Sinhan Ch'ŏngnyŏndang

Shinhan Youth Party (Lang-ko, Lang-hanja) was an independence movement organization founded in August 1918 in Shanghai, China.[1][2] It played an active role around the time of the March 1 Movement in 1919.[3][4] The party leader was Lyuh Woon-hyung, and the six founding members were Lyuh Woon-hyung, Han Jin-gyo, Chang Tŏksu, Kim Cheol, Seon Woo-hyeok, Jo Dong-ho. In addition, in April 1919, Seo Byeong-ho, Kim Gu, Yi Kwang-su, and Shin Myeong-ho[5] joined the Shinhan Youth Party and became active members.[6]

The party's platform consisted of three principles: Korean independence, social reform, and global solidarity.[7] In December 1918, a petition for independence was delivered to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.[8][7] In January 1919, Kim Kyu-sik was dispatched to the Paris Peace Conference to demand Korea's independence.[9] The party also established close communication networks with Tokyo, the Russian Far East, and Korean communities in the United States. Thanks to the activities of the Shinhan Youth Party, Korean students in Japan proclaimed the February 8 Declaration of Independence, and in Korea, the March 1 Movement spread nationwide.[10][11] Members of this organization became the core of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, established on April 11, 1919.[12] The Provisional Government appointed Kim Kyu-sik, who was in Paris, as Minister of Foreign Affairs and tasked him with submitting the petition for independence. Later, in December 1922, the Shinhan Youth Party was dissolved following the self-dissolution order of the Provisional Government.[10]

History

March 1st Movement activities

The Shinhan Youth Party was founded around August 20, 1918, in the French concession of Shanghai through the initiative of six individuals: Lyuh Woon-hyung, Han Jin-gyo, Jang Deok-su, Kim Cheol, Seon Woo-hyeok, Jo Dong-ho.[3][4] The central figure of the founding, Lyuh Woon-hyung, had gone into exile in China in 1914, graduated from Jinling University in Nanjing, and was working at the Mission Book Company, a Christian publishing and sales firm in Shanghai. At that time, he met Jang Deok-su, who had just returned from studying in Japan and stopped in Shanghai in 1918. The two discussed strategies for the independence movement and agreed that youth independence activism was particularly important in what would inevitably be a long struggle for Korean independence.[3] Kim Cheol, Seon Woo-hyeokSeon Woo-hyeok, Han Jin-gyo, and Jo Dong-ho, who were also residing in Shanghai at the time, actively supported the idea, and together the six became the initiators who founded the Shinhan Youth Party.[3] Initially, they held regular meetings every Saturday without an official party name. The name "Shinhan Youth Party" was hastily adopted in November 1918, inspired by Lyuh Woon-hyung after learning about the "Turkish Youth Party" led by Kemal Pasha. He modeled the name after it.[13] At that time, about ten members of the Turkish Youth Party were active in Shanghai. Lyuh Woon-hyung learned about the existence and organization of the Turkish Youth Party from fellow foreign students such as Armel Bey, and used it as a reference.[6]

According to the statement of purpose, the founding objective of the Shinhan Youth Party was "to complete independence, and after restoring independence, to reform the nation culturally and morally to create a new Korean people, to promote scholarship and industry to cultivate national strength, and to ensure that the new culture of the Korean people would bring great happiness to all humanity."[7] The ideology declared in the statement of purpose can be summarized as nationalism (the idea of independence), democracy, republicanism, social reformism, and international pacifism.[7] The Shinhan Youth Party aimed "to achieve the independence of the Korean people, establish a democratic republic, carry out comprehensive reforms in all areas of society in accordance with the trends of the times, and build a homeland that would contribute to humanity through international cooperation by creating a new culture of the Korean people."[7]

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai

At the time of its founding, the Shinhan Youth Party had six members, but by late November 1918, when the dispatch of Kim Kyu-sik to the Paris Peace Conference was discussed, the membership had increased to about twenty. In the following year, the number of members grew to approximately thirty to fifty. Initially, since the party had only a small number of members, no departments were established, and Lyuh Woon-hyung served as both representative and general secretary, handling all party affairs. However, as membership increased and the independence movement was launched in earnest, between late November and the end of December 1918, the party enacted its constitution, documented its platform, and systematized its organization by establishing departments. The constitution defined the party's objectives and organizational structure.[7] The party platform was as follows:

