Tiki Formation

Tiki Formation
Stratigraphic range:
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofGondwana Group
Sub-unitsLower & Upper members
UnderliesUnconformity with the Parsora Formation
OverliesKarki Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherClaystone, sandstone
Location
Coordinates23°54′N 81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E / 23.9; 81.4
Approximate paleocoordinates42°36′S 51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E / -42.6; 51.1
RegionMadhya Pradesh
CountryIndia
Type section
Named forTiki village
Tiki Formation is located in India
Tiki Formation
Tiki Formation (India)
Tiki Formation is located in Madhya Pradesh
Tiki Formation
Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh)

The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.[2]

The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Herrerasauridae[3][4] indeterminate Numerous small partial and complete vertebrae and partial limb bones. An indeterminate herrerasaurid, closely related to Gnathovorax.
Sauropodomorpha[3] indeterminate Two semi articulated sarcal Vertebrae and a astragalus. An indeterminate sauropodomorph, closely related to Buriolestes and Eoraptor.
Theropoda[3] indeterminate Five teeth and phalanax. An indeterminate theropod.
Ornithischia[5][6] indeterminate Teeth. An indeterminate putative ornithischia.

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Tikisuchus[7] T. romeri Partial skull and skeleton of a young individual. A putative rauisuchid.
Desmatosuchinae[8] indeterminate Osteoderms An indeterminate aetosaur.
Pseudosuchia[9] indeterminate An indeterminate pseudosuchian.

Non-archosaur Reptiles

Non-archosaur Reptiles of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Colossosuchus[10] C. techniensis Numerous skulls and post cranial material from several individuals. A large sized phytosaur.
Volcanosuchus[11] V. statisticae A skull. A Phytosaur.
Parasuchus[7][6] P. hislopi Skull. A Phytosaur.
Phytosauria[5][12][13] indeterminate Atleast 52 specimens. Indeterminate phytosaurs.
Clevosaurus[14] C. nicholsi Jaw fragments. A clevosaurid rhynchocephalian.
Sphenodontia[15][5][6] indeterminate Indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
Hyperodapedon[16][6] H. huxleyi Rare maxillary tooth plate. A large sized hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
H. tikiensis Various cranial and postcranial elements. A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
Azendohsaurus[15] A. sp. Teeth An azendohsaurid allokotosaur.
Protecovasaurus[17] P. sp. Teeth An indeterminate diapsid.
Galtonia[17] G. sp. Teeth An indeterminate diapsid.

Synapsids

Cynodont

Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Gondwanadon[18][19] G. tapani A single molar A morganucodont
Inditherium[20] I. floris[20] Three postcanine teeth A dromatheriid
Rewaconodon[18] R. indicus[20] A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth A dromatheriid
R. tikiensis[6]
Ruberodon[18][21] R. roychowdhurii Five partial jaws A traversodontid
Tikiodon[18] T. cromptoni A single postcanine tooth A mammaliamorph
Tikitherium[18][22] T. copei A single postcanine tooth A mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.[23]
Cynodontia indet.

Amphibians

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Compsocerops[24] C. tikiensis A chigutisaurid temnospondyl
Metoposaurus[7] M. sp. A metoposaurid temnospondyl
Panthasaurus P. maleriensis A metoposaurid temnospondyl
Metoposauridae[13] indeterminate Atleast 655 specimens An indeterminate metoposaurid.

Other Amphibians

Other Amphibians of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Eodiscoglossus[6] E. sp An incomplete jaw A discoglossid frog

Actinopterygiis

Actinopterygiis of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Gnathorhiza G. sp.[25] Teeth. A gnathorhizid lungfish.
Ptychoceratodus P. oldhami[25] Teeth. A ptychoceratodontid lungfish.
Actinopterygii[6] indeterminate An indeterminate actinopterygii.
Coelacanthidae[6] indeterminate An indeterminate coelacanthid.

