Stutzerimonas stutzeri

Stutzerimonas stutzeri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Pseudomonadaceae
Genus: Stutzerimonas
Species:
S. stutzeri
Binomial name
Stutzerimonas stutzeri
(Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Lalucat et al. 2022[1]
Type strain
ATCC 17588; CCUG 11256; CECT 930; CFBP 2443; CIP 103022; DSM 5190; JCM 5965; LMG 11199; NBRC 14165; NCTC 12262; VKM B-975
Synonyms[1]
  • Pseudomonas stutzeri (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Sijderius 1946 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • "Bacterium stutzeri" Lehmann and Neumann 1896

Stutzerimonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and motile bacterium in the family Pseudomonadaceae. It is widely distributed in soil, freshwater, marine environments, wastewater, and in association with plants.[2] Strains exhibit considerable physiological and genomic diversity and include denitrifying, nitrogen-fixing, and pollutant-degrading bacteria.[2] The species is also a rare opportunistic pathogen of humans.[3]

The species was formerly classified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. It was transferred to the newly established genus Stutzerimonas in 2022 and is the type species of that genus.[4][1]

Taxonomy

Stutzerimonas stutzeri was classified in Pseudomonas for much of the twentieth century. Genome-based analyses showed that the former P. stutzeri evolutionary group formed a lineage distinct from Pseudomonas sensu stricto, resulting in the establishment of Stutzerimonas and the new combination Stutzerimonas stutzeri in 2022.[4] The combination was subsequently validly published under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.[1]

The species historically encompassed numerous genomic groups known as genomovars. A 2022 core-genome analysis of 200 strains identified 45 phylogenomic species within Stutzerimonas, including 16 named species, and documented 22 genomovars associated with the former P. stutzeri group.[5] That analysis treated Stutzerimonas stutzeri, Stutzerimonas perfectomarina, and Stutzerimonas chloritidismutans as distinct species; the latter two are therefore not included as synonyms in the taxobox.[5]

Discovery

The organism was described by Burri and Stutzer in 1895 as Bacillus denitrificans II.[6] The name "Bacterium stutzeri" was introduced in 1896, and the organism was later classified as Pseudomonas stutzeri.[1] Van Iterson developed a selective enrichment culture for the organism in 1902; the method was later described by van Niel and Allen.[7] The enrichment medium contained nitrate and tartrate and was incubated anaerobically.[7]

Characterization

Stutzerimonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium that is typically 1–3 micrometres long and 0.5–0.8 micrometres wide.[7] It tests positive for both the catalase and oxidase tests.[8][9] S. stutzeri grows optimally at approximately 35 °C, although growth has been reported from 4 to 44 °C.[2][9] Growth rates vary among strains and culture media.[10] Strains generally prefer a neutral pH and tolerate moderate concentrations of sodium chloride.[7][11] Cells possess a polar flagellum and type IV pili, which contribute to motility and natural transformation, respectively.[7][12]

Nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated in some strains of S. stutzeri.[13] The genome of strain DSM 4166 contains genes involved in nitrogen fixation and denitrification.[13] Other strains can reduce metals or degrade hydrocarbons.[14] The species does not produce the fluorescent pigments characteristic of some species of Pseudomonas.[2]

Growth conditions

S. stutzeri strains can use a range of electron donors and electron acceptors. Reported organic substrates include glucose, lactate, acetate, succinate, pyruvate, sucrose, and fumarate.[14] Oxygen is used during aerobic respiration, whereas nitrate and other nitrogen oxides can serve as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration.[9][2] Colony morphology varies with the culture medium.[7]

Colony characteristics

On solid media, colonies are generally dry, rigid, and cohesive, with raised edges and a depressed centre that can give them a crater-like appearance.[7] Colonies are usually brown, although pigmentation and morphology vary with the growth medium.[7][9]

Metabolism

S. stutzeri is a facultative anaerobe with a respiratory metabolism. It uses oxygen aerobically and can use nitrate, nitrite or nitrous oxide under anaerobic conditions.[2] The species has been extensively used in studies of denitrification.[15]

