William Morris Mordey

William Morris Mordey
Photographic portrait of William Morris Mordey, 1908
Born(1856-03-28)28 March 1856
Donnywell, County Durham, England
Died1 July 1938(1938-07-01) (aged 82)
Warlingham, Surrey, England
OccupationElectrical engineer
Known forMordey alternator
Mordey Effect
V curve
∿ symbol for periodicity
The Equaliser
Mordey-Fricker meter
AwardsTelford Medal (1901)
Engineering career
Employer(s)Brush Electrical Engineering Company
Mordey and Dawbarn

William Morris Mordey (28 March 1856 – 1 July 1938) was a British electrical engineer and inventor who made important contributions the early electricity supply industry. A self-taught engineer from County Durham who later relocated to Bradford to continue working in Telegraphy, he became one of the practical pioneers of alternating-current engineering in Britain. His Mordey Victoria alternators were used at Bankside power station in the city of London (this site is now occupied by the Tate Modern) and at several other power station in Britain and abroad.[1] He solved the problem of parallel alternator operation that made reliable public electricity supply possible,[2] discovered the V-shaped alternator curves now known as V curve[2] still taught today, and in 1889 proposed the ∿ symbol to denote AC periodicity (what is now known as hertz), writing "To save confusion I always write it thus, ∿ and I would suggest that this sign be used unless a better one be forthcoming…"[3] The symbol was later formalised in British Standard BS 3939 Part 6 (from 1966)[4][5][6] and internationally as IEC 60417 Symbol 5032[7] where it remains the standard graphical notation for alternating current worldwide.

Mordey was formally recognised in his lifetime. Serving as President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, receiving an IEE premium for his work on alternating current, and winning the Telford Medal[1] on a joint 1902 paper “Electrical Traction on Railways” with Bernard Maxwell Jenkin who received the George Stephenson Gold Medal.[8] Mordey also filed 38 British patents, many of which also filed internationally.[1][9] His work extended from alternators, dynamos, transformers and public electricity supply to electricity meters, railway electrification, electric ignition, electric heating, relays and electromagnetic mineral separation.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] By the time of his death in 1938, his reputation had faded, partly because the early technical history of electricity supply was 'sadly neglected' and because Mordey himself published little about the difficulties he faced. His obituary in The Engineer described him as a pioneer whose work had scarcely received the recognition it deserved, and noted that few younger electrical engineers appreciated the importance of the Mordey Victoria alternator.[1]

Family and early telegraph service

Mordey was born in Donnywell in County Durham[17] on 28 March 1856. The Mordey family had been colliers and shipowners in Sunderland for several generations.[18][19] William was the second son of John Goodchild Mordey and the grandson of Dr. William Mordey, a surgeon, magistrate and alderman who served multiple terms as Mayor of Sunderland, co-authored a medical account of the 1831 cholera outbreak, and helped establish the city's early public park and championed sanitary and cholera prevention measures.[20][19][21]

At the age of fourteen, Mordey entered the postal telegraph service. After a short period in London he was transferred to Bradford.[1][17] During this time, he devoted his spare time to the physics of telegraphy. Despite having no formal education, he later taught classes in telegraphy, magnetism, and electricity for the Science and Art Department and the City and Guilds of London Institute.[17] In 1881 he sat the City and Guilds Institute examination alongside his own students and obtained the second prize and medal in the advanced stage of telegraphy.[1][17]

Career

Brush Electrical Engineering (1881–1897)

At the end of 1881, Mordey left the telegraph service to join the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation (later the Brush Electrical Engineering Company). He became the company's chief electrician [17] and focused on the design of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) dynamos, motors, and transformers.[1][17] [22]

The Mordey Victoria Alternator

Mordey is best known for the Mordey Victoria Alternator, based on his 'spider-pole' design, which was designed and built with the Corporation's chief engineer John Smith Raworth. The British patent was GB5162, filed in 1888, with US437501A as an American equivalent.[23]

