Wilh. Wilhelmsen

Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA
TypeAllmennaksjeselskap
OSE: WWI
IndustryShipping
Founded1861 (1861)
HeadquartersLysaker, Norway
Key people
Thomas Wilhelmsen (CEO)
Carl E. Steen (chair)[1]
Number of employees
Ca. 21,000
Websitewww.wilhelmsen.com

Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA (WWH)[2] is a Norwegian multinational maritime group, headquartered in Lysaker, Norway. The group employs more than 21,000 people and has operations in 75 nations.[3] The Wilhelmsen group operates the largest maritime network in the world, with over 2200 locations worldwide.[4]

The WW group was founded on 1 October 1861 in Tønsberg. The company's first vessel was the barque Mathilde in 1886. In 1887 they bought the steamboat Talabot. It was only after they bought Talabot that the company started making profits. Thereafter all their ships have been named starting with the letter "T", often leading to the same name given repeatedly to different ships over time. For example, there have been at least four ships named Talabot ranging from tankers to ro-ro vessels.

Since 1978 the main owners have been the siblings Cecilie Paus and Helen Juell, and their now deceased brothers Wilhelm Wilhelmsen and Finn Wilhelmsen.[5]Their children, the fifth generation of the Wilhelmsen family, are Thomas Wilhelmsen, Olympia Paus, Pontine Paus, Cathrine Løvenskiold Wilhelmsen, Hedvig Juell, Maren Juell, Hannah Wilhelmsen, Monica Wilhelmsen and Julie Wilhelmsen.

History

The Torrens of 1939

In 1861, the company was founded by (Morten) Wilhelm Wilhelmsen in the town of Tønsberg, Norway. During the next two decades, Wilhelmsen's fleet increased with an average of one ship per year and by 1886 Wilhelmsen was Tønsberg's largest shipowner.

In 1886, Wilhelmsen's eldest son, Halfdan Wilhelmsen joined the company and led the acquisition of their first steamship in 1887, the 1,800-ton freighter, Talabot. The steamship was a profitable investment for the Wilhelmsens and they would name all future vessels starting with the letter T.

In 1911 the company established NAAL (The Norwegian Africa and Australia Line).

In November 1995 the company acquired NAL (Norwegian America Line) and its 7 Car Carriers. NAL also owned a 70% stake in NOSAC (Norwegian Specialised Autocarcarriers), already in partnership with Wilh. Wilhelmsen Line, who owned the remaining 30% share. At that time, NAL was facing a cargo volume downturn and an overall profits reduction, that made register lower than expected financial results in 1994-1995. After the NOSAC takeover, Wilhelmsen had a further 20 Car Carrier vessels as well as access to the Korean market, where the company was previously awarded Kia Motors contract to ship cars from South Korea to United States, from 1996 to 1998.[6]

Wilhelmsen family

The company's owners, the Wilhelmsen family, are descended from Wilhelm Zachariassen Holst (ca. 1732–1807), who worked at Vallø saltverk. His great-grandson was shipping magnate (Morten) Wilhelm Wilhelmsen (1839–1910), the founder of Wilh. Wilhelmsen. He was the father of ship-owner Halfdan Wilhelmsen (1864–1923), factory owner Finn Wilhelmsen (1867–1951), ship-owner Wilhelm Wilhelmsen (1872–1955) and businessman Axel Wilhelmsen (1881–1957).[7]

Halfdan Wilhelmsen was the father of Mistress of the Robes Else Werring (1905–89), married to ship-owner Niels Roth Heyerdahl Werring (1897–1990). Wilhelm Wilhelmsen (1872) was the father of ship-owner Tom Wilhelmsen (1911–78), who was the father of the owners of the Wilh. Wilhelmsen company: Morten Wilhelm Wilhelmsen (1937–2020), Cecilie Paus (born 1943) and Helen Juell (born 1947). Cecilie Paus is the mother of fashion designer Pontine Paus and of Olympia Paus, wife of Alexander Nix.[8]

1989 Partnair Crash

In September 1989, Partnair Flight 394 crashed en route to the naming ceremony for a new Wilhelmsen Lines ship in Hamburg. The flight had been chartered by the shipping company. Fifty employees were killed, including the top two levels of management plus the five airline crew.

