Raymond Schinazi

Raymond Schinazi
Raymond F Schinazi
Born (1950-03-21) March 21, 1950
Alexandria, Egypt
Alma materUniversity of Bath
Occupations
  • Organic Medicinal Chemist
  • Virologist
  • Pediatrician
  • Biotech Founder
Writing career
LanguageEnglish, French, Spanish, Arabic
Subjects
  • Pharmacology
  • Virology & Immunology
  • Biotechnology
Notable awards
  • Knight of the French Legion of Honour (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, 2018)
  • Honorary Doctorate, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2023)
  • Honorary Doctorate in Medicine, Uppsala University (2025)

Raymond F. Schinazi (born 21 March 1950) is an Egyptian-born organic medicinal chemist. He is the Frances Winship Walters Professor of Pediatrics at Emory University. He has expertise in antiviral agents, pharmacology, and biotechnology. His research focuses on developing treatments for infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), herpes, dengue fever, zika, chikungunya, and other emerging viruses. These treatment options include antiviral agents as well as synthetic, biochemical, pharmacological and molecular genetic approaches, including molecular modeling and gene therapy.[1]

Early life and education

Schinazi with Yale mentor Dr William H Prusoff

Schinazi was born on March 21, 1950, in Alexandria, Egypt to Jewish parents.[2] In 1962, his family was sequestered by the Nasser regime and in 1964 they immigrated to Naples, Italy as refugees. Schinazi went to boarding school in England where he completed his early education, before being admitted as an undergraduate at the University of Bath in 1968. He received his BSc in chemistry in 1972, and remained at Bath to complete his PhD in 1976. In 2006 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in Biotechnology from the University of Bath. In 1976, he moved to Yale University's department of pharmacology and trained as a postdoctoral fellow with William Prusoff.[3][4][5]

He also completed postdoctoral trainings in virology at the University of Chicago with Bernard Roizman and at University of North Carolina with Yung-Chi Cheng, and virology/immunology at Emory University with André Nahmias.

Career

Schinazi is currently the Frances Winship Walters Professor of Pediatrics, Director of the Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology,[5] and co-director of the HIV Cure Scientific Working Group within the NIH-sponsored Emory University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR)[6] in Atlanta, Georgia. He has served at Emory University since 1978.[7] He also holds Adjunct Professor positions at both University of Georgia (Atlanta, GA)[8] and University of Miami (Miami, Florida).[9] He worked part-time for the Emory University affiliated Atlanta VA for 35 years while maintaining his Emory University appointment, retiring from the VA in 2016.[10]

He began his work as a herpes virologist with a specific focus on developing drug therapeutics for orolabial and genital herpes and severe life-threatening infections like herpes encephalitis. When HIV was identified as a virus in the 1980s, Schinazi and his fellow researchers directed their attention towards the problem. He was able to translate his knowledge gained through his work on the herpes viruses towards addressing HIV and HBV. He is credited for setting up the first-ever HIV laboratory at Emory University complete with a protocol on how to handle the dangerous virus in the laboratory setting so he and his team could pursue the development of novel antiviral drugs.[5][11] In 1987, he helped Prusoff's laboratory discover that d4T, a nucleoside analog, had selective activity against HIV.[4][12]

Schinazi with the famous Berlin Patient - the first person presumed cured of HIV
Raymond Schinazi with US basketball legend Magic Johnson, who has been living with HIV - with the aid of drugs Schinazi helped to discover and develop - since 1991

Schinazi is best known for his involvement in the discovery and development of innovative anti-HIV, HBV, and HCV drugs on the market. To date, he has been involved in the development of five FDA-approved drugs of which three are used in eight different drug combinations.[4] More than 94% of HIV-positive people take at least one of the drugs he invented.[10][7] He has authored more than 550 peer-reviewed papers in academic literature with over 20,000 total citations.[13][14]

Discovery and development of lamivudine (3TC)

Among the first drugs discovered and developed for treatment of HIV came through the collaboration between Dennis C. Liotta (Emory) and Schinazi. In 1992, they first published on lamivudine (3TC) in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.[15] This drug became one of the most successful antiviral agents used to combat HIV as part of fixed-dose combinations (including Combivir, Trizivir, Epzicom, and Triumeq). Combination therapies incorporating 3TC quickly became the standard of care, with safe and effective nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RF) inhibitors, such as 3TC and its related cousins, serving as the cornerstones of combination chemotherapy.[16][17] 3TC was also found to be active against HBV in collaboration with Drs. Dennis Liotta, Philip Furman and Yung-Chi Cheng.[18][19][20]

