Sodium polyanethol sulfonate

Sodium polyanethol sulfonate
Names
IUPAC name
poly(4-styrenesulfonate), sodium salt
Other names
  • SPS
  • sodium polyanetholesulfonate
Identifiers
ChemSpider
Properties
(C10H11NaO4S)n
Molar mass Variable (polymeric)
Appearance White to off-white powder
Highly soluble in water
Hazards
GHS labelling:[1]
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is a polyanionic compound. It is a common additive to blood culture media used to grow bacteria in patients with bacteremia. SPS is as an anticoagulant and inhibitor of many human antimicrobial immune functions, improving recovery of microorganisms from blood specimens. It is a standard component of clinical blood culture systems, where it prevents microbial killing by both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms present in the blood.

Mechanism of action

Anti-immune activity

SPS inhibits both humoral and cell mediated immune responses present in the patient's blood, including serum bactericidal activity and leukocyte mediated killing.[2] In untreated blood, microorganisms may be killed rapidly by serum factors and phagocytic cells, reducing their recovery in culture. SPS inhibits these immune mechanisms, improving yield.[2] SPS also inhibits complement-mediated killing by directly blocking complement activation through inhibition of C1q.[3]

Anticoagulant activity

SPS inhibits coagulation of blood, allowing it to remain liquid. It mediates anticoagulation by inhibiting the activity of the clotting factor antithrombin III.[4]

Uses

Blood cultures

SPS has been a common component of blood culture media since the 1930s.[5] Many other anticoagulants cannot be used in blood cultures due to interference with nucleic acid amplification testing.[5]

Some microorganisms are inhibited by SPS.[6] Organisms that are inhibited by SPS include:

Bacterial identification

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is the only anaerobic cocci that is susceptible to SPS.[11] Disks containing SPS are commercially available to be used for the identification of P. anaerobius from clinical specimens.[12]

References

  1. ↑ PubChem. "CID 6434512". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-15.
  2. 1 2 Belding, M. E.; Klebanoff, S. J. (1972). "Effect of sodium polyanetholesulfonate on antimicrobial systems in blood". Applied Microbiology. 24 (5): 691–698. doi:10.1128/am.24.5.691-698.1972. ISSN 0003-6919. PMC 380646. PMID 4640735.
  3. ↑ Palarasah, Yaseelan; Skjoedt, Mikkel-Ole; Vitved, Lars; Andersen, Thomas Emil; Skjoedt, Karsten; Koch, Claus (2010). "Sodium Polyanethole Sulfonate as an Inhibitor of Activation of Complement Function in Blood Culture Systems". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (3): 908–914. doi:10.1128/jcm.01985-09. PMC 2832435. PMID 20042630.
  4. ↑ Kindness, G.; Williamson, F. B.; Long, W. F. (1979-06-13). "Effect of polyanetholesulphonic acid and xylan sulphate on antithrombin III activity". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 88 (3): 1062–1068. Bibcode:1979BBRC...88.1062K. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91516-x. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 223567.
  5. 1 2 Wilson, M.L. (2020). "Development of new methods for detecting bloodstream pathogens". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 26 (3): 319–324. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.08.002. ISSN 1198-743X. PMID 31425742.
  6. ↑ Wilson, M.L. (2020). "Development of new methods for detecting bloodstream pathogens". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 26 (3): 319–324. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.08.002. ISSN 1198-743X. PMID 31425742.
  7. ↑ Reimer, L. G.; Reller, L. B. (1985). "Use of a sodium polyanetholesulfonate disk for the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 21 (2): 146–149. doi:10.1128/jcm.21.2.146-149.1985. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 271600. PMID 2982910.
  8. ↑ Shawar, R.; Sepulveda, J.; Clarridge, J. E. (1990). "Use of the RapID-ANA system and sodium polyanetholesulfonate disk susceptibility testing in identifying Haemophilus ducreyi". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 28 (1): 108–111. doi:10.1128/jcm.28.1.108-111.1990. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 269546. PMID 2153697.
  9. ↑ Staneck, J. L.; Vincent, S. (1981). "Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by sodium polyanetholesulfonate". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 13 (3): 463–467. doi:10.1128/jcm.13.3.463-467.1981. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 273815. PMID 6263942.
  10. ↑ Elliott, Sean P. (2007). "Rat bite fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1128/CMR.00016-06. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 1797630. PMID 17223620.
  11. ↑ Graves, M. H.; Morello, J. A.; Kocka, F. E. (1974). "Sodium polyanethol sulfonate sensitivity of anaerobic cocci". Applied Microbiology. 27 (6): 1131–1133. doi:10.1128/am.27.6.1131-1133.1974. ISSN 0003-6919. PMC 380222. PMID 4598436.
  12. ↑ "SPS DISK" (PDF). Remel. 2010.
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