SPACDR
| SPACDR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | SPACDR, chromosome 7 open reading frame 61, sperm acrosome developmental regulator, C7orf61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | GeneCards: SPACDR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sperm acrosome developmental regulator, also known as C7orf61, is an asparagine-poor protein which in humans encoded by the SPACDR gene. The protein function is relatively unknown and is highly conserved in mammals.
Gene
Locus
C7orf61 is located on the reverse (or negative) DNA strand and is situated in chromosome 7 (7q22.1) from base pairs 100,456,615-100,464,271 - roughly 7,656 bp.[3] It has a total of 3 exons and lacks isoforms.
mRNA
The mRNA is approximately 1019 bp and belongs to domain of unknown function 4703 (PFAM15775).[4]
Protein
In humans, the protein contains a total of 206 amino acids.[3] The protein's molecular weight is 23.71 kDa and its isoelectric point is 10.41.[5] DUF4703 is positioned 22-206aa of the protein.[3] Neither the gene or its protein has another known alias, but can be found with high affinity in several primate species.[6]
Composition
The amino acid composition of C7orf61 consists of high frequencies in leucine, serine, and charged valine.[7] The protein has an unusual low frequency in asparagine, making it an asparagine-deficient protein,[7] and contains higher frequencies of salt-bridge formations between glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine.[7]
Characteristics and structure
The consent within secondary structure prediction tools CFSSP,[8] SSPRED,[9] and GOR4 [10] is that the protein's secondary structure consist mainly of α-helices (51.2%), with significant amounts of coiling (38.2%) and smaller fragments of beta strands (10.3%).
Post-translational modifications
C7orf61 has several post-translation modification sites, most of which involve serine/threonine kinases - protein kinase C, Casein kinase II, DNA-dependent protein kinase, and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1. It is predicted to contain a Biparte nuclear localization signal (NLS_BP), a leucine-rich variant domain (LRV), and bacterial Ig-like domain (BIG-1).[12]
Subcellular localization
C7orf61 does not contain any trans-membrane domains or signal peptides.[13][14] The protein is predicted to be localized in the Mitochondria, with little indication of extracellular activity.[15][16] Expanded analysis of amino acid sequence KFFRWVRRAWQRIISWVF near the N-terminal suggests the presence of a mitochondrial targeting signal.[17]
Gene regulation
C7orf61 has high levels of expression in the testis and lower levels in the brain and connective tissues.[18] Through the assessment of microarray experiments available on NCBI Geo, its inferred that c7orf61 is under negative regulation.[19]
Homology
C7orf61 does not have any paralogs. Analysis via NCBI tool BLASTt[20] found the gene to be highly conserved in mammals and could not be traced farther back than 160 MYA. The following table contains a list of orthologs found in several mammalian sub-classes - this is not a comprehensive list for the proteins orthology.
| Species | Common name | Divergence (MYA) | Accession number (from NCBI [21]) | Sequence length | Percent identity | Percent Similarity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Human | 0 | NP_001004323.1 | 206 | 100% | 100% |
| Ceratotherium simum | White Rhinoceros | 96 | XP_014652622.1 | 204 | 64% | 81% |
| Canis lupus | Wolf | 96 | XP_008963687.1 | 203 | 64% | 78% |
| Bos taurus | Cow | 96 | XP_005225278.1 | 204 | 64% | 78% |
| Physeter catodon | Sperm Whale | 96 | XP_007110691.1 | 204 | 63% | 76% |
| Condylura cristata | Mole | 96 | XP_004691685.1 | 204 | 62% | 75% |
| Eptesicus fuscus | Brown bat | 96 | XP_008139625.1 | 213 | 61% | 75% |
| Elephantulus edwardii | Elephant shrew | 105 | XP_006896643.1 | 147 | 58% | 78% |
| Phascolarctos cinereus | Koala | 159 | XP_020834746.1 | 160 | 41% | 58% |
| Sarcophilus harrisii | Tasmanian Devil | 160 | XP_012404266.1 | 162 | 37% | 61% |
References
- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185955 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- 1 2 3 "NCBI h. sapiens Protein C7orf61". Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI h. sapiens C7orf61 mRNA". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ↑ "ExPASy Compute pl/Mw tool". Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI p. troglodytes Protein C7orf61". Retrieved 4 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 "EMBL-EBI SAP". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ "CFSSP". Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ "SoftBerry SSPRED". Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ "GOR4". Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ "PHYRE2". Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ "SIB Motif Scan". Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ↑ "SignalP 4.1 Server prediction tool". Retrieved 20 April 2018.
- ↑ "TMpred tool". Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
- ↑ "DeepLoc-1.0". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ "ProtComp 9.0". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ↑ "Helical Wheel". Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI EST Profile - C7orf61". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI Geo". Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI BLAST". Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ↑ "NCBI C7orf61". Retrieved 4 January 2018.