Discovery and development of emtricitabine [(-)-FTC or FTC]

Schinazi's work led to the discovery of a second nucleoside analog, emtricitabine (FTC), subsequently resulting in a potent, safe nucleoside analog commonly used in treatment regimens.[21] The discovery of FTC was first published in 1992 in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy as another new anti-HIV compound.[22] The mechanism of action of FTC is by incorporation of FTC-TP into the growing viral DNA strand results in chain termination, disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Disruption of this process results in rapid reduction of systemic viral loads to undetectable in HIV-infected individuals, effectively allowing for significant rebound of CD4+ T-cells, effectively providing a tandem mechanism resulting in control of systemic viremia and restoration of functional immunity.

In addition, FTC in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) was approved as a prophylactic drug (part of PrEP) to prevent transmission of HIV, further broadening its use beyond HIV-positive people to that of prophylaxis, underscoring a novel and previously unmet need with ramifications for global health worldwide. Today, this drug is widely used as part of fixed-dose combination drug regimens, including Truvada, Atripla, Complera, Stribild, Descovy, Genvoya, Odefsey, Descovy, Biktarvy, and Symtuza.[23][20] Like 3TC, FTC was found to be active against HBV, but was never approved for this indication by the US FDA.[24][25][26][27]

Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)

In 2004, Schinazi was one of the founders of Pharmasset, a company that would later go on to develop sofosbuvir.[28] The name Pharmasset was derived from 'pharmaceutical assets' and the original business plan was to create assets that would be sold to other companies.[29] The company raised around $45M in its 2007 IPO at $9 per share. It would later be taken over at $137 per share. In November 2011, Gilead Sciences announced a takeover bid for Pharmasset for approximately $11.4 billion.[30]

Schinazi's contribution to the discovery of sofosbuvir is contentious. He is the co-author of a 2005 paper that discovered a precursor to the drug.[31] Jean-Pierre Sommadossi, a principal founder of Idenix and a co-founder of Pharmasset, is a former business partner who no longer speaks to Schinazi.[31][32]

Schinazi returning to Egypt - for the first time in 50 years since his family fled the Nasser regime as refugees in 1964

In litigation between Idenix and Gilead/Pharmasset, there was an Order denying Idenix's motion for enhanced damages where the court noted that Schinazi "violated his confidentially obligations to Idenix, and shared with Pharmasset scientists Idenix's proprietary discoveries relating to treatment of HCV".[33] However, even “fully accepting Idenix’s view of the evidence,” it was the company Schinazi founded, Pharmasset, not Idenix, that synthesized the key “compound that led to a cure for HCV.”.[34] Even accepting that Idenix discovered a component of the compound, the cure for HCV was discovered only after Pharmasset/Gilead's ”revolutionary refinement of that invention.”[35] Patent law, according to the order, reflects a balance between protection “and the importance of facilitating the imitation and refinement through imitation that are necessary to invention itself and the very lifeblood of a competitive economy.”[36]

In 2014, Schinazi, working with the Egyptian government and Gilead Sciences, agreed to provide Egypt with the drug Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) for about US$1,000, which is only one percent of its market price. Also working with Pharco, an Egyptian Pharmaceutical company Sovaldi is now available for less than US$120 per cure.[37]

Prior to the implementation of a nationwide screening and treatment program for hepatitis C in 2014, there were over 6 million Egyptians infected and living with the disease.[38] But between 2014 and 2018, over 60 million people were screened and more than 4.1 million treated.[39] [40]

Other drugs

Schinazi has also had a hand in the development of the other FDA-approved drugs stavudine and telbivudine.[31]

Honors and awards

Schinazi receiving the 2025 Antonín Holý Award

In 2018, Schinazi received the Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, the French Legion of Honor, with the rank of knight.[41] Established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte, it is the highest decoration bestowed in France and recognizes outstanding service to the French Republic.

