Treaty of Windsor (1386)

Treaty of Windsor
Treaty of peace, friendship and confederation between John I of Portugal and Richard II, King of England
The Treaty of Windsor in the Portuguese National Archives
Drafted9 May 1386
Signed24 February 1387
LocationWestminster
Negotiators
Signatories
Ratifiers
DepositaryPortuguese National Archives
LanguageLatin
Full text
Treaty of Windsor (1386) at Wikisource
The Treaty in the National Archives, United Kingdom

The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of England on 24 February 1387 in Windsor, Berkshire, and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.[1][2] With the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota, assisted by English archers, John I was recognised as the undisputed King of Portugal, putting an end to the interregnum of the 1383–1385 Crisis.[2] The Treaty of Windsor established a pact of mutual support.[2]

Copies are preserved at the Torre do Tombo National Archive in Lisbon and The National Archives in London.[3][4]

Winston Churchill, speaking in the House of Commons in 1943, described the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance as "an alliance without parallel in world history."[5] The historian Matthew Winslett says, "This treaty has been the cornerstone of both nations' relations with each other ever since."[6] Still in effect today, it is the longest-lasting diplomatic treaty in recorded history.[7]


Background

The agreement followed the 1383-1385 Portuguese interregnum after King Ferdinand I died without leaving a male successor to the throne and only Princess Beatrice left from his marriage to Leonor Telles de Menezes.[8] After the death, there were two candidates for succession to the throne.

[9]

After the battle of Aljubarrota, John I got crowned. [9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Disney, A. (June 2009). A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–192. ISBN 9780521843188. Retrieved 24 June 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 Livermore, H.V (1947). A History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  3. ↑ Trowbridge, Ben (9 May 2016). "History's Unparalleled Alliance: the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Windsor, 9th May 1386". history.blog.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  4. ↑ "Tratado de paz, amizade e confederação entre D. João I e Eduardo II, rei de Inglaterra, denominado Tratado de Windsor" (9 May 1386) [textual record]. Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo, ID: PT/TT/GAV/18/3/25. Direção-Geral do Livro, dos Arquivos e das Bibliotecas (DGLAB). Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  5. ↑ "Portuguese Treaty". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commons. 12 October 1943. col. 170. Retrieved 12 September 2025.
  6. ↑ Winslett, Matthew (August 2008). The Nadir of Alliance: The British Ultimatum of 1890 and Its Place in Anglo-Portuguese Relations, 1147–1945 (PDF) (MA). Supervising Professor: Douglas Richmond. The University of Texas at Arlington. p. 14. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2021. This treaty has been the cornerstone of both nations' relations with each other ever since. This is particularly true in regards to the Portuguese. The various treaties that follow it build upon the promises made at Windsor and never abrogate its terms, especially in the case of guarantees of territorial defense and military aid.
  7. ↑ BBC History Revealed magazine; May 2023 issue; p. 15
  8. ↑ Oliveira Marques, A. H., História de Portugal
  9. 1 2 do Amaral, Ilido. "The house of Aviz 1383-1580". Britannica. Brittanica. Retrieved 24 June 2026.

Bibliography

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