Thiosulfate oxidation

Some strains oxidize thiosulfate to tetrathionate. Seven strains were shown to perform this reaction anaerobically using nitrite, nitrate or nitrous oxide as electron acceptors.[16] The reaction does not provide sufficient energy for autotrophic growth, and the strains remain obligate heterotrophs.[16]

Phosphite and hypophosphite oxidation

Strain WM88 oxidizes reduced phosphorus compounds, including phosphite and hypophosphite, to phosphate and can use either compound as its sole phosphorus source.[17] Under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as the electron acceptor, phosphite oxidation continues, whereas hypophosphite oxidation does not.[17]

Hydrocarbon degradation

Aliphatic hydrocarbon degradation

A strain now assigned to S. stutzeri was among the first bacteria reported to degrade alkanes.[18] Strain KC, isolated from an aquifer, transforms carbon tetrachloride into carbon dioxide, formate, and other products and has been studied for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater.[2]

Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation

Strain P16, isolated from creosote-contaminated soil, degrades several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[19] It can use phenanthrene, fluorene, naphthalene, and methylnaphthalenes as carbon and energy sources.[20]

Genomics

Early DNA–DNA hybridization and rRNA studies demonstrated substantial genomic diversity among strains then classified as Pseudomonas stutzeri.[21] Genomovars were used to distinguish genomic groups that were phenotypically difficult to separate.[2] Genome-based taxonomy subsequently divided the broader lineage into multiple species of Stutzerimonas.[5]

Reported genomes have a G+C content of approximately 60–66 mol%.[13][2] Strain DSM 4166 has a 4.69-Mb circular chromosome with a G+C content of 61.74%, 59 tRNA genes, and four rRNA operons.[13] Strain RCH2 has a 4.6-Mb chromosome and three plasmids; genome comparisons identified strain-specific genes associated with functions including chemotaxis and pilus formation.[14]

A 2020 analysis conducted before the establishment of Stutzerimonas placed 19 genomes in the broader P. stutzeri evolutionary group. These genomes encoded 3,342–4,524 proteins, of which 2,080 were shared across the group.[22]

Ecology

Stutzerimonas stutzeri has been isolated from soil, freshwater, wastewater, marine water and sediments, contaminated sites, and plant-associated environments.[2] Marine strains have been recovered from surface waters, coastal sediments, hydrothermal-vent environments, and deep-ocean samples. Reported activities include denitrification, nitrogen fixation, sulfur oxidation, and hydrocarbon degradation.[2]

Nitrogen-fixing strains occur in the rhizosphere and in association with plants, including rice.[23][24]

Relevance

Health

Stutzerimonas stutzeri is an uncommon opportunistic human pathogen. Reported infections include bacteremia, peritonitis, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis, and infections of bone, skin, the eye, and the urinary tract.[2][3] Infection is frequently associated with underlying illness, surgery, or indwelling medical devices.[3] One of the earliest documented infections involved an infected tibial fracture.[25]

Clinical isolates vary in antimicrobial susceptibility. Reported resistance mechanisms include β-lactamases and changes in outer-membrane components; fluoroquinolone resistance associated with mutations in gyrA and parC has also been described.[26][27]

Environmental

Some strains degrade organic pollutants or transform metals. Strain RCH2 reduces hexavalent chromium, whereas strain KC transforms carbon tetrachloride.[14][2] Nitrogen-fixing strain A15 colonizes rice roots and has been studied for its interaction with the plant.[24]

