Wu Ming

Wu Ming
Born
Roberto Bui, Giovanni Cattabriga, Federico Guglielmi
OccupationWriter
Writing career
LanguageItalian
GenresHistorical novel, short story, essay
Notable worksQ, 54, Manituana
Literary movement
New Italian Epic

Wu Ming (extended name: Wu Ming Foundation) is a collective of Italian writers founded in Bologna in January 2000 by the authors of the novel Q. The novel, published in Italian in 1999, was still signed Luther Blissett in adherence to the project of the same name (1994-1999). Unlike the "multiple-use name" Luther Blissett, the collective pseudonym "Wu Ming" indicates a specific group of people.

Meaning of the name

On its official self-presentation page the collective writes: "Why a name in Chinese? After a quarter of a century the reasons, whatever they were, no longer have much importance"[1], after which they refer to the meanings of the lemma 无名 in the Cambridge Chinese-English dictionary.

In Chinese, wu ming (traditional Chinese: 無名; simplified Chinese: 无名; pinyin: wúmíng) means "nameless", "anonymous". Initially, the collective's name contained a pun, because pronouncing the first syllable differently produces Chinese: 五名; pinyin: wǔ míng, which means "five names". Since 2008, Wu Ming has no longer been a quintet, so the wordplay has faded away.

Members and public personae

The picture that Wu Ming used as an "official portrait" from 2001 to 2008, when the quintet became a quartet. As of 14 January 2009, the image is completely absent from the group's official website.

The fact that Wu Ming means "nameless" has often generated misunderstandings about the supposed anonymity of its members, whose personal names are instead known and also reported on their official website, where they state:

«our legal names are not secret. It simply does not make sense to use them when writing about our books or referring to our work in various ways. In our literary and cultural activity, like so many before us, we adopt artistic names. In our case, they refer to the collective project (Wu Ming) and directly reflect our poetics.[2]».

Since 2015 the team has been composed of:

  • Wu Ming 1 (Roberto Bui)
  • Wu Ming 2 (Giovanni Cattabriga)
  • Wu Ming 4 (Federico Guglielmi)

Each member has an individual pen name, a "solo" production, and an independent, recognizable, authorial "voice."

Former members of Wu Ming:

  • Wu Ming 3 (Luca Di Meo, 1964-2023, left the collective in 2008)[3]
  • Wu Ming 5 (Riccardo Pedrini, left the collective in 2015)

Appearances and policy on public image

The Wu Ming collective organizes presentation tours, musical readings, and meetings with readers, and its members often appear in public, but only in person, "in the flesh." They adopt a policy of not appearing in photos or videos. Their faces are not even available on their official website. For this reason, they ask readers not to post photos taken during presentations and readings on social media.

The group has explained this position many times. One the most in-depth discussions of it was in an interview with literary journalist Loredana Lipperini in June 2025:

«We care about appearing only in the flesh, which leads us to value as much as possible — and by any means necessary — moments of face-to-face meeting, physical participation, and sharing a place. Not a generic "space": a place, with its own history, its own meaning, its own affectivity and importance for people. If someone recognizes us on the street, it's not because they saw us in effigy, through electronic mediation: it means they experienced one of those concrete and tangible moments with us, and they did it physically, alongside other bodies.[4]»

The most recent recapitulation of this stance and its political importance for the collective can be found in a speech given in Bologna in 2025:

«In the early years of our career [...] there were far fewer cameras around. Today, they are ubiquitous; everyone has one on their phone. And what's more, the compulsion to take pictures or videos of anyone, anything, at any time and to instantly share those images—on social media, in chats, who knows where– has taken hold and overwhelmed any inhibition. Yet we stubbornly try to enforce our philosophy, and we almost always succeed. We are often asked: how do you do it? The answer is simple: we explain. We explain the value, even the political value, that this choice has for us. And people understand. They understand today more than ever before, and they will understand even more, because in an age where anyone's face can be used for any deepfake that an app like Sora can generate in a matter of seconds; in an age when our selfies are sold for billions and used to refine facial recognition and make killer drones more lethal… In such an age, not being photographed is at the same time an act of desertion and resistance. Or at least, of subtraction and friction.[5].»