Restructuring and car-carrier expansion

Ingar Skaug became Wilhelmsen's CEO in 1990.[9] He had previously served as COO of Scandinavian Airlines.[9] Wilhelmsen was struggling to operate at this time.[9] A year after the tragedy, Skaug began implementing organizational changes, particularly with regard to the decision-making process.[10] Wilhelmsen had historically operated with a hierarchical, top-down management style, where leadership dictated tasks and decisions. Skaug reshaped this structure, encouraging employees to take responsibility for initiatives and make their own decisions.[10] Skaug oversaw the relocation of Wilhelmsen's headquarters to Lysaker in 1995, a move which symbolized a new beginning for the company.[11][12]

Over the next decade, Wilhelmsen significantly deepened its roll-on/roll-off partnerships through strategic acquisitions and the formation of key joint ventures. Wilhelmsen acquired the Norwegian America Line in 1995 and assumed full control of its Norwegian Specialized Autocarriers (NOSAC) brand in 1996.[13] The deal established Wilhelmsen as the largest car carrier operator in the world.[14] Together, Wilhelmsen and NOSAC carried about 500,000 vehicles per year for major automotive companies, including Ford, Mercedes, and Volvo.[15]

In 1999, the commercial activities of Wilhelmsen Lines and Wallenius Lines merged to create Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics.[16] This strategic consolidation formed the basis of the current Wallenius Wilhelmsen.[17]

In November 2002, Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics acquired the car carrier division of Hyundai Merchant Marine.[18] This led to the formation of EUKOR Car Carriers, a Korea-based carrier where Wallenius Wilhelmsen group eventually held an 80% share, with Hyundai holding 20%.[19]

During the early hours of 14 December 2002, MV Tricolor was sailing from Zeebrugge, Belgium to Southampton, U.K., with a load of nearly 2,871 brand new BMW, Volvo and SAAB automobiles. She collided in the English Channel with MV Kariba, a 1982 Bahamian-flagged container ship. Kariba continued on, but Tricolor sank and required salvage by wreck-cutting. No casualties occurred.[20]

Tampa affair

In 2001, the Wilhelmsen-operated MV Tampa freighter rescued 438 asylum seekers, primarily from Afghanistan.[21][22] The Howard government refused to grant the ship permission to land on Australian soil.[22] The incident led to a prolonged legal battle and a diplomatic dispute between Australia, Norway, and Indonesia.[23]

The crew of the MV Tampa received international recognition for the rescue effort, most notably the UNHCR's Nansen Refugee Award in 2002.[24] Lloyd's List and The Nautical Institute both honored the ship's captain, Arne Rinnan, as "Captain of the Year".[24]

2010s to present

In 2010, Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA underwent a major restructuring, establishing itself as a new parent company and separating its shipping/logistics operations into a new entity, Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA.[25] Thomas Wilhelmsen became Group CEO for the Wilhelmsen group, leading Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA, and also chair of the new shipping and logistics company, Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA, while Jan-Eyvin Wang became CEO.[25]

In 2012, Wilhelmsen acquired a 35.4% stake in NorSea Group, a Norwegian offshore supply base and logistics company.[26] The move was part of a strategy to increase exposure to the oil and gas energy market, supplementing their existing maritime services.[27] At the time, NorSea was controlled by Eidesvik Eiendomsinvest AS and Simon Møkster Eiendom AS.[28] Wilhelmsen's ownership share increased to 40% in 2014.[26] In 2017, Wilhelmsen became the majority owner with a 72% ownership share.[27] In 2022, Wilhelmsen and its New Energy segment increased the stake in NorSea to 99%.[29]

In 2015, Wilhelmsen Ships Service acquired Timm, a 240-year-old Norwegian rope, cable, and cordage manufacturer.[30]

In 2016, Wilhelmsen and Wallenius announced a merger.[31] The deal included the creation of a new entity, Wallenius Wilhelmsen, that included the companies' jointly owned entities Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics, EUKOR Car Carriers, and American Roll-on Roll-off Carrier.[31] The merger was completed in 2017.[32] That same year, Dag Schjerven retired as president and CEO of Wilhelmsen Maritime Services.[33] As part of a broader reorganization of the group management team, the role of president was restructured into new industrial investment roles.[33]