The design differed significantly from other machines of the period. The magnet wheel, which contained a single coil, was designed so that the poles gripped around the thin disc-shaped armature winding in such a way that all poles on one side had the same polarity.[24] The "Mordey Victoria" alternators played a significant role in the generation of single-phase current and the transition from gas lighting to electric lighting.[17] These alternators, often paired with Raworth engines, were installed at many power plants across Britain and abroad.[25]

Power station installations

Mordey alternators and Raworth engines and switchgear were "as familiar to pioneer electrical engineers as Parsons' turbo-generators and Reyrolle switchgear are to those operating power stations at the present time."[9] They were installed at stations across Britain. Among the most notable were Pandon Dene, Newcastle (1890),[26][27] one of the first public power stations in Britain; Bankside, London (1891),[28] which provided the first public AC electricity supply in London on the site now occupied by Tate Modern; and Lynmouth, Devon (1890),[29] one of Britain's earliest hydroelectric installations, where a village that had never had a gas supply went directly from oil lamps to electric street lighting. And Wandsworth London (1900).[30]

Niagara Falls

During the planning phase for the Niagara Falls power transmission scheme, Professor George Forbes publicly recommended the Mordey Victoria Alternators for the project in a Cantor Lecture at the Society of Arts on 8 February 1892, stating that "in connection with the Niagara scheme he had recommended synchronising alternate-current machines, the Mordey being specially mentioned."[31]

Great Northern Electric Light Station, Holloway

In 1895 Mordey alternators provided the electric lighting of the Great Northern Railway's main line out of London. Generated from a single central works at Ashburton Grove, Holloway. The Engineer regarded the scheme as a pioneering one, noting that "the Great Northern Railway Company has outstripped most of the other companies in its endeavour to supply effective illumination over a large area". Rather than build a separate plant for each station, the company found it possible, in the congested district around the city, to supply many places from one generating station.

The station served Great Northern Hotel, the King's Cross, Holloway cattle docks, the Clarence and East goods yards, North Holloway, Finsbury Park and Harringay, the Ferme Park and Hornsey station. In total approximately forty miles of cable were laid transmitting power from three A14 Mordey Victoria machines.[32]

Contemporary recognition and high-frequency alternators

In 1892 Nicola Tesla referred to a "machine of the Mordey type," explaining that this as a machine with pole projections of the same polarity. Tesla added that, with few projections and "an armature without iron, as used by Mordey," excellent results had been obtained.[33] Tesla was not writing a retrospective history: he was treating "Mordey type" as a recognised technical category in contemporary high-frequency alternating current work.

Mordey was also credited in American technical literature. T.C Martin and Joseph Wetzler's The Electric Motor and its applications credited Mordey with first pointing out an important practical precaution concerning iron cores and motor efficiency.[34] Later, J. A. Fleming connected the Mordey type to wireless work, writing that Fessenden, "like Tesla," adopted the Mordey type of alternator for high-frequency generation.[35] These references do not make Mordey a radio inventor, but they show that his alternator architecture had a technical applications beyond early power generation.

Legacy in wireless telegraphy

The disc-armature design of the Mordey alternator found direct application in wireless telegraphy. When Canadian radio pioneer Reginald Fessenden constructed the high-frequency alternator used for the world's first radio broadcast on Christmas Eve 1906, transmitting voice and music from Brant Rock, Massachusetts to ships at sea, his machine shared the defining characteristics of the Mordey alternator. IEEE historian John S. Belrose described it as "a small machine of the Mordey type, having a fixed armature in the form of a thin disc, or ring, and a revolving field magnet with 360 teeth, or projections," generating 50,000 Hz at 139 revolutions per second.[36]

Fessenden subsequently commissioned Ernst Alexanderson at General Electric to develop a higher-powered machine, which became the Alexanderson alternator used at Marconi's transatlantic wireless stations.

