The Friend of China
| The Friend of China | |||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 華友西報 | ||||||||||||
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The Friend of China was an English-language newspaper in early British Hong Kong and later in China, first published on 17 March 1842.
History
Named after the well-known The Friend of India,[1]: 50 The Friend of China was founded as a publication published every Thursday by James White and Reverend John L. Shuck.[2]: 36 [3]: 37 White had invited Shuck to join the newspaper as a joint editor responsible for production, to allow The Friend of China to be used for Christian mission.[1]: 149 It was first owned by Hong Kong merchant Richard Oswald.[1]: 49
Published on 17 March 1842 in Macao, the first issue was a long editorial appealing for financial support and declaring the newspaper's support for opening China to free trade and opposition to opium trade.[2]: 36 The second issue on 24 March 1842 was published in Hong Kong as The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette[1]: 50 following a merger with the Hong Kong government gazette, the Hongkong Gazette.[3]: 36–37 [4]: 23
Shuck was likely to have left the newspaper in 1843, and Oswald probably sold it to John Carr some time between 1843 and 1847, when Oswald left Hong Kong. Carr replaced White and Shuck as editor in 1843.[1]: 49 It reverted to its old name in 1844.[3]: 37
In 1845, Carr was charged with libel against Rear-Admiral Thomas John Cochrane for publishing an article on 13 July 1844 stating that Cochrane acted "arbitrarily, haughily and unjustly" for paying a schooner an inadequate $100 for servicing HMS Wolf. The jury found Carr not guilty. Some in the community, who disapproved how Cochrane acted and support for him by the Hong Kong government, had reimbursed Carr's costs.[5]: 83
In June 1850, William Tarrant purchased the newspaper and became its editor.[5]: 280 As a clerk in the Surveyor General's Department, Tarrant accused the comprador of Colonial Secretary William Caine for extortion. After an internal investigation found his accusations to be groundless, Tarrant was suspended from his post and charged by Caine with conspiracy to damage his reputation. Although the prosectution was ultimately dropped, Acting Governor John Francis Davis removed Tarrant's office, making it impossible for him to be reinstated. He sent letters to the British government calling for his old post and compensation, but they were unsuccessful; he also found account books that directly implicated Caine in the extortion.[6] Under the Tarrant's ownership, The Friend of China adopted a generally antagonistic stance towards the colonial government, especially Caine, and spoke for the interests of the local European merchant community.[4]: 23 [6]
In 1858, to prepare for his retirement in England, Tarrant began searching for a buyer for the The Friend of China but found none.[1]: 155
In The Friend of China, Tarrant used the inquiry into the Caldwell affair to criticise Caine and Acting Colonial Secretary William Thomas Bridges. In November 1858, for accusing Bridges of destroying evidence in the inquiry, Tarrant was again charged with libel but was later acquitted. Later in an article published on 24 August 1859 in The Overland Friend of China—a sister publication for consumption in England[7]—he accused Caine of corruption and persecuting him. Before retiring and on the eve of leaving Hong Kong, Tarrant was charged with libel.[6]: 317–319 [5]: 609 Hearing began on 17 September, with Bridges representing the government and Tarrant defending himself. On 21 September, the jury found Tarrant guilty and said he did not connect Caine with any alleged corruption "in even the remotest degree".[5]: 613 Tarrant sentenced to imprisonment of 12 months, fined £50,[5]: 614 and had to pay Bridges the costs of the prosecution.[6] His property was also seized, stopping the operation of The Friend of China.[6]
After his release from prison, Tarrant moved The Friend of China to Canton, where it was published from 13 October 1860 to 28 December 1861. The newspaper was moved again, to Shanghai, from January 1863 to 1869.[1]: 155 After the relocation from Hong Kong, the newspaper was less critical than before. Tarrant sold it in 1869 and returned to Britain in 1870.[3]: 41
Editorial position
In its first issue, The Friend of China said it supported Administrator Henry Pottinger, and "direct action" to open up China for free trade. On opium trade, it was "deeply deplore[d]" by the opium addiction in China but also criticised the Chinese government for lackluster action to stop opium from being cultivated, sold or used.[1]: 50
After Carr became editor in 1843, The Friend of China opposed the policies of Pottinger's successor, Governor John Francis Davis.
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Clarke, Prescott (1965). King, Frank H. H. (ed.). A research guide to China-coast newspapers, 1822–1911. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University.
- 1 2 French, Paul (2009). Through the Looking Glass: China's Foreign Journalists from Opium Wars to Mao. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622099821 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 3 4 Chow, Kai Wing (2017). Xianggang baokan yu dazhong chuanbo 香港報刊與大眾傳播 [Hong Kong newspapers and mass communication] (in Traditional Chinese) (1st ed.). Hong Kong: Cosmos Books. ISBN 9789888258208.
- 1 2 Sweeting, Anthony (1 May 1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622092587. Retrieved 6 March 2015 – via Google Books.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Norton-Kyshe, James William (1898). The History of the Laws and Courts of Hongkong, tracing consular jurisdiction in China and Japan and including parliamentary debates, and the rise, Progress, and successive changes in the various public institutions of the Colony from the earliest period to the present time. Vol. 1. London: T. Fisher Unwin – via Google Books.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Munn, Christopher (2013). Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841-1880. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-700-71298-4.
- ↑ Lutz, Jessie G. (2008). Opening China: Karl F.A. Gützlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827–1852. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans. p. 345. ISBN 9780802831804.