Main collective works

The 2000s

54

54 is a complex novel about popular culture, the shattered dreams of the Italian Resistance, and the relationship between Europe and America.[6]

Background research began in 1999, after the publication of the group's previous novel Q. Plots were outlined in the aftermath of the Kosovo war. Actual writing work ended ten days after 11 September, on the eve of the war in Afghanistan. These two wars are explicitly referred to in the novel's End Titles: "Begun in May 1999, during the Nato bombings of Belgrade. Delivered to the Italian publishers on September 21, 2001, awaiting the escalation". The events leading to (and following) 11 September are also allegorically described in the book's forenote.

54 was published in Italy in the springtime of 2002. In the following months, Wu Ming collaborated with Italian folk-rock band Yo Yo Mundi, whose ensuing concept album 54 (2004) was directly inspired from the novel.

Manituana

Manituana was written in the 2003–07 period and published in Italy in 2007. It is the first episode of an 18th-century pan-Atlantic trilogy which the authors call "the Atlantic Triptych". All novels will be set in the 1770s, all across the Atlantic Ocean (North America, Europe, the West Indies and Africa), before and during the American Revolution.

In the springtime of 2007, Manituana reached No. 4 in the Italian best-seller charts[7] The English translation was published in the UK and the US by Verso Books in the Fall of 2009.

The novel is set in the years 1775–1783 in New York's Mohawk Valley, Quebec and London (UK). Among the many real historical chapters that populate the book, the most important ones are Joseph Brant, war chief of the Mohawk nation, and Molly Brant, a matron of the Wolf clan in the Iroquois Six Nations.

Altai

In May 2009 Wu Ming announced that they had almost finished writing a new book, entitled Altai, set "in [their debut novel] Q's world and historical continuum". "After this accomplishment", they added, "we'll go back to the Atlantic Triptych."[8] Later on, they explained:

We felt the urge to go back to the "crime scene" (our 1999 debut) after the collective lost a member, in the springtime of 2008. After months of crisis and conflict, we needed a new beginning. We needed a peculiar self-managed group therapy... Gert-from-the-Well appeared and told us: “I can help you, if you bring me back to life!”. And that’s what we did.[9]

The novel, entitled Altai, was published in Italy in 2009 [10][11] and subsequently translated into English, German, Spanish, Dutch, Catalan, Turkish and Greek[12].

The 2010s

L'armata dei sonnambuli

L'armata dei sonnambuli (The Army of Sleepwalkers) was published in Italy in 2014 and subsequently translated into German, Spanish and Greek[13]. It is set in Paris and Auvergne during the phases of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction. The various subplots weave together the themes of mesmerism and mind control, the relationship between theatre and politics, and the use of masks in popular revolt.

This novel marked both the end of the first part of Wu Ming’s career, during which the collective devoted itself to stretching the conventions of historiographic metafiction, and the beginning of the second, which continues to this day, in which, as they write, “we engage in new experiments. For instance, we seek an uncanny balance between a careful historical reconstruction and the exploration of fantastic dimensions, which for us include the visionary, the dreamlike, the psychedelic, the mythological, the supernatural (...) At the same time, geography has become increasingly important in our work, i.e. narrating territories, in a convergence of investigation, travel literature, local history, and critical intervention on environment and landscape.[14]”

Proletkult

Proletkult was published in Italy in 2018 and subsequently translated in French, Spanish, Catalan and Greek[15]. Set in Russia and Italy before and after the October Revolution, it focuses on the writer, scientist, and Marxist theorist Aleksandr Bogdanov, one of the main founders of the Proletkult – Пролетарские культурно-просветительные организации; transliterated: Proletarskie kul'turno-prosvetitel'nye organizacii, “Proletarian Cultural-Educational Organization” – as well as a pioneer of science fiction in the Russian language and author of the classic novel Red Star (Красная звезда).

The 2020s

Ufo 78

Ufo 78 was published in Italy in 2022 and subsequently translated into French, German, Spanish, Catalan and Greek[16]. Set in Italy in 1978, through the events and existential crises of many characters the novel tells the story of the fifty-five days of the Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades and deals with the peculiar collective fascination with UFOs that spread through Italian society during those months.

Relationships between collective and «solo» works

In 2024 Wu Ming 1 stated:

«For us there are no sharp boundaries between our collective books and our “solo” books. Indeed, we are using the adjective “solo” less and less, and will probably stop using it altogether. All the books, whether signed Wu Ming, Wu Ming 1, Wu Ming 2 or Wu Ming 4 or by one of us together with a co-author, still come out of our workshop, they are part of a single large body. And they are increasingly connected to each other by a network of reciprocal references.[17]»

«Solo» books have been used by Wu Ming as experimental testbeds for their collective fiction. Early collective novels like Q and 54 relied on traditional—though complex—plot-driven historical fiction. The solo experiments of the early 2010s shifted the collective's style toward polyphonic montages, where the stylistic texture of the book matters as much as the plot.