In 2018, Wilhelmsen launched Raa Labs, a startup focused on digitizing operational vessel data.[34][35] That same year Wilhelmsen and Kongsberg Maritime established a joint venture, Massterly, for managing autonomous shipping vessels.[36]

In 2020, Wilhelmsen Ship Management took a 50% stake in Ahrenkiel Steamship, a subsidiary of Hamburg-based MPC Capital AG.[37] In 2022 that stake increased to 80%, and Ahrenkiel was rebranded as Barber Ship Management, reviving the name of Wilhelmsen's original tanker ship management service.[38]

In September 2020, Wilhelmsen announced the acquisition of a 25% stake in Edda Wind, the Ostensjo Group’s offshore wind company.[39] In March 2021, Wilhelmsen exercised an option to increase its holding to 50% of the company.[40] Following the increased stake, Wilhelmsen and Østensjø announced plans for an IPO to raise capital for fleet expansion.[41] Due to frustration with slow growth rates and operational struggles, in April 2025 Wilhelmsen joined investors John Fredriksen and Idan Ofer to initiate a buyout of Edda Wind.[42] They aimed to take the company private, with their group holding roughly 84.3% of the company at the time of the announcement.[42] In August 2025, Edda Wind was delisted from the stock market.[43]

In October 2022, Wilhelmsen Port Services agreed to acquire 100% of Vopak Agencies and 50% of its digital software company, Diize.[44] The deal was completed in February 2023 and allowed Wilhelmsen to expand its services in Northwest Europe.[45][44]

In 2023, Wilhelmsen Ship Management and Affinity Shipping launched a joint venture, Hecla Emissions Management, to help shipping operators comply with EU ETS and FuelEU Maritime regulations.[46][47] The next year the venture released a platform for trading compliance balances as tokens.[47][48]

In December 2023, Wilhelmsen Ship Management and MPC Capital agreed to acquire Zeaborn Ship Management from Zech Maritime.[49] The deal was completed in 2024, and allowed Wilhelmsen to establish a hub for third-party ship management in Hamburg, Germany.[49] That same year, Wilhelmsen launched a new brand, Navadan, that consolidated its recently acquired tank and hold clearning companies.[50]

A series of Norwegian court decisions in the early 2020s upheld Thomas Wilhelmsen’s control of Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA, the holding company behind the Oslo-listed Wilh Wilhelmsen.[51][52][53][54] The Wilhelmsen family shareholder case concerned disagreements over governance and distribution policies in privately held companies affiliated with the Wilhelmsen group.[55] Several family members sought dissolution or a compulsory buyout of their shares, arguing that the company structure limited their influence and access to value.[56] The courts assessed issues related to ownership rights, corporate structure, and long-term financial management.[53][54] Trials in the district court and later in the court of appeal all resulted in the existing ownership structure remaining intact.[54] Thomas Wilhelmsen has maintained more than half of the share capital and close to two-thirds of the voting rights in Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA, and this position was strengthened by a 2025 capital reduction that lifted his total holding to about 54.6% of shares and 63.8% of votes.[57]

Current operations

Shipping

MV Tortugas at the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2008
MV Tortugas at the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 2008

WW conducts shipping activities and specialises in roll-on roll off cargo, especially for large project and awkward cargoes like train coaches, small aircraft and large industrial machinery. This is aided by the fact that their Ro-ro vessels have large ramps that can support up to 420 tonnes cargo weight at a time. Together with its partners (EUKOR and Wallenius Lines), the group controls some 160 car and roll-on/roll-off carriers operating in a global network of trades. Its customers include manufacturers of cars as well as construction and agricultural machinery. In the car carrier market, they are the third largest carrier tonnage wise after MOL and NYK Line. On an annual basis, WW's shipping companies transport 5 million cars and 12 million cubic metres of high and heavy and non-containerised cargoes.