Microbiological

Several strains are competent for natural genetic transformation. Transformation is generally more frequent within a strain than between different strains or genomovars.[28] The complete genome sequence of the highly transformable strain 28a24 has been reported.[29]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Species: Stutzerimonas stutzeri". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Leibniz Institute DSMZ. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lalucat J, Bennasar A, Bosch R, García-Valdés E, Palleroni NJ (June 2006). "Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 70 (2): 510–547. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00047-05. PMC 1489536. PMID 16760312.
  3. 1 2 3 Park SW, Back JH, Lee SW, Song JH, Shin CH, Kim GE, Kim MJ (June 2013). "Successful antibiotic treatment of Pseudomonas stutzeri-induced peritonitis without peritoneal dialysis catheter removal in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis". Kidney Research and Clinical Practice. 32 (2): 81–83. doi:10.1016/j.krcp.2013.04.004. PMC 4713909. PMID 26877919.
  4. 1 2 Lalucat, Jorge; Gomila, Margarita; Mulet, Magdalena; Zaruma, Anderson; García-Valdés, Elena (2022). "Past, present and future of the boundaries of the Pseudomonas genus: proposal of Stutzerimonas gen. nov". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 45 (1) 126289. Bibcode:2022SyApM..4526289L. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126289. PMID 34920232.
  5. 1 2 3 Gomila, Margarita; Mulet, Magdalena; García-Valdés, Elena; Lalucat, Jorge (2022). "Genome-based taxonomy of the genus Stutzerimonas and proposal of S. frequens sp. nov. and S. degradans sp. nov. and emended descriptions of S. perfectomarina and S. chloritidismutans". Microorganisms. 10 (7) 1363. Bibcode:2022Miorg..10.1363G. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071363. PMC 9320692. PMID 35889082.
  6. ↑ Burri R, Stutzer A (1895). "Ueber Nitrat zerstörende Bakterien und den durch dieselben bedingten Stickstoffverlust". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Abteilung II. 1: 257–265, 350–364, 392–398, 422–432.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Van Niel CB, Allen MB (1952). "A note on Pseudomonas stutzeri". Journal of Bacteriology. 64 (3): 413–422. doi:10.1128/jb.64.3.413-422.1952. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 169368. PMID 12980914.
  8. ↑ Lapage SP, Hill LR, Reeve JD (November 1968). "Pseudomonas stutzeri in pathological material". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1099/00222615-1-2-195. PMID 5747915.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Stanier RY, Palleroni NJ, Doudoroff M (May 1966). "The aerobic pseudomonads: a taxonomic study". Journal of General Microbiology. 43 (2): 159–271. doi:10.1099/00221287-43-2-159. PMID 5963505.
  10. ↑ Sommer M, Xie H, Michel H (September 2017). "Pseudomonas stutzeri as an alternative host for membrane proteins". Microbial Cell Factories. 16 (1) 157. doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0771-0. PMC 5607611. PMID 28931397.
  11. ↑ Seip B, Galinski EA, Kurz M (February 2011). "Natural and engineered hydroxyectoine production based on the Pseudomonas stutzeri ectABCD-ask gene cluster". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (4): 1368–1374. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.1368S. doi:10.1128/AEM.02124-10. PMC 3067233. PMID 21169432.
  12. ↑ Graupner S, Wackernagel W (April 2001). "Pseudomonas stutzeri has two closely related pilA genes (Type IV pilus structural protein) with opposite influences on natural genetic transformation". Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (7): 2359–2366. Bibcode:2001JBact.183.2359G. doi:10.1128/JB.183.7.2359-2366.2001. PMC 95145. PMID 11244078.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Yu H, Yuan M, Lu W, Yang J, Dai S, Li Q, et al. (July 2011). "Complete genome sequence of the nitrogen-fixing and rhizosphere-associated bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri strain DSM4166". Journal of Bacteriology. 193 (13): 3422–3423. Bibcode:2011JBact.193.3422Y. doi:10.1128/jb.05039-11. PMC 3133286. PMID 21515765.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Chakraborty R, Woo H, Dehal P, Walker R, Zemla M, Auer M, et al. (2017). "Pseudomonas stutzeri strain RCH2 isolated from a hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-contaminated site". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 12 (1) 23. doi:10.1186/s40793-017-0233-7. PMC 5299692. PMID 28194258.