In the years before and since, he has the recipient of numerous other awards, including: the Bruce Witte (Blumberg) Annual Distinguished Award- Hepatitis B Foundation (2000);[42] the Georgia Biomedical Industry Growth Award (2003),[43] Distinguished Scientist Award- Hepatitis B Foundation (2006);[44] Emory University's Dean's Distinguished Faculty Lecture and Award (2008);[45] Inductee- Technology Hall of Fame of Georgia (2011);[46] Intellectual Property Legends Award - Georgia State University (2012);[47] Charter Fellow- National Academy of Inventors (2013);[48] Distinguished Medical Science Award- Friends of the National Library of Medicine (2013);[49] Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award- American Liver Foundation (2014);[50] Research & Hope Award for Excellence in Academic Research- PhRMA Foundation (2014);[51] William S. Middleton Award- US Veterans Affairs (2015);[52] Tom Glaser Leadership Award- Connexx Eagle Star Awards (2015);[53] Lifetime Achievement Award- Scrip Award, London (2016);[54] Lifetime Achievement Award for Public Service- Institute of Human Virology (2016);[55]; Global Hepatitis Award from the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease (ISVHLD) 2018;[41] Distinguished Achievement Award- American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)(2021).[56]

Schinazi became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2020,[57] and received an Honorary Doctorate (Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa) from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2023. [58] In the same year, Schinazi and colleagues received the "Deal of the Year" award from Emory's Office of Technology Transfer for their licensing agreement with Pfizer, Inc.[59]

Schinazi receiving his honorary doctorate at Uppsala University, 2025

In 2025, he received the Antonín Holý Memorial Award from the International Society for Antiviral Research (ISAR) in recognition of his career-long prominence and achievements in antiviral drug discovery and development[60]. In the same year, he was also inducted into the Georgia Technology Hall of Fame [61] and received an Honorary Doctorate in Medicine from Uppsala University. [62].

In 2026, he received the Emory University President's Medal alongside his colleagues Dennis Liotta and Woo-Baeg Choi, in recognition of their transformative contributions to global public health via life-saving HIV medications - estimated to be taken by over 90% of people living with HIV in the United States and by millions more worldwide. [63]

Podcast, radio, and online interviews

Schinazi has discussed his life, career and research in numerous podcast, radio, and video interviews, including the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific[64], The Road From Carmel[65], and the IAS-USA series Going Anti-Viral.[66] He has also been featured in a two-part interview series for the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine's Inside U Miami Medicine podcast[67][68] and a video interview with Dr. Michael Lederman and Dr. Neil Greenspan, Senior Editors of Pathogens and Immunity discussing his career in antiviral research.[69]

Schinazi's role in developing the hepatitis C cure has also been discussed in broader media coverage of the sofosbuvir story, including a profile published in 2015 the journal Science entitled King of the Pills; [70], and a 2020 CNN interview with Pharco CEO Dr Sherine Helmy, which references Schinazi's role in hepatitis C eradication in Egypt.[71]

Founder

Schinazi has been a founder of:

  • Triangle Pharmaceuticals, which was taken over by Gilead Sciences
  • Pharmasset, also acquired by Gilead for $11.4 billion in 2011[72]
  • Idenix Pharmaceuticals, taken over by Merck for $3.85 billion[73]
  • RFS Pharma, which merged with Cocrystal Pharma in 2014.[74] RFS are the initials of Schinazi's name.

Philanthropy

Schinazi at Emory University with the Dalai Lama - a Distinguished Professor at Emory since 2007

Schinazi has made substantial philanthropic contributions to various academic and cultural institutions. In 2022, he endowed the Raymond F. Schinazi and Family Endowed Chair in Biomedicine at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, installing visionary molecular virologist - and longtime friend and colleague - Dr. Mario Stevenson in support of his ongoing research toward a cure for HIV/AIDS.[75] In 2023, Schinazi donated £2 million to the University of Bath, where he completed his undergraduate and doctoral degrees, to establish the Raymond Schinazi and Family Chair of Life Sciences - the first such chair in the university's new Department of Life Sciences.[76]

He has also endowed multiple named chairs and professorships at Emory University, including the Nahmias-Schinazi Distinguished Professorship,[77] the Schinazi Family Distinguished Professorship in Biomedical Research,[78] the Barbara Stoll- and Lucky Jain-Raymond Schinazi Distinguished Professorships in Pediatrics,[79] the Raymond F. Schinazi Distinguished Research Chair in Jewish Bioethics at the Emory Center for Ethics,[80] and the Raymond F. Schinazi Scholarship in Bioethics and Jewish Thought, [81]