The group both owns and charters vessels, which are deployed in the fleets operated by subsidiaries Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics, American Roll-on Roll-off Carrier, United European Car Carriers and EUKOR Car Carriers. This last, corresponding to the former Roll-on/roll-off division of Hyundai Merchant Marine, was jointly acquired for an 80% by Wilhelmsen and Wallenius Line in November 2002, once the European Commission officially cleared the purchase and consequent re-branding.[58]

In June 2011, Wilh. Wilhelmsen acquired the MV Tønsberg, first of a class of "Mark V" roro ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; they are the largest roro ships in the world.[59]

Logistics services

In association with maritime transport, WW offers various types of logistics service on land – terminal and technical services, procurement of inland transport and supply chain management for vehicles. In addition to logistical services offered through WWL, the WW group has interests in South Korea's Glovis, Australia's Kaplan and the two US companies American Auto Logistics and American Logistics Network.

Maritime services

Wilhelmsen's maritime service segment includes ships service, ship management, insurance services and other maritime services activities. The group offers services like agencies in many ports. They are one of the world's largest providers of third-party ship management services.[60] The WW group provides full technical management, crewing and related services for all major vessel types, this also includes 50% of NorSea Wind. Furthermore, they sell marine products, marine chemicals, maritime logistics and ships agency. Additionally the group provides marine and non-marine insurance for internal and external clients.