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Cladodus[6] C. sp. Teeth. A ctenacanth.
Lonchidion L. estesi A hybodont.
L. encumbens A hybodont.
Mooreodontus[15] M. indicus[26] Teeth. A xenacanthid.
M. jaini[26] Teeth.
Pristrisodus[27] P. tikiensis[27] Teeth. A hybodont, formerly known as Parvodus tikiensis and Lissodus duffini.[6]
Tikiodontus[26] T. asymmetricus[26] Teeth. A xenacanthid.

Flora

Flora of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Pagiophyllum[28] P. bosei A Pinid.
Yabeiella[28] Y. indica A Cycadeoid.
Lepidopteris[28] L. stormbergensis A Peltaspermaceae.
Desmiophyllum[28] D. singhii A Coniferales.
Elatocladus[28] E. raoi A Coniferales.
E. sp.
E. denticulatus
Dicroidium[28] D. coriaceum A Corystospermales.
D. giarensis
D. zuberi
D. cf. odontopteroides
D. sp.
Xylopteris[28] X. sp. A Corystospermales.
Sphenobaiera[28] S. janarensis A Ginkgoales.
Baiera[28] B. sp. A Ginkgoales.
Thinnfeldia[28] T. hughesi A Pteridosperm.
Baieroxylon[29] B. cicatricum A Ginkgoales.

Correlations

The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
  2. ↑ Chatterjee, 1978
  3. 1 2 3 Sen, S.; Bagchi, S.; Ray, S. (2025). "Biogeographical network analysis of the Late Triassic dinosaurs and new insights on their geodispersal routes". Gondwana Research. 144: 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2025.04.007.
  4. ↑ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Safi; Mukherjee, Debarati; Datta, P. M. (2016-12-31). "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 65 ((1-2)): 47–59. doi:10.54991/jop.2016.298. ISSN 2583-4266.
  5. 1 2 3 Datta et al., 2005
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kumar & Sharma, 2019
  7. 1 2 3 Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
  8. ↑ Haldar, A.; Ray, S. (2025). "First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy". Journal of Anatomy. doi:10.1111/joa.14255. PMID 40205778.
  9. ↑ Huene, 1940
  10. ↑ Datta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (1). e1476. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. S2CID 257103850.
  11. ↑ Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 675–708. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 213698017.
  12. ↑ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
  13. 1 2 Rakshit, N. & Ray, S. (2020). "Mortality dynamics and fossilisation pathways of a new metoposaurid-dominated multitaxic bonebed from India: a window into the Late Triassic vertebrate palaeoecosystem". Historical Biology
  14. ↑ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2023-01-02). "A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. ISSN 0272-4634.
  15. 1 2 3 Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023). "Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography". Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 89 (2): 325–346. Bibcode:2023INSAP..89..325S. doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. ISSN 0370-0046. Retrieved 27 December 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
  16. ↑ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger (ed.). "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny". Palaeontology. 57 (6): 1241–1276. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN 0031-0239.
  17. 1 2 Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, P. M. (2021-02-01). "First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications". Historical Biology. 33 (2): 237–253. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..237R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. ISSN 0891-2963.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. S2CID 228836405.
  19. ↑ Datta & Das, 1996
  20. 1 2 3 Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.
  21. ↑ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3) e930472. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. S2CID 86368800.
  22. ↑ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2.
  23. ↑ Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN 1064-7554.
  24. ↑ Chakravorti, Sanjukta; Sengupta, Dhurjati Prasad (2023-03-06). "The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India". PeerJ. 11 e14865. doi:10.7717/peerj.14865. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9997194.
  25. 1 2 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra (2020-03-15). "A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India". Historical Biology. 32 (3): 428–437. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..428B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. ISSN 0891-2963.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India". Geobios. 51 (4): 269–283. Bibcode:2018Geobi..51..269B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004.
  27. 1 2 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2018). "A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 221–239. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..221B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.63. ISSN 0022-3360.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pal, P.K. (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". The Palaeobotanist 32(3):253-309.
  29. ↑ Chandra, S. & Tewari, R. (1991). "A Catalogue of Fossil Plants from India Part 2: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Megafossils". 1-81

Bibliography

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