Outside of academia, Schinazi funded the construction of the Eliyahu HaNavi Jewish Center in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, named in honor of the historic synagogue in Alexandria, Egypt, that his family attended before being forced to flee in 1964. The center, which opened in November 2018, houses a synagogue, kosher dining, and accommodations for observant visitors.[82]

Further reading

  • Cohen, Jon (May 8, 2015). "King of the pills". Science. 348 (6235): 622–625. doi:10.1126/science.348.6235.622. PMID 25953989.

References

  1. ↑ "Yerkes -- Raymond Schinazi, PhD". Emory. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Egyptian-born hep C drug inventor meets health minister - Politics - Egypt". Ahram Online. September 26, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  3. ↑ Cookson, Clive (July 27, 2014). "Raymond Schinazi fled Nasser's Egypt to become pioneer in antivirals". Financial Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 "King of the pills". Joncohen.org. May 8, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 "Atlanta Pediatric Research - Raymond Schinazi, PhD, DSc - Faculty - People - Emory + Children's + GT - Atlanta Pediatric Research Alliance". Pedsresearch.org. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  6. ↑ "CFAR - HIV Cure Scientific Working Group". Cfar.emory.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Where There's A Cure There's Controversy: Raymond Schinazi's Story". Scrip.pharmamedtechbi.com. February 13, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  8. ↑ Creations, Plexus Web. "UGA Center for Drug Discovery Faculty". Uga-cdd.org. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Division of Infectious Diseases at Miller School of Medicine". medicine.med.miami.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Emory Virologist Raymond Schinazi Honored". Atlanta Jewish Times. December 6, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  11. ↑ "American Liver Foundation awards Emory inventor with Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award". news.emory.edu. November 21, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  12. ↑ Prusoff, William (March 19, 2001). "The Scientist's Story". New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Raymond F Schinazi's Publons profile". Publons. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Scopus preview". Scopus.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  15. ↑ Schinazi, R F; Chu, C K; Peck, A; McMillan, A; Mathis, R; Cannon, D; Jeong, L S; Beach, J W; Choi, W B; Yeola, S (1992). "Activities of the four optical isomers of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH-189) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human lymphocytes". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 36 (3): 672–6. doi:10.1128/AAC.36.3.672. PMC 190578. PMID 1320365.
  16. ↑ "At gathering of HIV/AIDS pioneers, raw memories mix with current conflicts". Sciencemag.org. October 25, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  17. ↑ Portsmouth, S. D; Scott, C. J (2007). "The renaissance of fixed dose combinations: Combivir". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 3 (4): 579–83. PMC 2374941. PMID 18472979.
  18. ↑ U.S. Expired - Fee Related US7468436B2, Dennis C. Liotta; Raymond F. Schinazi & Woo-Baeg Choi, "Method of resolution and antiviral activity of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside enantiomers", published September 2, 2004, issued December 23, 2008, assigned to Emory University
  19. ↑ U.S. Expired US7160999B2, Dennis C. Liotta; Raymond F. Schinazi & Woo-Baeg Choi, "Method of resolution and antiviral activity of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside enantiomers", published February 26, 2004, assigned to Emory University
  20. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ↑ "Emory University signs $525 million agreement with Gilead, Royalty Pharma". Emory.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  22. ↑ Schinazi, R F; McMillan, A; Cannon, D; Mathis, R; Lloyd, R M; Peck, A; Sommadossi, J P; St Clair, M; Wilson, J; Furman, P A (1992). "Selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency viruses by racemates and enantiomers of cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 36 (11): 2423–31. doi:10.1128/AAC.36.11.2423. PMC 284347. PMID 1283296.
  23. ↑ "A to Z of antiretroviral drugs - Emtricitabine (Emtriva)". Aidsmap.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Antiviral activity and resolution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(5-fluorocytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane". Patents.google.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  25. ↑ United States Expired - Fee Related US7115584B2, Raymond F. Schinazi; John W. Mellors & Dennis C. Liotta, "HIV-1 mutations selected for by β-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine", published October 3, 2006, issued October 3, 2006