Supply services

The supply services segment includes NorSea Group, WilNor Governmental Services and other supply service activities. The WW group owns ~75,2% of NorSea Group which provides supply bases and logistics to the offshore industry. Moreover, WilNor Governmental Services (WGS) provides military logistics services in Norway and internationally. In 2018, WGS provided host nation support to both Allied and Norwegian forces during the NATO exercise "Trident Juncture 18". In collaboration with the Norwegian Armed Forces, WGS developed a web-based ordering system named HOBS (short for Host Nation Support Order and Billing System). This technological innovation eased the process of ordering before and during as well as billing after the exercise to both participating and hosting nations. Wilhelmsen owns 51% of the company directly, with the remaining 49% owned through NorSea Group.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ https://www.wilhelmsen.com/about-wilhelmsen/governing-elements/board-and-management/board-of-directors/carl-erik-steen/
  2. ↑ "Wilh. Wilhelmsen – restructuring for future growth". wilhelmsen.com. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  3. ↑ Cecilie Paus in Kapital
  4. ↑ "Shaping the Maritime Industry". The Maritime Executive. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  5. ↑ Dagens Næringsliv, 17 September 2009
  6. ↑ "Norwegian American Line - NAL | Marine Money Offshore". Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.
  7. ↑ "Wilhelmsen – Store norske leksikon". snl.no (in Norwegian). 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Mogen, Trym; Mogen, Trym (16 April 2018). "Alexander Nix' norske kone er rederarving og står midt i Facebook-skandalen". Dagbladet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 Drath, Karsten (26 October 2016). Resilient Leadership: Beyond myths and misunderstandings. Routledge. ISBN 1472481151. At this time, the Norwegian Ingar Skaug was COO at the Scandinavian airline SAS and was involved in evaluating the black box of the crashed plane. The Norwegian shipping company was in a state of complete shock when Ingar Skaug was finally offered the position of CEO. [...] When he assumed the position of CEO in 1990 and took over the business affairs from an administrator, who had tried in the meantime to keep things running, he found the company to be in a state of free-fall.
  10. 1 2 John F. McCarthy; David J. O’Connell; Douglas T (Tim) Hall (September 2005). "Leading beyond tragedy: The balance of personal identity and adaptability". Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 26 (6). Emerald Group Publishing: 458–475.
  11. ↑ Drath, Karsten (26 October 2016). Resilient Leadership: Beyond myths and misunderstandings. Routledge. ISBN 1472481151. The company headquarters were also moved to Lysaker, just outside Oslo, in order to geographically underline the new beginning.
  12. ↑ "Wilhelmsen to sell, leaseback Oslo headquarters". FreightWaves. 25 August 2009.
  13. ↑ Porter, Janet (14 June 1997). "Can one size really fit all?; Wilhelmsen working on all-purpose roll-on ship". Journal of Commerce – via Nexis. [T]he company last year acquired full control of Norwegian Specialized Autocarriers, or Nosac, when it bought the outstanding shares in Norwegian American Line from Bergesen, Norway's largest shipping group. The transaction was finalized in April 1996.
  14. ↑ "Direct call strengthens Wilhelmsen position in Far East trade". Journal of Commerce. 24 February 1997 – via Nexis. In November 1995, Wilhelmsen Lines and Norwegian Specialized Autocarriers (NOSAC) merged, thus creating one of the largest and most flexible ro-ro/industrial car carrier fleets in the world.
  15. ↑ "Car carriers demand TLC from ports requests range from secure lots to trained labor". Journal of Commerce. 13 December 1996 – via Nexis. Another major European car carrier is Norwegian Specialized Autocarriers Pool, recently acquired in full by Norway's Wilh. Wilhelmsen Ltd., which is merging the two vehicle carrying operations. Together, Wilhelmsen and Nosac carry about 500,000 vehicles per year, with prime customers including Ford, Mercedes, Volvo, John Deere and Caterpillar.
  16. ↑ "Ro-ro giant is born". Freight News. 1 April 1999. In a move which will create what is believed to be the world's largest supplier of vehicle and ro-ro transportation services, Wallenius Lines of Stockholm and Wilh Wilhelmsen of Oslo last week signed an agreement to establish a joint operating company for the activities of both lines.
  17. ↑ "Wilhelmsen and Wallenius merge to form shipping and logistics platform". Transportation Intelligence. 6 September 2016.
  18. ↑ "WW and OW Acquire HMM's Car Carrier Division". MarineLink. 13 August 2002.
  19. ↑ Dupin, Chris (9 February 2003). "After the Eukor deal". Journal of Commerce.
  20. ↑ Austin, Jim (21 March 2008). "The Tricolor/Kariba/Clary Incident". Professional Mariner.
  21. ↑ "Defining Moments: 'Tampa Affair'". National Museum of Australia. 30 May 2024.
  22. 1 2 Doherty, Ben (21 August 2021). "The Tampa affair, 20 years on: the ship that capsized Australia's refugee policy". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ Kirsti Melville; Anna Kelsey-Sugg (25 August 2021). "The Tampa affair shocked the world. Twenty years on, those involved tell their stories". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  24. 1 2 "Courage Under Pressure: Capt. Arne Rinnan and the "Tampa Affair"". The Maritime Executive. 20 February 2023.