Wu Ming describe some of their books as UNOs, Unidentified Narrative Objects, meaning literary works that break boundaries not only between genres, but also between different text types. They are not just fiction, nor they are standard historical essays or journalistic longforms. Instead, they merge archival historical research, geographic, ethnographic and autoethnographic methods, and multiple literary techniques.

By writing «solo» works, individual members of Wu Ming can test these hybrid structures without the heavy logistical coordination required by multi-author texts. Solo writing allows each author to sharpen specific stylistic tools. Once a technique succeeds in a solo book, the collective adopts it on a grander scale. [18].

In 2012 and 2013, Wu Ming 2 published Timira and Wu Ming 1 published Point Lenana. These works directly enabled the structure of the collective's major 2014 novel, L'Armata dei Sonnambuli (The Army of Sleepwalkers). The collective imported the solo techniques of inserting raw historical documents, play-scripts, and multi-vocal non-fiction perspectives into an epic about the French Revolution. [19].

Another collective novel by Wu Ming that bears visible traces of the work carried out on the solo novels is Ufo 78, which Wu Ming describe as

«a novel that simulates an UNO, written by an implied author [who is not us], about whom we are told nothing except that he or she investigates events from 1978 by working in archives, interviewing eyewitnesses, reconstructing scenes and dialogue wherever the sources fall silent, and occasionally inserting his or her own reflections.[20]»

Main Solo Works

Wu Ming 1 is the author of New Thing (2004), an "unidentified narrative object" blending fiction, journalism and free verse. It is an allegorical tale on free jazz and the 1960s, set in 1967 New York City and constructed around John Coltrane's final days. The French newspaper Le Monde described the book as "a choral novel, an inquiry, and a political jam-session loaded with syncopated poetry".[21]

Wu Ming 2 is the author of Guerra agli umani [War on the Humans] (2004), a satire of primitivism and survivalism set on the Apennines in an undefined year. The main character and narrator is called Marco, but he nicknames himself "Marco Walden", after Thoreau's Walden. At the beginning of the book, Marco quits his job as a restroom cleaner at a big cemetery, because he wants to leave the city (presumably Bologna, although it remains unnamed), go to the mountains and become a "hunter-gatherer superhero". Wu Ming 2 is also the author of Timira (co-written with Antar Mohamed), a work that blends history and memory in recounting Italy’s colonial past [22] [23], as well as Il sentiero degli dei [The God's path] (2010) and Il sentiero luminoso [The Bright Path] (2016), which offer reflections on environment and history, drawing on his journeys on foot from Bologna to Florence and from Bologna to Milan, respectively.[24]

Wu Ming 4 is the author of Stella del mattino [Morning Star] (2008). The novel is set in 1919 Oxford and centered around T. E. Lawrence suffering writer's block while working on The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Among the characters Lawrence encounters in the book, important roles are played by writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and, most notably, Robert Graves. Wu Ming themselves described Stella del mattino as "the best solo novel ever manufactured in our smithy" and "a bridge between our collective and solo novels".[25]

Wu Ming 5 is the author of both Havana Glam (2001) and Free Karma Food (2007). Havana Glam is set in an alternate 1970s world where David Bowie is a communist sympathizer and has a "Cuban period" instead of a "Berlin period". This causes some turmoil in Havana, as the Cuban intelligence suspect the rockstar to be an infiltrator. Free Karma Food describes a future society where all kinds of cattle have been killed by a global pandemic known as "The Great Murrain". Some Italian critics described Wu Ming 5's novels as belonging to the literary subgenre known as "New Weird". Such inclusion, however, has been questioned in weblogs and social network discussion groups devoted to science-fiction.[26]

Cinema

Radio Alice / Working Slowly

Wu Ming co-wrote the screenplay of the Italian film Lavorare con lentezza, directed by Guido Chiesa, released in Italy in 2004.[27]

The original title means "Working slowly" and cites a protest song, a popular leftist anthem in the 1970s.[28]

The film is set during a student uprising that paralysed Bologna for several days in March 1977. Several narrative threads are woven around Radio Alice, the station run by the "creative wing" (the so-called "Mao-Dadaists") of the radical Autonomia movement. In the morning of 11 March a brawl involving radical and catholic students escalated to a full-scale riot in the university district. The Carabinieri riot squad attacked and shot down a 25-year-old student called Francesco Lorusso. As a result, thousands of students and activists stormed the centre of the town, clashing with the police and throwing molotov cocktails. On 13 March the premises of Radio Alice were invaded and vandalised by the police, the station was shut down and every member of the staff was arrested. The film tells the story mixing real anecdotes with semi-fictional characters.