Consulting work

After leaving Brush in 1897, Mordey went on to work as a consulting engineer in London. By 1898 he was operating from 82 Victoria Street.[1][17] He entered a partnership with Robert Arthur Dawbarn to form Mordey and Dawbarn. In August 1902 Mordey and Dawbarn were appointed as engineers for the extension of the Johannesburg power station, the construction of electrical tramways and lighting for Pretoria, electrification of the railway from Springs to Randfontein. In 1905 they provided advice on the Johannesburg telephone system, and during 1905-1906 reported on the supply of electricity to government departments in Durban.[37]

In 1902 he worked with Guy Cary Fricker on electricity meters. The Mordey-Fricker electricity meter was exhibited at the Royal Society conversation and described in The Engineer as a new and simple meter suitable for direct or alternating currents. It was intended especially for small consumers with only a few lamps.[38]

Recognition and institutional work

Mordey co-authored "Electrical Action on Railways" with Bernard Maxwell Jenkin. It examined direct current. composition direct and alternating current methods of railway electrification.[39] Lord Kelvin praised the authors for attacking the problem of long lines and for their case for single phase alternating current traction.[39] Mordey received the Telford Medal and Jenkin received the George Stephenson Gold Medal.[1][40]

Mordey also received honourable mentions from the Council of the Society of Telegraph Engineers for his 1883 paper "Some Prejudicial Actions in Dynamo Machines." He was a member of the council of the Institution of Electrical Engineers from 1890 to 1894. For a contribution on AC working, including construction of alternator for parallel working, he received the institutions premium for that year.[1]

He was named to the British Electrical Committee for the 1893 Chicago Exhibition alongside Lord Rayleigh, Sir William Thompson and Major-General C. E. Webber. The letter is signed by W. H. Preece as chairman and addressed to the Royal commission.[31]

in 1908 he became the President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. His Inaugural Address compared the British and German electricity supply industries and was received as a substation contribution to industrial policy.[41]

When the Physicist Silvanus P. Thompson died in June 1916. Mordey, who had been had been a long-standing friend to Thompson,[33] was appointed one of four trustees and chairman of a committee formed to acquire Thompson's library from his estate and present it to the IEE as a permanent memorial. An appeal was sent internationally, including to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, with the library priced at £4,000. Four trustees were appointed to oversee the purchase and transfer: Mr. Kingsbury, Mr. Campbell Swinton, Mr. Charles Sparks (then President of the IEE), and Mordey.[42]

The 1889 IEE paper: On Alternate-Current Working

On 23 May 1889, Mordey presented "On Alternate-Current Working" to the Institution of Electrical Engineers. One of the most significant single papers in the history of British electrical engineering.[43] The paper was presented to an audience containing John Hopkinson, William Ayrton, John Ambrose Fleming, Gisbert Kapp, Sebastian Ferranti, Silvanus P. Thompson, W.H. Preece FRS, and John Smith Raworth. The discussion was so significant that a second meeting was convened on 30 May 1889, with the discussion running to 44 pages.[44][45]

The paper contained six distinct areas of original engineering science:

  • Parallel working of alternators[43]
  • AC motor systems[43]
  • The ∿ symbol and frequency standardisation[43]
  • Conductor skin effect analysis[43]
  • Electrical safety[43]
  • Hysteresis and eddy current separation[43]

The 1893 IEE paper: On Testing and Working Alternators

On 23 February 1893, Mordey presented "On Testing and Working Alternators" to the IEE, chaired by W.H. Preece FRS.[46] The paper introduced four significant contributions to electrical enginnering practice:

  • Testing methodology[46]
  • The Equaliser[46]
  • Six-principle parallel working system[46]
  • The V curve[46]

Technical contributions

Parallel working of alternators

One of the fundamental problems of early AC supply was running alternators in parallel. In simple terms, this meant connecting more than one alternator to the same supply network so that they shared the electrical load. If badly controlled, alternators could hunt, fall out of step or destabilise the supply.[1]

Mordey made parallel working practical for power generating stations. He is credited with demonstrating its feasibility in engineering practice.[47] In his 1893 paper "On Testing and Working Alternators," Mordey explained the practical principles by which he and his colleagues operated alternators in parallel.[2]

