Ryania speciosa
| Ryania speciosa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| In Peru | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | Ryania |
| Species: | R. speciosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Ryania speciosa | |
Ryania speciosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae.[3]
The species is significant partly because the alkaloid ryanodine was originally isolated from this South American tree.[4]
The tree was used by indigenous people to kill fish and other animals.[5][6] The insecticidal activity of the plant was discovered in the early 1940s by a collaborative search by scientists from Merck and Rutgers university.[7][8] The tree and its partially purified extracts were used as an insecticide in organic farming since the 1940s, but was removed from the market in 1997.[9] A major active ingredient is ryanodine, but other compounds also contribute to the insecticidal activity of the plant.[10]
Varieties
The Catalogue of Life[3] lists these varieties:
- R. s. var. bicolor
- R. s. var. chocoensis
- R. s. var. minor
- R. s. var. mutisii (extinct)
- R. s. var. panamensis
- R. s. var. stipularis
- R. s. var. subuliflora
- R. s. var. tomentella
- R. s. var. tomentosa
References
- ↑ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ryania speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T63092A150013365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T63092A150013365.en. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
- ↑ "Ryania speciosa Vahl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
- 1 2 Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ↑ Rogers, Edward F.; Koniuszy, Frank R.; Shavel, John Jr.; Folkers, Karl (1948). "Plant Insecticides. I. Ryanodine, A New Alkaloid from Ryania Speciosa Vahl". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (9): 3086–3088. Bibcode:1948JAChS..70.3086R. doi:10.1021/ja01189a074. PMID 18882544.
- ↑ USDA Phytochemistry
- ↑ Prance, Ghillean T.; Campbell, David G.; Nelson, Bruce W. (4 December 1977). "The Ethnobotany of the Paumarí Indians". Economic Botany. 31 (2): 129–139. Bibcode:1977EcBot..31..129P. doi:10.1007/BF02866582. JSTOR 4253820 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Metcalf Deceased, Robert L.; Horowitz, Abraham Rami (2014). "Insect Control, 2. Individual Insecticides". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–94. doi:10.1002/14356007.s14_s01. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ↑ Jacobson, Martin; Crosby, Donald G. (1971). "Chapter 5 II C. Ryania". Naturally Occurring Insecticides. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 198–205. ISBN 978-0-8247-1325-6.
- ↑ Wilhite, Mark (March 1999). "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Fact sheet for Ryanodine" (PDF). Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026.
- ↑ Jefferies, Phillip R.; Toia, Robert F.; Brannigan, Brian; Pessah, Isaac; Casida, John E. (1 January 1992). "Ryania insecticide: analysis and biological activity of 10 natural ryanoids". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 40 (1): 142–146. Bibcode:1992JAFC...40..142J. doi:10.1021/jf00013a028.
External links
Data related to Ryania at Wikispecies