Radio Alice has won several awards and prizes at movie festivals all over Europe, including the Marcello Mastroianni Award for the Best Young Actors at the 2004 Venice Film Festival and the First Prize at the 2005 Festival de Cinema Politic in Barcelona, Spain.

Once More Unto the Breach

Once More Unto the Breach (Italian: Il varco, lit. 'The Gate') is a fiction film directed by Federico Ferrone and Michele Manzolini, based on a script co-authored by Wu Ming 2. It was created with archive materials shot during World War II. The film's premiere took place during the 76th Venice Film Festival. In 2020, the film editor Maria Fantastica Valmori won the award for best editing at the European Film Awards.[29]

A Noi Rimane Il Mondo

A Noi Rimane Il Mondo. Sui Sentieri della Wu Ming Foundation (We Still Have the World: On the Paths of the Wu Ming Foundation) is a documentary centred on Wu Ming. Directed by Armin Ferrari and released in 2022, the film explores several extra-literary repercussions and creative ramifications of Wu Ming's literary work. Through interconnected stories, the film weaves together multiple projects—including explorations of landscape, toponymy, ecology, the legacies of Italian colonialism, and the practice of collective walking—while examining various initiatives that orbit around Wu Ming, from efforts to decolonize mainstream Italian narratives to dismantling historical misinformation and critiquing patriarchal mythologies on mountains and mountaneering. The voiceovers from all three current Wu Ming members provide counterpoint and commentary to the scenes[30].

Other activities

Wu Ming 1 is the Italian translator of several Elmore Leonard novels. He translated Cat Chaser, Freaky Deaky, Tishomingo Blues and Mr Paradise, and wrote an essay on how to render Leonard's prose into Italian[31] The essay was published in the catalogue of the 2006 Courmayer Noir in Festival, at which Leonard was presented with the Raymond Chandler Award.[32] Wu Ming 1 also translated one Walter Mosley novel, Little Scarlet. In 2010 he became the Italian translator of Stephen King's books.[33]

Wu Ming 2 has written the theater play Razza Partigiana in 2013; he is also participating on stage, with musical support from Paul Pieretto, Federico Oppi (Settlefish) and Egle Sommacal (Massimo Volume). The plot follows the story of Giorgio Marincola, a partisan from World War II, a dark-skinned Italian who is the son of a Somalian mother and an Italian father, born in 1923 near Mogadishu.[34]

Wu Ming 5 was guitar player in it:Nabat, one of the first Oi! bands to reach a cult following in Italy during the early 1980s. The band broke up in 1987 but got together again in the early 1990s, only to break up again in 1998. Nabat reunited in 2010 for a comeback tour, with Wu Ming 5 still on guitar, "splitting services between two bands [Wu Ming and Nabat]", as he quipped during a radio interview.[35]

Bibliography

The group has published several novels and non-fiction books in print and online, released under a Creative Commons license, and they are available for download on the group's website. Q, 54, Manituana Altai and Morning Star have been translated into English. Most books are available in several European languages. Their are seen as part of a body of literary works described as the New Italian Epic, a phrase that was proposed by Wu Ming.[36] [37]

Fiction written by the whole collective

Novels

  • Q (originally written as Luther Blissett, 1999)
  • Asce di guerra (with Vitaliano Ravagli, 2000)
  • 54 (2002).
  • Manituana (2007).
  • Altai (2009)
  • L'armata dei sonnambuli (2014)
  • Proletkult (2018)
  • Ufo 78 (2022)

Novellas

  • Previsioni del tempo (2008)

Collections of short stories

  • Anatra all'arancia meccanica (2011)
  • Cantalamappa (2015)
  • L'invisibile ovunque (2015)
  • Il ritorno dei Cantalamappa (2017)

Non-fiction written by the whole collective

  • Esta revolución no tiene rostro (2002)
  • Giap! (2003)
  • Grand River: A Journey (2008)
  • New Italian Epic (2009)

«Solo» Works

Wu Ming 1

  • New Thing (2004)
  • Point Lenana (with Roberto Santachiara, 2013)
  • Un viaggio che non promettiamo breve (2016)
  • La macchina del vento (2019)
  • La Q di Qomplotto (2021)
  • Gli uomini pesce (2024)