V curves, alternator testing and the equaliser

Mordey described the V-shaped curves produced when alternators were run as motors and the excitation was varied. He observed that there was an excitation value at which armature current was at a minimum and power factor and efficiency were at a maximum. If excitation was varied on either side of that vase, the current rose rapidly.[2]

This observation is the basis for the V curve associated with synchronous machines. This graph shows armature current as a function of field current in synchronous motors; its shape resembles the letter V.[2] The V curve remains a standard concept in electrical machine teaching.[2]

The Mordey effect

The Mordey effect is a phenomenon observed in the rotating armature cores of electric machines: the magnetic hysteresis loss in a rotating armature core is lower than in a transformer core subjected to a periodically reversing magnetising force of the same magnitude. This was observed by Mordey during his work on the Mordey alternator at Brush in the 1880s. He was able to show not just the workings of the machines, but also experimental investigations of magnetic materials.[48] By 1891 William Edward Ayrton was already referring this as the Mordey effect.[49]

Iron aging in transformer cores

Mordey also contributed to the understanding of iron ageing in transformer cores. Working with O. T. Bláthy, Mordey demonstrated in 1895 that "this augmentation of hysteresis loss in iron transformer cores was due to heating". Further investigation by H. F. Parshall and S. R. Roget in 1899 established that iron heated to between 40°C and 135°C undergoes a continuous increase in hysteresis loss over time, "and this increase is now called 'ageing' of the iron."[50]

Mordey's identification of heating as the cause of transformer core degradation contributed to the development of non-ageing steel grades or “Swedish Iron,” later adopted in transformer manufacture.[51]

The ∿ symbol

In his 1889 IEE paper, Mordey proposed the ∿ symbol to denote periodicity (cycles per second, now known as hertz), writing, "I always write it thus, ∿ and I would suggest that this sign be used unless a better one be forthcoming, and that we agree to speak of periods, instead of alternations or reversals, and of periodicity instead of frequency or rates of alternation or of reversal."[43] At the time, engineers used terms such as "alternations" and "reversals" inconsistently, something meaning full cycles and sometimes half cycles. Mordey argued for clearer terminology.[3] On 30 May 1889, responding to Lord Rayleigh's preference for the word "frequency", Mordey explicitly entered "a plea for the sign ∿ as rendering confusion impossible".[52]

The symbol was subsequently adopted by contemporary electrical engineers. Recorded use include George Forbes in 1894,[53] W. E. Ayrton,[54] and J. A. Fleming. The Electrician also used the symbol in editorial notation and supply-table context from at least 1891, including national AC supply surveys, where it appears in forms such as "2,000 volts. 100~". Mordey continued use the symbol in his own later IEE papers including "2,000 volts 50~" in 1901 and 1909.[55][56]

J. A. Fleming's adoption is especially significant because he carried the sign into his major wireless telegraphy textbooks, where it appeared alongside identification of the Tesla high-frequency alternator as the "Mordey or Disk Type",[3] a connection Fleming added to his 1910 second edition[57] following Fessenden's 1906 radio broadcast.

The symbol was later formalised into British Standard BS 3939[4][5] (first published as a separate sections from 1966),[58][6] where it appears as the standard graphical notation or symbol for alternating current AC. BS 3939 Part 6 was produced with the participation of the Institute of Electrical Engineers and is now codified as IEC 60417-5032[7] and Unicode character U+223F, named "SINE WAVE".