  25. 1 2 "Wilh. Wilhelmsen to float off segments in company restructuring". Heavy Lift & Project Forwarding International. ProMedia Group UK. 15 March 2010.
  26. 1 2 Chambers, Sam (21 September 2017). "Wilhelmsen becomes majority shareholder in NorSea Group". Splash 24/7.
  27. 1 2 "Wilhelmsen acquires majority stake in NorSea Group". Offshore Technology. 21 September 2017.
  28. ↑ "WWH makes offshore move". TradeWinds. 19 June 2012.
  29. ↑ "Wilhelmsen ups NorSea stake to 99%". Riviera News. 6 June 2022.
  30. ↑ Pierce, Andy (25 September 2015). "Wilhelmsen wraps up TIMM deal". TradeWinds.
  31. 1 2 "Wilhelmsen and Wallenius to Merge". The Maritime Executive. 5 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding in Loss after Restructuring". Offshore Energy. 10 August 2017.
  33. 1 2 "Reshaping the Global Management Team in Wilhelmsen". The Maritime Executive. 10 February 2017.
  34. ↑ Liang, Lee Hong (22 November 2018). "Wilhelmsen introduces new digital start-up Raa Labs". SeatradeMartime. Informa UK.
  35. ↑ Lakshmi, Shailaja (25 November 2018). "Wilhelmsen Unveils Raa Labs". MarineLink.
  36. ↑ Coldewey, Devin (6 April 2018). "Massterly aims to be the first full-service autonomous marine shipping company". TechCrunch.
  37. ↑ Mandra, Jasmina Ocvina (21 July 2020). "Wilhelmsen Ship Management takes 50% stake in Ahrenkiel Steamship". Offshore Energy.
  38. ↑ Hand, Marcus (11 January 2022). "Wilhelmsen revives Barber brand with Ahrenkiel Tankers majority stakes". SeatradeMartime. Informa UK.
  39. ↑ Liang, Lee Hong (15 September 2020). "Wilhelmsen makes further inroads into wind market in deal with Ostensjo". Seatrade Maritime.
  40. ↑ Rowles, Grant (9 March 2021). "Wilhelmsen increases stake in Edda Wind to 50 percent". Splash 24/7.
  41. ↑ Dixon, Gary (9 March 2021). "Ostensjo and Wilhelmsen venture Edda Wind prepares for Oslo IPO". TradeWinds.
  42. 1 2 Meade, Richard (29 April 2025). "Fredriksen, Ofer, Wilhelmsen set to take Edda Wind private". Lloyd's List.
  43. ↑ Peters, Edward (5 January 2025). "Norwegian vessel company delisted from stock market after low returns". TGS.
  44. 1 2 Howard, Gary (13 October 2022). "Wilhelmsen Port Services to acquire Vopak Agencies". Seatrade Maritime.
  45. ↑ "Wilhelmsen Completes Vopak Agencies Acquisition". MarineLink. 22 February 2023.
  46. ↑ "Wilhelmsen Ship Management & Affinity Shipping Launch Emissions Report". Maritime Executive. 7 February 2023.
  47. 1 2 O'Dwyer, Rob (27 September 2024). "Hecla Emissions Management introduces FuelEU blockchain trading platform". Smart Maritime Network.
  48. ↑ "Hecla: World's first ever tokenised FuelEU compliance deficit/surplus trade by month-end". Manifold Times. 4 April 2025.
  49. 1 2 "Wilhelmsen and MPC Capital acquire ship manager Zeaborn". Container News. 21 December 2023.
  50. ↑ Howard, Gary (5 September 2024). "Wilhelmsen combines tank cleaning offering under Navadan brand". Seatrade Maritime News.
  51. ↑ Chambers, Sam (18 November 2020). "Thomas Wilhelmsen battles for control of family empire". Splash 24/7.
  52. ↑ Rust, Bob; Lillestolen, Trond (9 August 2021). "Business as usual after latest round in Wilhelmsen family feud". TradeWinds.
  53. 1 2 Valeur, Idha Toft (10 August 2021). "Wilhelmsen family member's demand for investigation gets denied by court". ShippingWatch.
  54. 1 2 3 Fredrick Chr. Ekeseth (12 April 2025). "Thomas Wilhelmsen vant bitter strid om milliardverdier". E24.
  55. ↑ Berglund, Nina (24 February 2020). "Shipowner dies amid family feud". NewsInEnglish.no.
  56. ↑ Pico, Søren (18 September 2020). "Wilhelmsen heirs offer to buy out CEO and family". ShippingWatch.
  57. ↑ "Wilh. Wilhelmsen Holding ASA: Changes in ownership due to reduction of share capital". Finansavisen. 29 August 2025.
  58. ↑ "Wallenius Lines and Wilh. Wilhelmsen acquire Hyundai Merchant Marine's car carrier division for US$1.3 billion".
  59. ↑ "Wilhelmsen new ro-ro is biggest ever". The Motorship. 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  60. ↑ Careers at Wilhelmsen

Bibliography

  • Bakka, Dag (1995). Speed & Service: Wilhelmsens's First Century in Australia. Sydney: Maritime Heritage Press. ISBN 1876059001.
  • Bland, A L; Crowdy, Michael; Syse, J P (1961). Wilh. Wilhelmsen, 1861-1961: the firm and the fleet. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. OCLC 12565838.
  • Kolltveit, Bård; Crowdy, Michael; Bangsmoen, Hans Christian; Kjaervik, Per H (1994). Wilh. Wilhelmsen, 1861-1994. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0905617738.
  • Kolltveit, Bård; Bangsmoen, Hans Christian (2011). Wilh. Wilhelmsen 150 years: 1861-2011: History and Stories. Lysaker, Norway: Dinamo Forlag/Wilh. Wilhelmsen. ISBN 9788280712431.
  • Syse, J.P.; Howells, Astri; Crowdy, Michael (1978). Wilh. Wilhelmsen, 1861-1977: a brief history: a fleet list. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. ISBN 0905617053.
  • Wilh. Wilhelmsen, 1861-1961: A Short History of 100 Years' Activity. Oslo: Wilh. Wilhelmsen. 1961. OCLC 2622667.
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