  15. ↑ Zumft WG (1997). "Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 61 (4): 533–616. Bibcode:1997MMBR...61..533Z. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.4.533-616.1997. PMC 232623. PMID 9409151.
  16. 1 2 Sorokin DY, Teske A, Robertson LA, Kuenen JG (October 1999). "Anaerobic oxidation of thiosulfate to tetrathionate by obligately heterotrophic bacteria, belonging to the Pseudomonas stutzeri group". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 30 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00640.x. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-C35F-6. PMID 10508936.
  17. 1 2 Metcalf WW, Wolfe RS (November 1998). "Molecular genetic analysis of phosphite and hypophosphite oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88". Journal of Bacteriology. 180 (21): 5547–5558. Bibcode:1998JBact.180.5547M. doi:10.1128/JB.180.21.5547-5558.1998. PMC 107611. PMID 9791102.
  18. ↑ Söhngen NL (1913). "Benzin, Petroleum, Paraffinöl und Paraffin als Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle für Mikroben". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Abteilung II. 37: 595–609.
  19. ↑ Stringfellow WT, Aitken MD (June 1994). "Comparative physiology of phenanthrene degradation by two dissimilar pseudomonads isolated from a creosote-contaminated soil". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (6): 432–438. Bibcode:1994CaJMb..40..432S. doi:10.1139/m94-071. PMID 8050063.
  20. ↑ Stringfellow WT, Aitken MD (January 1995). "Competitive metabolism of naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes, and fluorene by phenanthrene-degrading pseudomonads". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61 (1): 357–362. Bibcode:1995ApEnM..61..357S. doi:10.1128/AEM.61.1.357-362.1995. PMC 167289. PMID 7887615.
  21. ↑ Ginard M, Lalucat J, Tümmler B, Römling U (January 1997). "Genome organization of Pseudomonas stutzeri and resulting taxonomic and evolutionary considerations". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (1): 132–143. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-1-132. PMID 8995815.
  22. ↑ Nikolaidis, Marios; Mossialos, Dimitris; Oliver, Stephen G.; Amoutzias, Grigorios D. (2020-07-24). "Comparative analysis of the core proteomes among the Pseudomonas major evolutionary groups reveals species-specific adaptations for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas chlororaphis". Diversity. 12 (8) 289. Bibcode:2020Diver..12..289N. doi:10.3390/d12080289. hdl:11615/77193.
  23. ↑ Demba Diallo M, Willems A, Vloemans N, Cousin S, Vandekerckhove TT, de Lajudie P, et al. (April 2004). "Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the N2-fixing bacterial diversity in soil under Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca in the dryland part of Senegal". Environmental Microbiology. 6 (4): 400–415. Bibcode:2004EnvMi...6..400D. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00577.x. PMID 15008817.
  24. 1 2 Desnoues N, Lin M, Guo X, Ma L, Carreño-Lopez R, Elmerich C (August 2003). "Nitrogen fixation genetics and regulation in a Pseudomonas stutzeri strain associated with rice". Microbiology. 149 (Pt 8): 2251–2262. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26270-0. PMID 12904565.
  25. ↑ Gilardi GL, Mankin HJ (December 1973). "Infection due to Pseudomonas stutzeri". New York State Journal of Medicine. 73 (23): 2789–2791. PMID 4520361.
  26. ↑ Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Poirel L, Al Naiemi N, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Nordmann P (February 2010). "Characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas stutzeri". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 65 (2): 366–367. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp441. PMID 20008448.
  27. ↑ Tattawasart U, Maillard JY, Furr JR, Russell AD (July 1999). "Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate and cetylpyridinium chloride in Pseudomonas stutzeri and changes in antibiotic susceptibility". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 42 (3): 219–229. doi:10.1053/jhin.1999.0591. PMID 10439995.
  28. ↑ Lorenz MG, Sikorski J (December 2000). "The potential for intraspecific horizontal gene exchange by natural genetic transformation: sexual isolation among genomovars of Pseudomonas stutzeri". Microbiology. 146 (Pt 12): 3081–3090. doi:10.1099/00221287-146-12-3081. PMID 11101666.
  29. ↑ Smith BA, Dougherty KM, Baltrus DA (June 2014). "Complete genome sequence of the highly transformable Pseudomonas stutzeri strain 28a24". Genome Announcements. 2 (3) e00543-14. doi:10.1128/genomea.00543-14. PMC 4047452. PMID 24903873.
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