Wu Ming 2

  • Guerra agli umani (2004)
  • Il sentiero degli dei (2010)
  • Timira (with Antar Mohamed Marincola, 2012)
  • Il sentiero luminoso (2014)
  • La battaglia della merda (2020)
  • Mensaleri (2025)

Wu Ming 4

  • Stella del mattino (2008)
  • L'eroe imperfetto (2010)
  • Il piccolo regno (2016)
  • La vera storia della Banda Hood (2024)
  • Il calcio del figlio (2025)
  • Ritorno a Deià (2026)

Wu Ming 5

  • Havana Glam (2001)
  • Free Karma Food (2006)

References

  1. ↑ "About Wu Ming", biographical page on Wu Ming's website. Retrieved 26 August 2026
  2. ↑ About Wu Ming, cit.]
  3. ↑ On 16 September 2008, the group announced Luca Di Meo’s departure from the collective, which had taken place the previous spring, cf. “A dispatch with an open heart and a soul beyond the flames,” in Giap no. 1, ninth series, September 2008. Despite this, in the period 2011–2019 Di Meo sometimes associated himself with initiatives and events of the collective, and on those occasions he returned to using the pseudonym “Wu Ming 3.” On 31 July 2023, Wu Ming announced Di Meo’s death, which had occurred the day before “in his apartment in Bologna, nine days after turning 59, fifteen years after leaving Wu Ming, four years after our last event together, almost six months after the last chemo session, because it was no longer of any use. Painkillers, and away you go”, Cf. Wu Ming (31 July 2023). "On the Death of Luca di Meo, formerly Luther Blissett, formerly Wu Ming 3 (1964-2023)". Giap. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Loredana Lipperini. "Come salvare l'editoria italiana? Wu Ming 1 ha un'idea". lucysullacultura.com. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  5. ↑ Wu Ming (12 January 2025). "L'Officina Roversi di Bologna ci ha assegnato la Targa Anser Anser 2025". wumingfoundation.com. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  6. ↑ Detailed review from the Soundtracks for Them e-zine
  7. ↑ Reported on Italian daily paper La Stampa on 7 April 2007, article included by Wu Ming on their website.
  8. ↑ "Never Say Never Again. Autumn 2009, Back to Q" Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, 12 May 2009.
  9. ↑ "Doctor kindly tell your wife that we're alive" Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, July 30, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Altai's first week: straight to the 5th place", wumingfoundation.com, 28 November 2009.
  11. ↑ "Interview with Wu Ming in Bologna by Stewart Home". InEnArt. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  12. ↑ Wu Ming, Αλτάι, ΕΞΑΡΧΕΙΑ, Athens 2011, ISBN 978-96-0988-348-1; Altai, Verso, London 2013, ISBN 978-17-8168-076-6; Altay, Geoturka, Istanbul 2014, ISBN 978-60-5864-178-5; Altai, Assoziation A, Berlin/Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-86241-494-9; Altái, FCE, Ciudad de México 2023, ISBN 978-60-7167-770-9; Altaj, Leesmagazijn, Amsterdam 2016, ISBN 978-94-9171-732-1; Altai, Tigre de Paper, Barcelona 2019, ISBN 978-84-1685-538-4.
  13. ↑ Wu Ming, ‘’H Στρατιά των υπνοβατών, Εξάρχεια, Atene 2016, pp. 832, ISBN 978-618-5128-17-3; El Ejército de los Sonámbulos, Anagrama, Barcelona 2017, pp. 584, ISBN 978-84-339-7989-6; Die Armee der Schlafwandler, Assoziation A, Berlino/Amburgo 2020, pp. 672, ISBN 978-38-624-1474-1
  14. ↑ "About Wu Ming", biographical page on Wu Ming's website. Retrieved 26 August 2026
  15. ↑ Wu Ming, Proletkult, Tigre de Paper, Barcelona 2002 (Catalan), ISBN 978-84-16855-70-4; Proletkult, Anagrama, Barcelona 2020 (Spanish), ISBN 978-84-339-8067-0; Proletkult, Métailié, Parigi 2022, ISBN 979-10-226-1175-6; Προλετκουλτ, Οι Εκδόσεις των Συναδέλφων, Atene 2022, ISBN 978-61-8557-109-2
  16. ↑ Wu Ming, Ufo 78, Assoziation A, Berlino/Amburgo 2023, ISBN 978-38-6241-500-7; Ufo 78, Οι Εκδόσεις των Συναδέλφων, Atene 2023, ISBN 978-61-8557-125-2; Ovni 78, Libertalia, Montreuil 2024, ISBN 978-2-37729-323-0; Ovni 78, Manifest, Barcelona 2024 (Catalan), ISBN 978-8-41971-995-9; Ovni 78, Anagrama, Barcelona 2025 (Spanish), ISBN 978-84-339-4662-1
