23 December) Valentín Gómez Farías (starting 23 December)
1847		Valentín Gómez Farías (until 21 March) Antonio López de Santa Anna (21 March – 2 April; 20 May – 15 September) Pedro María de Anaya (2 April – 20 May; starting 13 November) Manuel de la Peña y Peña (16 September – 13 November)
1853		Mariano Arista (until 6 January) Juan Bautista Ceballos (6 January – 8 February) Manuel María Lombardini (8 February – 20 April) Antonio López de Santa Anna (starting 20 April)
1872	Peru	José Balta (until 22 July) Tomás Gutiérrez (22–26 July) Mariano Herencia Zevallos (26 July – 2 August) Manuel Pardo y Lavalle (starting 2 August)
1876	Mexico	Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada (until 31 October) José María Iglesias (31 October – 28 November) Porfirio Díaz (28 November – 6 December) Juan N. Méndez (starting 6 December)
1893	Nicaragua	Roberto Sacasa (until 11 July) Salvador Machado (1 June – 16 July) Joaquín Zavala (16–25 July) José Santos Zelaya (starting 25 July)
1910	Nicaragua	José Madriz (until 20 August) José Dolores Estrada (20–27 August) Luis Mena (27–30 August) Juan José Estrada (starting 30 August)
1919	Honduras	Francisco Bertrand (until 9 September) Salvador Aguirre (9–16 September) Vicente Mejía Colindres (16 September – 5 October) Francisco Bográn (starting 5 October)
1924	Honduras	Rafael López Gutiérrez (until 10 March) Francisco Bueso (10 March – 27 April) Tiburcio Carías Andino (27–30 April) Vicente Tosta (starting 30 April)
1926	Nicaragua	Carlos José Solórzano (until 14 March) Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (14 March – 11 November) Sebastián Uriza (30 October – 11 November) Adolfo Díaz (starting 14 November)
1943	Syria	Taj al-Din al-Hasani (until 17 January) Jamil al-Ulshi (17 January – 25 March) Ata Bey al-Ayyubi (25 March – 17 August) Shukri al-Quwatli (starting 17 March)
1947	Nicaragua	Anastasio Somoza García (until 1 May) Leonardo Argüello Barreto (1–27 May) Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa (27 May – 15 August) Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes (starting 15 August)
1961	Brazil	Juscelino Kubitschek (until 31 January) Jânio Quadros (31 January – 25 August) Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli (25 August – 7 September) João Goulart (starting 7 September)
1965	Dahomey	Sourou-Migan Apithy (until 27 November) Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (27–29 November) Tahirou Congacou (29 November – 22 December) Christophe Soglo (starting 22 December)
1973	Argentina	Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (until 25 May) Héctor José Cámpora (25 May – 13 July) Raúl Alberto Lastiri (13 July – 12 October) Juan Perón (starting 12 October)
1978	Bolivia	Hugo Banzer (until 21 July) Víctor González Fuentes (21 July) Juan Pereda (21 July – 24 November) David Padilla (starting 24 November)
1993	Burundi	Pierre Buyoya (until 10 July) Melchior Ndadaye (10 July – 21 October) François Ngeze (21–27 October) Sylvie Kinigi (starting 27 October)
2009	Gabon	Omar Bongo (until 8 June) Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge (6 May – 10 June) Rose Francine Rogombé (10 June – 16 October) Ali Bongo (starting 16 October)
2012	Somalia	Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (until 20 August) Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle (20–28 August) Mohamed Osman Jawari (28 August – 16 September) Hassan Sheikh Mohamud (starting 16 September)

Years of five presidents

Year	Country	Presidents
1855	Mexico	Antonio López de Santa Anna (until 5 August) Martín Carrera (5 August – 12 September) Rómulo Díaz de la Vega (12 September – 3 October) Juan Álvarez (4 October – 11 December) Ignacio Comonfort (starting 11 December)
1876	Honduras	Ponciano Leiva (until 8 June) Marcelino Mejía (8–13 June) Crescencio Gómez (13 June–12 August) José María Medina (12–27 August) Marco Aurelio Soto (starting 27 August)
1926	China	Duan Qirui (until 20 April) Hu Weide (20 April – 13 May) Yan Huiqing (13 May – 22 June) Du Xigui (22 June – 1 October) Wellington Koo (starting 1 October)
1931	Peru	Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (until 1 March; starting 8 December) Mariano Holguín (1 March) Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias (1–5 March) Gustavo Jiménez (5–11 March) David Samanez Ocampo (11 March – 8 December)
1960	South Korea	Rhee Syng-man (until 27 April) Ho Chong (27 April 1960 – 16 June: 22 June – 8 August) Kwak Sang-hoon (16–22 June) Baek Nak-jun (8–12 August) Yun Po-sun (starting 13 August)
2025	South Korea	Yoon Suk Yeol (until 4 April) Choi Sang-mok (until 24 March) Han Duck-soo (24 March – 1 May) Lee Ju-ho (2 May – 4 June) Lee Jae Myung (starting 4 June)

Years of six presidents

Year	Country	Presidents
1838	Peru–Bolivia	Andrés de Santa Cruz (throughout) Luis José de Orbegoso (in the North, until 21 August) Agustín Gamarra (in Lima, starting 24 August) José de la Riva Agüero (in the North, starting 11 August) Ramón Herrera y Rodado (in the South, until 12 October) Pío de Tristán (in the South, starting 12 October)
1844	Peru	Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (until 22 July) Domingo Nieto (in the South, until 17 February) Ramón Castilla (in the South, 17 February – 11 December) Domingo Elias (17 June – 10 August) Justo Figuerola (10 August – 7 October) Manuel Menéndez (starting 7 October)