Patents and inventions

Mordey's patent activity extend across his career. He obtained at least 38, with many of his inventions protected though corresponding applications in Europe and North America.[9] International publications of the same invention should not be counted as Mordey filed at least 38 British patents, many of which were also filed internationally.[17]

Among his most significant patents are the following:

  • 1888 Patent GB5162: Electric generator - the foundational Mordey disc alternator.[23]
  • 1900 Patent GB190002710A: Improvements in electricity meters, with Guy Carey Fricker.[59]
  • 1902 Patent GB190224112A: Improvements in alternating-current traction systems, with Arnold Greaves Hansard.[60]
  • 1912 Patent GB191224563A: Improvements in electric-ignition devices.[61]
  • 1919 Patent GB165822A: Improvements in electromagnetic separation or concentration of minerals.[62]
  • 1923 Patent US1463713A: electromagnetic mineral separation US equivalent.[15]
  • 1934 Patent GB426860A: Electrical treatment of mineral and other material to separate its constituents.[63]

A full list of Mordey's British patents is available via Espacenet

Physical survivals

The Science Museum Group holds at least six Mordey related objects across two institutions. Mordey was also a member of the advisory council of the Science Museum in South Kensington.[64]

At the Science Museum's store at Wroughton, Wiltshire, object 1915-298 is a motor generator set comprising a Mordey inductor alternator and Victoria motor, credited to the Board of Trade.[65]

At the Science and Industry Museum, Manchester, the Y1986.15 group comprises a complete Brush hydro-electric installation of 1894, originating from a water-powered electrical installation at Waterside near Hawkshead in the Lake District. The group of five objects includes Y1986.15.2, a Mordey Victoria Transformer rated at 3,000 watts, embossed with the words "Mordey Victoria Transformer" and manufactured by the Brush Electrical Engineering Company at Loughborough. The installation was made by Frederick Fowkes. A permanent People record for Mordey has been created in the museum's Collections Online database, linked to the Y1986.15 objects.[66]

Death and legacy

Mordey spent the latter part of his life in retirement. He died at Warlingham, Surrey, on 1 July 1938, aged 82.[9][1] The New York Times obituary described him as an engineer and magnetician who had helped develop electromagnetic machinery, including the modern dynamo, generator and transformer, and noted his apparatus for separating ores.[64]

His work had received prominent contemporary coverage. Scientific American published a dedicated illustrated article on the 250-kilowatt Mordey Victoria alternator, reflecting the international technical interest in his generating machinery,[67] while his later papers, medals, patents and IEE presidency brought formal professional recognition.

Unlike many of his contemporaries, whose reputation endured, Mordey's faded;. His 1938 obituary in The Engineer opened by stating that his work in the early electricity-supply industry “The death of Mr. W. M. Mordey, at the age of eighty-two, removes from the electrical profession a man whose work in the early days of electricity supply scarcely seems to have received in recent times the recognition it deserves.” It added that "Few of the younger generation of electrical engineers appear to appreciate important part Mordey Victoria alternators played in the generation of single-phase current or to what extent the originator of those machines contributed to the solution of the problems that presented themselves when electric lighting began to replace gas." The obituary compared the former familiarity of Mordey alternators and Raworth engines with that of Parsons turbo-generators and Reyrolle switchgear to the succeeding generation.[9][1]

