Soomra Rebellion of Tharri

Soomra Rebellion of Tharri
Part of Ghaznavid campaigns in India
Datec. 1026 CE
Location
Tharri, present-day Matli of Badin District, Sindh
Result
Belligerents
Soomras Ghaznavid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sultan Soomar Soomro Mahmud of Ghazni

The Soomra Rebellion of Tharri was an uprising by the Soomras against the Ghaznavid Empire in Lower Sindh around 1026 CE.[1] The rebellion culminated in an assembly at Tharri (Present day Matli in Badin District), where the Soomras elected their chief, Soomar, as the independent ruler of Sindh, reestablishing the Soomra dynasty.[2][3]

Background

In 1025, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sindh, capturing Mansura, the capital of Sindh, and defeating Amir Khafif Soomro I (r. 1011–1025). As Ghaznavid authority in Sindh declined, the Soomras gathered in Tharri and rebelled against the Ghaznavid Empire.[4][5][6]

Rebellion

Around 1026 CE, the Soomra tribe assembled at Tharri in present-day Matli of Badin District and proclaimed their chief, Soomar (also called Sumar), as the independent ruler of Sindh.[7][8] As Ghaznavid authority over Sindh had weakened, Soomar established control over much of the region. He consolidated his rule by marrying the daughter of the powerful Arab chieftain Sa'd of Naserpur.[9][10]

Mir Ma'sum placed the rebellion during the reign of Sultan Abd al-Rashid ibn Mahmud.[11] This chronology has not been accepted by most historians and is generally regarded as only partially correct.[12]

Aftermath

The rebellion established Soomra authority over the entirety of Sindh and also Jhalawan and the Kacchi Plains.[13][14] In the following decades, the Ghaznavids launched only a few raids against the Soomras, primarily between 1040 and 1049.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (1983). Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. p. 218.
  2. ↑ Nizami, Maulana Abdul Karim (2020). سنڌ جي تاريخ (سومرن جي تاريخ ۽ سومرا دؤر) [History of Sindh (History of the Soomras and the Soomra Period)] (in Sindhi). Translated by Dr. Ali Akbar Aseer Qureshi. Shikarpur: Mehran Academy. pp. 165, 180. ISBN 978-969-608-041-1.
  3. ↑ Soomro, Dr Mahar Abdul Haq (2010). سومرا راڄ گهراڻو [The Soomras] (in Sindhi). Department of Culture, Government of Sindh, Karachi. p. 198.
  4. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (1983). Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. p. 343.
  5. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (2003). An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh (PDF). Soomra National Council-Pakistan. p. 49.
  6. ↑ Habibullah, A. B. M. (1961). The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206–1290 A.D. Central Book Depot, Allahabad. p. 29.
  7. ↑ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: Their Origin, Main Characteristics and Rule – An Overview (General Survey) (1025–1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh. Karachi: University of Karachi. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  8. ↑ Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1994). History of Sindh (PDF). Oxford University Press, Karachi. p. 37.
  9. ↑ Lakho, Ghulam Muhammad (2006). The Samma Kingdom of Sindh: Historical Studies (PDF). Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
  10. ↑ al-Hamdani, Abbas H. (1956). The Beginnings of Ismaili Dawa in Northern India. Hamdani Institute of Islamic Studies, Surat. p. 11.
  11. ↑ Nizami, Maulana Abdul Karim (2020). Sindh ji Tarikh (Soomran ji Tarikh ain Soomra Daur) (in Sindhi). Translated by Dr. Ali Akbar Aseer Qureshi. Shikarpur: Mehran Academy. pp. 165, 180. ISBN 978-969-608-041-1.
  12. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (1983). Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. p. 354.
  13. ↑ Sheedai, Rahimdad Khan Molai (1993). جنت السنڌ (in Sindhi). Sindhi Adabi Board, Jamshoro. p. 260.
  14. ↑ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: Their Origin, Main Characteristics and Rule – An Overview (General Survey) (1025–1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh. Karachi: University of Karachi. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
  15. ↑ Panhwar, M. H. (1983). Chronological Dictionary of Sindh. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind. p. 361.
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