Rubus allegheniensis
| Rubus allegheniensis | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rubus |
| Subgenus: | Rubus subg. Rubus |
| Species: | R. allegheniensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Rubus allegheniensis | |
| Synonyms[2][3][4] | |
|
Synonymy
| |
Rubus allegheniensis is a North American species of highbush blackberry. It is commonly known as Allegheny blackberry.[5]
Description
The plant's characteristics can be highly variable.[6] It is an erect bramble, typically 1.5 metres (5 feet) but occasionally over 2.4 m (8 ft) high, with single shrubs approaching 2.4 m or more wide, although it usually forms dense thickets of many plants. The leaves are alternate, compound, ovoid, and have toothed edges.[6][7] The canes have many prickles, with white, 5-petal, 19-millimetre (3⁄4-inch) flowers in late spring and glossy, deep-violet to black, aggregate fruit in late summer.[6]
Leaves
Fruits
Flowers
Taxonomy
R. allegheniensis is placed in section Alleghenienses of the genus Rubus (brambles), part of the rose family.[8]
Distribution and habitat
The species is very common throughout forests in eastern and central North America. It is also naturalized in a few locations in California and British Columbia.[5][9] It is the most common and widespread highbush blackberry in eastern and central North America.
It is shade intolerant.[10]
Ecology
Many mammals eat the fruit, including elk, foxes, American black bears, rabbits, raccoons, opossums, squirrels, mice, and chipmunks, and deer will browse the young canes. Blackberries are also an important food source for many species of birds. The mammals and birds that eat the fruit then disperse the seed in their droppings, enabling the plant to spread to new locations. A wide variety of native bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, wasps, and other insects are attracted to the nectar and pollen of the flowers; caterpillars, grasshoppers, and beetles feed on the leaves. Birds and small mammals use the thickets formed by the canes for shelter.[6]
The presence of the species influences the dynamics of the understory vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of R. allegheniensis encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as whitetail deer) reduce the abundance of Allegheny blackberry, a competitor, Sitobolium punctilobulum (hay-scented fern), takes over; where S. punctilobulum becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.[11]
Concentrations of R. allegheniensis increase greatly after events that destroy taller shrubs and trees and thus permit more light into the understory, such as fires or widespread blowdown.[10][12] These populations often decline in later years as the tree seedlings sheltered by the blackberry canes grow and reduce the amount of light reaching the lower levels.[10]
Uses
The berries are edible and nutritious. They can be eaten raw or cooked into various treats, including pies, cobblers, muffins, jellies, and jams.[6]
References
- ↑ NatureServe. "Rubus allegheniensis". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia.
- ↑ "Rubus allegheniensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- ↑ Tropicos, Rubus allegheniensis Porter
- ↑ The Plant List, Rubus allegheniensis Porter
- 1 2 NRCS. "Rubus allegheniensis". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Common Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)". Missouri Department of Conservation Field Guide. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ↑ Flora of North America, Rubus allegheniensis Porter, 1896. Allegheny or common blackberry, sow-teat berry, ronce des Alléghanys
- ↑ Bailey, L.H. (1944b). "Species batorum. The genus Rubus in North America. VIII. Alleghenienses". Gentes Herbarum. 3: 504–588.
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- 1 2 3 Peterson, Chris J., and Steward T.A. Pickett. "Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown." Ecology. 76 (1995): 763+. Retrieved 14 Oct. 2012.
- ↑ "Wildlife Management." The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ↑ "Vegetation of Hooper Branch Nature Preserve, Iroquois County, Illinois." Northeastern Naturalist. 17 (2): pp 261-272. 2010
External links
Media related to Rubus allegheniensis at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Rubus allegheniensis at Wikispecies- photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1992
- "Rubus allegheniensis". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
- "Rubus allegheniensis". Plants for a Future.
- "Rubus villosus". Plants for a Future.
- "Rubus avipes". Plants for a Future.