After the adoption of the party constitution and platform, the Shinhan Youth Party reorganized its structure by abolishing the system of general secretary and introducing the positions of president, chairman, and directors. The presidency was left vacant, while the newly admitted member Kim Kyu-sik, who was to be dispatched as the party's representative to the Paris Peace Conference, was elected chairman. The party established three departments under no more than ten directors: the General Affairs Department, the Relations Department, and the Finance Department. Seo Byeong-ho was elected as director in charge of general affairs, Lyuh Woon-hyung as director of relations, and Kim In-jeon as director of finance.[6] Thus, while in the immediate period after its founding in August 1918 the party's affairs were mainly handled by Lyuh Woon-hyung and Chang Tŏksu, from late November 1918 onward the organizational system was formed in which Lyuh Woon-hyung, Seo Byeong-ho, and Kim In-jeon collectively managed party affairs.[14]

3.1 Movement Activitie

The Shinhan Youth Party organized by was a small youth independence movement group composed of young members of the Dongjesa. As a subordinate organization of Dongjesa, Shin's international secret society, it played a leading role immediately after its founding in the February 8 Declaration of Independence and the March 1st Movement, and also made a significant contribution to the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

Sending a petition for independence

Thirteen Articles Submitted by the Shinhan Youth Party to the Paris Peace Conference

When the First World War ended on November 11, 1918, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson immediately dispatched presidential envoy Charles R. Crane to China to explain America's position on the postwar peace conference and to encourage China to send representatives.[10] Upon Crane's arrival in Shanghai, the Chinese side held a welcoming reception for the American envoy at the Carlton Café, which was also attended by Shinhan Youth Party representative Lyuh Woon-hyung.[10] At the event, Crane stated in his speech that “at the Paris Peace Conference, the principle of national self-determination may be discussed in relation to the treatment of colonies after the war.” Hearing this, Lyuh visited Crane at his lodging to ask whether it would be possible for a Korean national representative to be dispatched.[15] Although the official position of the U.S. government was unclear, Crane personally expressed support. Lyuh then convened a meeting of the Shinhan Youth Party to discuss the matter. At the meeting, held at Lyuh's residence, it was decided to send Kim Kyu-sik, who was residing in Tianjin, as the Korean representative to the Paris Peace Conference.[10] In case travel expenses could not be secured and a representative could not be dispatched, the party also resolved to prepare two petitions for independence under Lyuh's name as general secretary—one to be delivered to President Wilson and the other to the Paris Peace Conference through Crane.[10] In accordance with this decision, Lyuh drafted two petitions in English regarding Korean independence, dated November 28, 1918, and sent them to Wilson through Crane.[10] These documents were successfully delivered. Additionally, anticipating the possibility that a Korean representative might not attend the Paris Peace Conference, Lyuh entrusted identical petitions to Thomas Millard, who was going to Paris as an advisor to the Chinese delegation.[15] However, these documents were lost when Millard's bag went missing at the port of Yokohama, Japan, and thus were never delivered.[15]

Representative sent to the Paris Peace Conference

Kim Kyu-sik and the Korean delegation at the Paris Peace Conference. (In the front row, the first on the left is Yeo Un-hong, the far right is Kim Kyu-sik, and in the center are the adviser Mr. and Mrs. Brelève. In the back row, the second from the left is Lee Kwan-yong, the third is Jo So-ang, and at the far end is Hwang Gye-hwan.)

Under the guidance of, head of the Tongjesa, the Shinhan Youth Party decided, after consultation, to admit Kim Kyu-sik—who was proficient in English—into the party and simultaneously elect him as chairman, thereby designating him as the party's representative and as Korea's delegate to the Paris Peace Conference.[10] The expenses were secretly raised by dispatching Chang Tŏksu to Korea, and on February 1, 1919, they departed for Shanghai by ship. The fact that the Shinhan Youth Party sent Kim Kyu-sik as the representative of the Korean nation to the Paris Peace Conference was of great significance for the March 1st Movement. This information was conveyed to the people in Korea, independence activists, and Korean students in Japan through secret envoys, and the Korean nation rose in the March 1st Movement with the purpose of making Kim Kyu-sik’s claims and declarations in Paris clearly known to the world as the will of the entire Korean people. The dispatch of Kim Kyu-sik, the Shinhan Youth Party’s representative, to the Paris Peace Conference provided a decisive and crucial momentum and focal point for the March 1st Movement.[16] Kim Kyu-sik arrived in Paris, France, on March 13, 1919, and rented a house at 38 Rue de Châteaudun, where he established the Korean National Delegation Office and submitted a petition concerning Korean independence to the Peace Conference.[16] He was later joined by American Homer Hulbert, Lee Kwan-yong, Kim Bok, Hwang Gye-hwan, Jo So-ang,[주해 1] and Lyuh Woon-hyung, who assisted him. On May 10, 1919, the delegation submitted the “Appeal for Korean Independence” to the Peace Conference.[16] In addition, the delegation produced numerous propaganda documents, including the booklet Korean Independence and Peace, which were distributed to delegates of various countries and journalists, thereby widely publicizing the Korean people's desire for independence throughout the world.[16] Although Kim Kyu-sik had arrived in Paris as the representative of the Shinhan Youth Party, after the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai in April 1919, he was appointed as a full member of the “Republic of Korea Commission to the Peace Conference and Paris Commission,” with Lee Kwan-yong as vice commissioner.[17]