Years of seven presidents

Year	Country	Presidents
1839	Honduras	Juan Francisco de Molina (11 January – 13 April) Felipe Neri Medina (13–15 April) Juan José Alvarado (15–27 April) José María Guerrero de Arcos (27 April – 10 August) Mariano Garrigó (10–20 August) José María Bustillo (20–27 August) From 27 August to 21 September, Honduras was governed by the Council of Ministers. Francisco Zelaya y Ayes (starting 21 September)

References

↑ "Melchor Múzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
↑ "Melchor Múzquiz" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
↑ "Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Educación Publica en el Distrito Federal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
↑ "El Sr. D. Valentín Gómez Farías, al jurar como Vicepresidente" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
1 2 "Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Imagen Política de México y del Mundo. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
1 2 "Valentín Gómez Farías" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
↑ "Santa Anna asume el poder; Valentín Gómez Farías va al exilio" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
1 2 "Antonio López de Santa Anna" (in Spanish). Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
↑ "Antonio López de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
1 2 3 Carmona Dávila, Doralicia (2011-12-06) [2004-09-15]. "La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección" [Addiction to power. Re-election or no re-election.]. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Políticos, A.C. (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
↑ "La primera República Federal 1824–1835" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "Anastasio Bustamante". Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "Anastasio Bustamante". Government of the State of Aguascalientes. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón, Antonio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "Nicolás Bravo 1786–1854" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "Nicolás Bravo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.
↑ "Anastasio Bustamante". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ "Francisco Javier Echeverría asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ "Francisco Javier Echeverría". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ Gutzman (2000).
↑ "Decreto del gobierno. Sobre que volverá a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ "Ley. Se declara presidente constitucional de la República, á D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ "Efemérides / Santa Anna". Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
↑ "El general Pedro María Anaya asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
↑ "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
↑ "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
↑ Peskin (2000).
↑ "León de la Barra Francisco". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
↑ "Por sólo cuarenta y cinco minutos, Pedro Lascuráin Paredes asume el cargo de presidente interino". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
↑ "FRANCISCO S. CARVAJAL". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
↑ "El presidente provisional, nombrado por la Convención, Eulalio Gutiérrez, huye de México con los fondos de la Tesorería. Lo sucede Roque González Garza". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
↑ "Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)". Official website of the French Presidency. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
↑ "Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la República". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
↑ Mendelevich, p. 145
↑ Mendelevich, p. 136
↑ Moubayed 2006, p. 175.
↑ Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.
↑ Mesa Gisbert 2003, p. 680
↑ Montgomery, Paul L. (1969-04-30). "Bolivia's New Leader; Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-19.

[1] "Melchor Múzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[2] "Melchor Múzquiz" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[3] "Anastasio Bustamante" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Educación Publica en el Distrito Federal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[4] "El Sr. D. Valentín Gómez Farías, al jurar como Vicepresidente" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[LopezyFarias-5] 1 2 "Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Imagen Política de México y del Mundo. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[VGF-6] 1 2 "Valentín Gómez Farías" (in Spanish). Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[reformas-7] "Santa Anna asume el poder; Valentín Gómez Farías va al exilio" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[SantaAnna-8] 1 2 "Antonio López de Santa Anna" (in Spanish). Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[9] "Antonio López de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.

[reeleccion-10] 1 2 3 Carmona Dávila, Doralicia (2011-12-06) [2004-09-15]. "La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección" [Addiction to power. Re-election or no re-election.]. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Políticos, A.C. (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2024-10-23.

[11] "La primera República Federal 1824–1835" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 8. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[12] "Anastasio Bustamante". Federal Government of Mexico. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[13] "Anastasio Bustamante". Government of the State of Aguascalientes. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[14] "López de Santa Anna y Pérez Lebrón, Antonio" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[15] "Nicolás Bravo 1786–1854" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[NBravo-16] "Nicolás Bravo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 August 2011.

[17] "Anastasio Bustamante". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[18] "Francisco Javier Echeverría asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[19] "Francisco Javier Echeverría". Presidencia de la Republica. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-20] Gutzman (2000).

[21] "Decreto del gobierno. Sobre que volverá a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[22] "Ley. Se declara presidente constitucional de la República, á D. Antonio López de Santa-Anna". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[CanalizoDeHerrera-23] "Efemérides / Santa Anna". Secretaria de Educación Publica del D.F. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2011.

[24] "El general Pedro María Anaya asume la presidencia de la República". Memoria Política de México. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

[25] "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Félix María Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.

[Memoria_Politica_de_México-26] "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2013.

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-27] Peskin (2000).

[28] "León de la Barra Francisco". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.

[29] "Por sólo cuarenta y cinco minutos, Pedro Lascuráin Paredes asume el cargo de presidente interino". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[30] "FRANCISCO S. CARVAJAL". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[31] "El presidente provisional, nombrado por la Convención, Eulalio Gutiérrez, huye de México con los fondos de la Tesorería. Lo sucede Roque González Garza". Memoria Politica de México. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013.

[32] "Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)". Official website of the French Presidency. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2022.

[33] "Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la República". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[34] Mendelevich, p. 145

[Ortiz-35] Mendelevich, p. 136

[FOOTNOTEMoubayed2006175-36] Moubayed 2006, p. 175.

[FOOTNOTERabinovich197272-37] Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.

[38] Mesa Gisbert 2003, p. 680

[39] Montgomery, Paul L. (1969-04-30). "Bolivia's New Leader; Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-10-19.

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