Western Mansi

Western Mansi
маньсь льӓх, моаньсь лаатых
Pronunciation[manʲsʲ lʲæx], [moɒ̯nʲsʲ laːtəx]
Native toRussia
RegionSverdlovsk
Extinctlate 20th century
Uralic
Dialects
  • Pelym
  • North Vagilsk
  • South Vagilsk
  • Lower Lozva
  • Middle Lozva
  • Vishera
  • ? Sosva
  • ? Tura
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologwest2976
ELPWestern Mansi
Distribution ca. 1900 and current Mansi settlements[1][2]
Western Mansi is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Western Mansi is an Uralic language that was described as "probably extinct" in 1988.[3] Although the last speaker is not known, none existed by the end of the 20th century.[4]

The language had strong Russian and Komi influences and considerable dialect differences.[5]

Varieties

Western Mansi was noted to be fractured in numerous divergent dialects, most of which were only poorly documented. The earliest linguistic descriptions were based on fieldwork by Antal Reguly in the 1840s and August Ahlqvist in the 1850s. Two varieties were studied by Bernát Munkácsi in 1888 to 1889 and eight varieties, divided in five dialects, were distinguished by Artturi Kannisto, who studied the Mansi from 1901 to 1906.

  • The Pelym dialect is the best-known, studied by Ahlqvist, Munkácsi and Kannisto. Descriptions based on their materials have been given also by Honti[3] and Eichinger[6].
  • The Middle Lozva dialect was recorded by Reguly and Munkaćsi. By Kannisto's time, only one speaker remained.
  • The Upper Lozva dialect, recorded by Kannisto.
  • The North Vagilsk dialect, recorded by Kannisto, was by spoken in three villages, each with their own slight differences.
  • The South Vagilsk dialect, recorded by Kannisto.

Several early wordlists were collected from multiple additional locations in the 18th century. These dialects' precise relationship to the better-known Western Mansi varieties remains unknown.

Phonology

Consonants

Western Mansi consonants[6]
Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal		 Velar
plain palatalized plain labialized
Nasals /m/ /n/ /nʲ/ /ŋ/ †
Stops /p/ /t/ /tʲ/ /k/ /kʷ/
Fricatives voiceless /s/ /sʲ/ /ʃ/ /x/ †
voiced (β) /ɣ/
Semivowels /j/ /w/
Laterals /l/ /lʲ/
Trill /r/
  • /w/ could also be pronounced as [β].

†: [ŋʷ] and [xʷ] have been attested, but it is unclear if they were phonemic: they generally occur in labial vowel environment and show variation with [ŋ] and [x].[9]

Vowels

Western Mansi vowels[6]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i, iː y, yː ɨ u, uː
Close-mid e, eː ɘ, ɘː o, oː
Open-mid ɔ, ɔː ML
Open æ, æː ɑ, ɑː

(PM=Present only in Pelym Mansi | ML=Present only in Middle Lozva Mansi)

Diphthongs

Diphthongs were listed as /oɒ̯/ and /eæ̯/.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6) e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
  2. ↑ Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188
  3. 1 2 Honti, László (1988). "Die obugrischen sprachen. I. Die wogulische Sprache". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences. Brill. pp. 147–171. doi:10.1163/9789004492493_011. ISBN 978-90-04-49249-3.
  4. ↑ Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment, and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 101-102. ISBN 978-1-138-65084-8.
  5. ↑ Kálmán, Béla (1965). Vogul Chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 46. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 4–5.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Eichinger, Viktoria (2017). Westmansisch anhand der Textsammlungen von Munkácsi und Kannisto. Universität Wien.
  7. ↑ Kannisto, Artturi (1918). "Ein Wörterverzeichnis eines ausgestorbenen wogulischen Dialektes in den Papieren M. A. Castréns". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja (30/8).
  8. ↑ Dictionary of Ust'-Uls dialect of Mansi language (Cyrillic), collected by major Karpin and complied by M.A.Castren in XVIII cent.
  9. ↑ Eichinger 2017, pp. 45–55.
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