Dispatching party members to Korea

The Shinhan Youth Party, in connection with the promotion of the March 1st Movement, dispatched party members Chang TŏksuChang Tŏksu, Seon Woo-hyeok, Kim Cheol, Seo Byeong-ho, Kim Soon-ae,[주해 2] and Baek Nam-gyu to Korea. The Shinhan Youth Party dispatched Chang TŏksuChang Tŏksu to Korea twice.[18] The first dispatch was around December 1918, when he was secretly sent to Busan to raise expenses for sending representatives to the Paris Peace Conference; Chang TŏksuChang Tŏksu returned after collecting 3,000 won in independence movement funds. The second dispatch was after meeting students in Japan and then entering Gyeongseong, but he was arrested by the Japanese in Incheon.[주해 3] The Shinhan Youth Party also dispatched Seon Woo-hyuk to Korea in January 1919 to inform of the plan to send representatives to the Peace Conference and to urge that this was the awaited opportunity to carry out the independence demonstration movement.[18] Seon Woo-hyuk met with comrades from the Shinminhoe, including Yang Jeon-baek, Lee Seung-ho, Kang Gyu-chan, Ahn Se-hwan, Byun In-seo, Lee Deok-hwan, Kim Dong-won, Do In-gwon, Kim Seong-tak, and Yun Won-sam, gaining active support for the independence demonstration movement and fundraising for the independence movement, and then returned via Gyeongseong.[19] Following Seon Woo-hyuk's return, in response, in Pyeongan Province and Pyongyang, Christians and students of Soongsil College prepared independence demonstrations, and received a proposal from the Cheondogyo side to form a united front.[19] The Shinhan Youth Party also dispatched Kim Cheol to Korea to raise funds for the independence movement. Entering Korea, Kim Cheol met with the Cheondogyo side and obtained a promise to raise and remit 30,000 won for the independence movement. In addition, the Shinhan Youth Party secretly sent Seo Byeong-hoSeo Byeong-ho, Kim Soon-ae, and Baek Nam-gyu into Korea; Seo Byeong-ho and Kim Soon-ae went into the Daegu area, while Baek Nam-gyu went into the Honam area, urging the outbreak of independence demonstrations and financial support for sending Korean representatives to the Paris Peace Conference.[20]

Dispatching party members to Japan

YI Kwang-su went to Japan and read the February 8 Declaration of Independence.

See February 8 Declaration of Independence.

The Shinhan Youth Party first dispatched Jo So-ang, then Chang TŏksuChang Tŏksu, and third YI Kwang-su to Japan to urge Korean students in Japan to rise in the independence movement.[3] Jo So-ang arrived in Tokyo in January 1919 and met Korean students in Japan, informing them that Shinhan Youth Party representative Kim Kyu-sik had been sent to the Paris Peace Conference. On his way back to Korea, he was first dispatched to Japan to meet the Tokyo students, received the notice that they had decided to carry out the independence movement on February 8, and entrusted 800 won of urgently raised independence funds in Japan to Jo So-ang to be sent to Shanghai. Chang TŏksuChang Tŏksu carried out his mission in Japan and then entered Korea, arriving in Gyeongseong on February 20, but was arrested by the Japanese authorities while hiding in Incheon.[3] YI Kwang-su departed from Shanghai in January 1919, passed through Beijing, and arrived in Tokyo, Japan, where he drafted the February 8 Declaration of Independence of Korean students in Japan.[3]