  17. ↑ Ginevra Tarascio. "Gli uomini pesce, intervista a Wu Ming 1". salto.bz (in Italian). Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  18. ↑ For instance, this happened with the use of the Perturbante—the common Italian translation of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic concept of the Uncanny (Das Unheimliche)—as a deliberate strategy, injecting visionary, mythic, psychedelic, or supernatural elements into real, rigorously researched historical and geographical settings, cf. Rossi, Elia (8 May 2017). "Wu Ming 1: Qualcosa di nuovo nella non-fiction". La balena bianca (in Italian). Retrieved 31 August 2026.
  19. ↑ The novel's final section, titled "Act V", ostensibly takes the form of an essay: Wu Ming reconstructs the fates of all the real historical figures that appeared in the book, recounting what happened to them after the Thermidorian phase of the Revolution, drawing on real historical sources and documented research. Alternately, the same is done with the fictional characters, without explicitly stating that they are fictional, citing nonexistent sources and producing a strong effect of verisimilitude that prompts the reader to reconsider the hundreds of pages read up to that point
  20. ↑ "La collana Quinto Tipo: un bilancio, un requiem e un'autocritica sul concetto di «oggetto narrativo non identificato»". Giap. Retrieved 31 August 2026.
  21. ↑ "A l'extrême gauche de l'Occident...", Le Monde des livres, 24 August 2007.
  22. ↑ See S. Brioni, “Pratiche ‘meticce’: Narrare il colonialismo italiano ‘a più mani’” in Postcoloniale italiano: Tra letteratura e storia, ed. by Franca Sinopoli, Latina: Novalogos, 2013, pp. 89-119
  23. ↑ See S. Brioni, ‘“Un pas que ma jambe se refuse à faire’: expériences collaboratives et croisement de regards sur le colonialisme italien”, in Le littératures de la Corne de l’Afrique. Regards croisés, ed. by Paola Cabot-Ranzini, Paris: Karthala, 2016, pp. 173-202
  24. ↑ See S. Brioni, “Rethinking Italy’s Margins Through Walking: Environmental Activism in Wu Ming 2’s Il sentiero luminoso (2016) and Giuliano Santoro’s Su due piedi (2012).” California Italian Studies 11.2 (2022), pp. 1-18.
  25. ↑ "Stella del mattino", from Giap #22/23, May 2008.
  26. ↑ See A. Barone, "New Weird, New Italian Epic, Steampunk e il pregiudizio italiano sulla letteratura fantastica", May 2009.
  27. ↑ Masterson, Melina A (2016). The Wu Ming Foundation: A Collective Approach to Literature, Art, and Politics in 21st Century Italy (PhD). University of Connecticut. Doctoral dissertations 1284. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  28. ↑ "Working Slowly in the UK", March 2005
  29. ↑ "The EFA Excellence Awards Winners 2020". Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  30. ↑ "A noi rimane il mondo - Openddb" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  31. ↑ Wu Ming 1, "La sfida di Elmore Leonard ai traduttori italiani".
  32. ↑ "Elmore to be presented Raymond Chandler Award", elmoreleonard.com, 29 July 2006.
  33. ↑ "Wu Ming, Stephen King: It isn't just a rhyme" Archived 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, 26 May 2010.
  34. ↑ "Wu Ming 2 comes to Berlin!". InEnArt. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  35. ↑ Wu Ming 1 and Wu Ming 5 interviewed on Radio Ciroma, 8 April 2010.
  36. ↑ "We're Going To Have To Be The Parents": A Reflection on the New Italian Epic", opening talk at the conference The Italian Perspective on Metahistorical Fiction: The New Italian Epic, IGRS, University of London, 2 October 2008. Text and audio.
  37. ↑ See S. Brioni, “Postcolonialismo, subalternità e New Italian Epic: Intervista con Wu Ming 1”, in Subalternità italiane. Percorsi di ricerca tra letteratura e storia, ed. by Valeria Deplano, Lorenzo Mari, and Gabriele Proglio (Roma: Aracne, 2014), pp. 275-290.
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