The same obituary observed that the technical history of early electricity supply had been "sadly neglected" and that with Mordey's death "scarcely anyone is left" to record the practical difficulties of the pioneer era, noting that Mordey himself "never published anything directly relating to" the difficulties he had faced.[1][9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The Engineer July-December 1938: Vol 166. Internet Archive. July–December 1938. p. 44.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mordey, W.M. (1893). "On testing and working alternators". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 22 (104): 110–134. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1893.0004. Retrieved 2026-06-05.
  3. 1 2 3 The Electrician. James Gray. 1889. pp. 94, 597.
  4. 1 2 BS 3939: Part 6: 1985. London. 1985. pp. 2, 5, 6, 7, 13, 16, 17. ISBN 0580144240.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. 1 2 BS EN 60617-6:1996 Graphical symbols for diagrams. Production and conversion of electrical energy (Withdrawn), British Standards Institution - Publication Index | NBS | Supersedes BS 3939 : Part 6 : 1985. ISBN 0580267601. Retrieved 2026-06-10. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  6. 1 2 BSI, British Standards Institution. BS 3939 : Part 6 : 1985 IEC 617-6 : 1983: Graphical Symbols for Electrical Power Telecommunications and Electronics Diagrams. British Standards Institution. ISBN 978-0-580-14424-0.
  7. 1 2 "Alternating current - To indicate on the rating plate that the equipment is suitable for alternating current only; to identify relevant terminals". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2026-06-10.
  8. ↑ "Scientific Notes and News". Science. 16 (413): 876–879. 1902. Bibcode:1902Sci....16..876.. doi:10.1126/science.16.413.876. JSTOR 1629306.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "William Morris Mordey - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2026-06-05.
  10. ↑ GB190201251A, Mordey, William Morris & Fricker, Guy Carey, "Improvements in and relating to Electricity Meters", issued 1903-01-15
  11. ↑ GB190224112A, Mordey, William Morris & Hansard, Arnold Greaves, "Improvements in or relating to Alternate Current Traction Systems", issued 1903-09-17
  12. ↑ GB191224563A, Mordey, William Morris, "Improvements in or relating to Electric Ignition Devices", issued 1913-12-29
  13. ↑ GB131575A, "Publication of GB131575A"
  14. ↑ GB191513750A, Mordey, William Morris, "Improvements in or relating to Relays or Apparatus for Augmenting the Effect of Small Electric Currents", issued 1916-12-27
  15. 1 2 US1463713A, Morris, Mordey William, "Electromagnetic separation or concentration of minerals", issued 1923-07-31
  16. ↑ GB426860A, "Improvements in or relating to the electrical treatment of mineral and other material for separating different constituents thereof from one another", issued 1935-04-10
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grace's Guide.
  18. ↑ "Sunderland Ship Owner Records 1794-1802" (Research document). Northumberland and Durham Family History Society. 2026.
  19. 1 2 "Royal College of Surgeons of England - Mordey, William (1803 - 1863)". livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  20. ↑ Haslewood & Mordey 1832.
  21. ↑ "Cholera Case and Post Mortem (1831) | Co-Curate". co-curate.ncl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  22. ↑ Grace's Guide & Raworth.
  23. 1 2 US437501A, "moedey", issued 1890-09-30
  24. ↑ Westrin 1925.
  25. ↑ Grace's Guide & Bankside.
  26. ↑ "Pandon Dene Power Station - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2026-06-26.
  27. ↑ Scaife, W. G. S. (1999-01-01). From Galaxies to Turbines: Science, Technology and the Parsons Family. CRC Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-4200-4692-2.
  28. ↑ "Bankside Power Station - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 2026-06-12.
  29. ↑ Gilson, Wally. "The Electricity Works - Lynton and Lynmouth" (PDF).
  30. ↑ The Electrical Review 1900-03-16: Vol 46 Iss 1164. Internet Archive. St. John Patrick Publishers. 1900-03-16. pp. 446–447.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  31. 1 2 The Electrician Vol 28. 1892. pp. 398, 388.
  32. ↑ The Engineer July 5-December 27, 1895: Vol 80. Internet Archive. 1895-12-27. pp. 384–386.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  33. 1 2 "The Electrician". The Electrician. 30: 75, 222. 1892.
  34. ↑ Martin, Thomas Commerford; Bell, Louis; Wetzler, Joseph (1892). The electric motor and its applications. By T.C. Martin and Joseph Wetzler. Gerstein - University of Toronto. New York The W.J. Johnston company. pp. 107–108.