Dispatching representatives to other regions

The head of the Shinhan Youth Party, Lyuh Woon-hyung, was dispatched to Manchuria and the Russian Primorsky Krai,[19] where he informed independence activists and compatriots residing in these regions that the party's representative Kim Kyu-sik had been sent to the Paris Peace Conference. He explained that this was an excellent opportunity for an independence uprising, urged them to heighten the independence movement, and at the same time asked them to raise funds to be sent to the delegation in Paris. On January 20,[10] 1919, Lyuh Woon-hyung departed from Shanghai and first went to Jilin Province in Manchuria, where he met independence activists including Yeo Jun and explained that the Paris Peace Conference was an opportunity,[19] urging them to launch the independence movement. Lyuh Woon-hyung then went on to the Russian Primorsky Krai, where he met with Yi Dongnyeong, Park Eun-sik, and Cho Wan-gu, informing them of the dispatch of Kim Kyu-sik to the Paris Peace Conference and recommending that representatives of Koreans in the Maritime Province also be sent to the Conference.[19] He emphasized that this was an excellent opportunity for an independence uprising and gained their full support.[19] Many of them later came to Shanghai and promised to greatly strengthen the independence movement together.[10]

During his one-month stay in the region, Lyuh Woon-hyung met with Kim Yak-yeon, president of the Ganminhoe, and Jeong Jae-myeon, its general secretary, and agreed to carry out the independence movement in an organized manner.[10][19] Some pledged to come to Shanghai, and funds for the independence movement were collected.[19] Lyuh also met with Gaida, the Czech commander of the Allied forces stationed in Siberia, and obtained his cooperation for the Korean independence movement. He criticized Japanese aggression and drafted propaganda materials in English advocating Korean independence, distributing tens of thousands of copies among the Allied forces to promote the cause.[주해 4] The activities of the Shinhan Youth Party from November 1918 to February 1919 became one of the sources of the March 1st Movement in 1919 and played a very significant role in the rapid rise of the independence movement.[10]

Establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shangha

Immediately after the March 1 Movement, the Shinhan Youth Party played a leading role in the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai on April 10–11, 1919.[3] When the members who had been dispatched to various regions to promote the March 1 Movement returned to Shanghai in late March, the party set up a temporary independence office in the French Concession and began serious discussions on the establishment of a provisional government on April 1.[3] Among the members, Jo So-ang argued for the immediate establishment of a provisional government, while Lyuh Woon-hyung suggested that the title “provisional government” was too grand and proposed forming a new major political party instead. However, since the majority favored the establishment of a provisional government, the plan was pursued. As promised to Lyuh in Manchuria and the Russian Far East, many leading independence activists gathered in Shanghai.[3] On April 10, 1919, in the French Concession of Shanghai, 29 leading independence activists from Manchuria, the Russian Far East, and other regions convened a meeting of the provisional assembly, nine of whom were members of the Shinhan Youth Party.[3] In the first assembly of the Shanghai Provisional Government, Shinhan Youth Party leaders played an active role.[3] In the executive branch, party representative Kim Kyu-sik was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, while other leaders, being younger, participated at the deputy director level.[3]

In simple terms, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai was initially organized with former Sinminhoe leaders serving at the ministerial level and Shinhan Youth Party leaders at the deputy director level, a structure that continued until the reorganization into the unified provisional government in September 1919.[3] The Shinhan Youth Party thereafter consistently supported and defended the provisional government. Even at the National Representative Conference of 1923, except for Kim Kyu-sik, who was elected as a top leader of the Creationist faction, and his wife, nearly all members, including Lyuh Woon-hyung, joined the Reconstructionist faction.[21] They strongly opposed the dissolution of the provisional government and advocated for its strengthening and development through reorganization.[3]

Voluntary Dissolution

This is the cover of the inaugural issue of Shinhan Youth, the organ of the Shinhan Youth Party organized in Shanghai, China, in December 1919. The chief editor was Yi Kwangsu

From December 1, 1919, the Shinhan Youth Party launched and published its official magazine Shinhan Youth.[22] In addition, the Shinhan Youth Party reorganized and strengthened the former “Shanghai Korean Residents’ Friendship Association” to establish the “Shanghai Korean Residents’ Association,” with Lyuh Woon-hyung as head and Seon Woo-hyuk as general secretary, working for Korean independence and the rights of Korean residents.[23] The Shinhan Youth Party also carried out diplomatic activities in August 1920, when the American Commission came to Beijing, meeting them together with officials of the Provisional Government to request support for Korean independence.[3] Furthermore, in January 1922, when the “Congress of the Toilers of the East” (also known as the Far Eastern People's Congress) was held in Moscow under the sponsorship of the Third International, the Shinhan Youth Party dispatched Kim Kyu-sik and Lyuh Woon-hyung as representatives of the party to gain external support for the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.[3] In November 1922, at the proposal of party member Kim GuKim Gu, the Shinhan Youth Party founded the Korean Veterans’ Association and decided to promote preparations for armed struggle for independence.[3]

However, in mid-December 1922, the Shinhan Youth Party decided to voluntarily dissolve itself in Shanghai.[3] The reason was that foreign observers often confused [3] the diplomatic activities of the Shinhan Youth Party with those of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and sometimes even confused the party itself with the provisional government.[10] As a result, the provisional government requested the dissolution of the Shinhan Youth Party. In particular, since Kim Kyu-sik, who had been dispatched to the Paris Peace Conference as the party's representative, also served as the Korean delegate and later as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the provisional government, foreigners unfamiliar with the situation in Korea frequently mistook the Shinhan Youth Party for the provisional government.[3] The fact that both organizations were based in Shanghai also contributed to the confusion.[3] In mid-December 1922, the members of the Shinhan Youth Party held a meeting at the house of Seo Byeong-ho and, although there were some opposing opinions, they resolved to accept [10] the request for the dissolution of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Accordingly, the Shinhan Youth Party voluntarily dissolved in December 1922.

Evaluation

After its founding, the independence movement activities of the Shinhan Youth Party formed [3] the initial source of the March first Movement, dispatched representatives to the Paris Peace Conference, encouraged Korean students in Japan to issue the February 8 Declaration of Independence, and urged the holding of the Korean Declaration of Independence rally in Nikolsk-Ussuriysk (formerly Nikolsk) in the Russian Far East on February 25, 1919.[3] It also recommended that representatives of Koreans in the Russian Far East be sent to the Paris Peace Conference, inspired the independence movement there, provided momentum for the organization of the Korean National Association in North Manchuria and the strengthening of the independence movement, and created the opportunity for the issuance of the “Muo Declaration of Independence.”[3] The party further created the opportunity for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea on April 10–11, 1919, actively participated in the early Provisional Government, and took the lead in organizing the Shanghai Korean Residents’ Association and the Korean Veterans’ Association.[3] In addition, the Shinhan Youth Party carried out active diplomatic independence activities in various congresses and delegations in China, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Although the Shanghai Shinhan Youth Party had only about 50 members and was limited in scale, it achieved such great results because it encompassed the core of young independence activists.[3]

See also

References

주해

  1. ↑ It is Cho So-ang’s real name.
  2. ↑ She was the wife of Kim Kyu-sik. Reference: Naver PeopleCast
  3. ↑ Afterwards,Chang Tŏksu was placed under residence restrictions in Haeui Island, Jeollanam-do, while being monitored by the Government-General authorities.
  4. ↑ At that time, the Russian Civil War had broken out, and in Siberia both the ‘Czechoslovak Legion’ and the White Army were active.

Notes

  1. ↑ "바로 잡아야 할 우리 역사…1(역비의책 16)". 역사비평사. 2013-10-20. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2026-06-23.
  2. ↑ 이현희 (1994-11-07). 이야기 독립운동사. 청아출판사. p. 160.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 한국독립운동사사전, 3-7 : 운동·단체편(4). 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소. 1994-11-07. pp. 337–339.
  4. 1 2 《한국근대사사전》, 가람기획, 2005년
  5. ↑ "한국민족운동과 민족문제". 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  6. 1 2 3 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p89
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p93
  8. ↑ 김창훈 <한국 외교, 어제와 오늘> 다락원 20027.13 p16
  9. ↑ 당의 강령은~: 이이화, 《한국사이야기21. 해방 그 날이 오면》(한길사, 2004) 23쪽.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 <<도올이 본 한국독립운동사 제10부 황포의 눈물>>-EBS
  11. ↑ "계간 광장. 3호". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  12. ↑ 서중석. 한국현대민족운동연구 -역비한국학연구총서 01. 역사비평사. p. 108.
  13. ↑ 《비극의 현대지도자》, 서중석 저. 성균관대학교출판부(SKKUP)
  14. ↑ 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p91
  15. 1 2 3 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p97
  16. 1 2 3 4 "1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p101". Archived from the original on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  17. ↑ 《신한청년당의 독립운동과 임시정부 수립》,김희곤 저. p94
  18. 1 2 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p101
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p103
  20. ↑ 네이버인물캐스트
  21. ↑ 해체위기 딛고 일제의 '심장'을 폭파하다
  22. ↑ 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p109
  23. ↑ 1910년대 국외항일운동Ⅱ-중국·미주·일본 - 제1부 1910년대 중국관내 항일운동 제3장 대동단결선언과 신한청년당 p109
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