  35. ↑ Fleming, J. A. (John Ambrose) (1916). The principles of electric wave telegraphy and telephony. University of Michigan. London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green and co. p. 12.
  36. ↑ Belrose 1994.
  37. ↑ "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science". www.s2a3.org.za. Retrieved 2026-06-29.
  38. ↑ "The Engineer". The Engineer. 93: 546. 1902. ISSN 0013-7758.
  39. 1 2 Mordey, W. M.; Jenkin, B. M. (January 1902). "Electrical Traction on Railways. (Including Appendixes and Plate)". Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 149 (1902): 40–86. doi:10.1680/imotp.1902.18258.
  40. ↑ "Scientific Notes and News". Science. 16 (413): 876–879. 1902. Bibcode:1902Sci....16..876.. doi:10.1126/science.16.413.876. JSTOR 1629306.
  41. ↑ Mordey, W.M. (1909). "Inaugural address. Some comparisons of the electrical industry in this country and abroad". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 42 (193): 10–22. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1909.0001.
  42. ↑ Mordey, W.M. (1923). "51st Annual General Meeting". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 61: 1146–1147.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mordey, W.M. (1889). "On alternate-current working". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 18 (81): 583–630. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1889.0031.
  44. ↑ Mordey 1889b.
  45. ↑ Mordey, W.M.; Hopkinson, John; Adams, W. Grylls; Cardew, P.; Fleming, J.A.; Kapp, Gisbert; Swinburne, James; Thompson, S.P.; Ayrton, W.E.; Forbes, George; Thompson, William; Raworth, J.S.; Zipernowski; Fricker, G.C. (1889). "Discussion on "On alternate-current working"". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 18 (81): 631–675. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1889.0032. Retrieved 2026-06-10.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Mordey, W.M. (1893). "On testing and working alternators". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 22 (104): 116–132. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1893.0004.
  47. ↑ The Electrician. Vol. XXVII. The Electrician. 1891. p. 298.
  48. ↑ Sloane 1892.
  49. ↑ "The Electrician". The Electrician. 27: 112. 1891.
  50. ↑ Mordey, W.M. (1895). "On Slow Changes in the Magnetic Permeability of Iron". Proceedings of the Royal Society.
  51. ↑ Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). "Electromagnetism" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 226–232.
  52. ↑ Mordey 1889b, p. 641.
  53. ↑ "webber-et-al-1894-continuation-of-discussion-on-on-parallel-working-with-special-reference-to-long-lines.pdf". IET Archive Document (DOI: 10.1049/jiee-1.1894.0016). doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1894.0016.
  54. ↑ "The Electrician". The Electrician. 30: 87. 1892.
  55. ↑ Mordey, W.M. (April 1901). "Capacity in alternate current working". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 30 (149): 366. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1901.0015.
  56. ↑ Mordey, W.M. (1909). "Some tests and uses of condensers". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 43 (198): 619. doi:10.1049/jiee-1.1909.0072. Retrieved 2026-06-05.
  57. ↑ "The principles of electric wave telegraphy". 1910. pp. 6, 8, 12.
  58. ↑ IEC 617-6 : 1983. 1983.
  59. ↑ ""Improvements in Electricity Meters," William Morris Mordey and Guy Carey Fricker, application 10 February 1900".
  60. ↑ ""Improvements in or relating to Alternate Current Traction Systems," William Morris Mordey and Arnold Greaves Hansard, application 4 November 1902".
  61. ↑ ""Improvements in or relating to Electric Ignition Devices," application 26 October 1912, published 29 December 1913".
  62. ↑ ""Improvements in or relating to Electro-magnetic Separation or Concentration of Minerals," application 28 March 1919".
  63. ↑ ""Improvements in or relating to the Electrical Treatment of Mineral and other Material for Separating Different Constituents thereof from one another," priority 21 August 1934, published 10 April 1935".
  64. 1 2 TIMES, Special Cable to THE NEW YORK (1938-07-02). "WILLIAM MORRIS MORDEY; British Engineer Who Developed Electro-Magnetic Machinery". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-06-11.
  65. ↑ "Science Museum Group. Motor Generator Set. 1915-298 Science Museum Group Collection Online. Accessed 12 June 2026".
  66. ↑ "Science Museum Group. Water turbine and generator. Y1986.15 Science Museum Group Collection Online. Accessed 12 June 2026".
  67. ↑ "250-Kilowatt "Mordey-Victoria" Alternator". Scientific American. 1892-04-16. Retrieved 2026-06-15.

Sources

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