  26. ↑ "Antiviral activity and resolution of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(5-fluorocytosin-1-yl)-1,3-oxathiolane". Patents.google.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Treatment of HIV by administration of β-D-2′, 3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (D4FC)". Patents.google.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  28. ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey (April 18, 2015). "The Drug That Is Bankrupting America". HuffPost. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  29. ↑ Berkrot, Bill (November 22, 2011). "Gilead could have had Pharmasset cheap: founder". Reuters. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Gilead Sciences to Acquire Pharmasset, Inc. for $11 Billion". investors.gilead.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  31. 1 2 3 Cohen, J (2015). "King of the pills". Science. 348 (6235): 622–5. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..622C. doi:10.1126/science.348.6235.622. PMID 25953989.
  32. ↑ "Gilead's Patent Loss to Merck Started With a Broken Friendship". Biglawbusiness.com. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  33. ↑ C.A. No. 14-846-LPS 2017, p. 7.
  34. ↑ C.A. No. 14-846-LPS 2017, p. 15.
  35. ↑ C.A. No. 14-846-LPS 2017, pp. 15–16.
  36. ↑ C.A. No. 14-846-LPS 2017, pp. 7, 16.
  37. ↑ "CNN Marketplace Africa - Dr. Sherine Helmy speaks about Hepatitis C Eradication". youtube.com. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  38. ↑ "Progress Toward Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus Infection — Egypt, 2001–2012". cdc.gov. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  39. ↑ "Egypt becomes the first country to achieve WHO validation on the path to elimination of hepatitis C". emro.who.int. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  40. ↑ "Egypt's success treating hepatitis C a 'lighthouse' for rest of world, says Raymond Schinazi". english.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  41. 1 2 Korschun, Holly (December 4, 2018). "Emory HIV/AIDS drug inventor, entrepreneur decorated with French Legion of Honor". Emory. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Bio/Med Investor Network". Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  43. ↑ "THE VALUE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY". gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  44. ↑ Farley, Peggy (March 22, 2006). "Hepatitis B Foundation Presents Distinguished Scientist Award 2006 to Emory University Professor Dr. Raymond F. Schinazi, a Pioneer in Antiviral Drug Discovery Research for HIV and Hepatitis B". ReleaseWire (Press release). Doylestown, PA. SBWIRE. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  45. ↑ Lawley, Thomas J. MD (April 2008). "Emory School of Medicine - Dean's Letter". Emory. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  46. ↑ Pricewaterhousecoopers. "US Newsroom". Pwc.com.
  47. ↑ "Honors for Wagner, Young, Liotta and Schinazi, Nemenman and García". news.emory.edu. Retrieved June 30, 2026.
  48. ↑ "Wagner, Schinazi named National Academy of Inventors Charter Fellows | Emory University | Atlanta GA". News.emory.edu.
  49. ↑ "Friends of the National Library of Medicine". Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  50. ↑ "American Liver Foundation awards Emory inventor with Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award | Emory University | Atlanta GA". News.emory.edu.
  51. ↑ "PhRMA organization honors Emory scientist with Excellence in Academic Research award". news.emory.edu. August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2026.
  52. ↑ "Raymond Schinazi, drug-development pioneer, earns VA's highest honor for biomedical research". Research.va.gov.
  53. ↑ "Emory Virologist Raymond Schinazi Honored". atlantajewishtimes.com. December 6, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  54. ↑ Scrip Team (November 30, 2016). "Industry's Achievements Lauded At 12th Annual Scrip Awards". Scrip Pharma Intelligence. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  55. ↑ Korschun, Holly (September 22, 2016). "Institute of Human Virology honors Schinazi with Lifetime Achievement Awards". Emory. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  56. ↑ "AASLD Distinguished Achievement Award for Raymond F Schinazi". American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Retrieved June 30, 2026.
  57. ↑ "AAAS Announces Leading Scientists Elected as 2020 Fellows". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved June 30, 2026.
  58. ↑ "Hebrew University Confers Honorary Doctorate Degree on Dr. Raymond Schinazi, Renowned HIV Researcher and Emory University Professor". ahfu.org. June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  59. ↑ "Annual Celebration of Technology and Innovation 2023". Emory. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  60. ↑ "Antonín Holý Memorial Award". isar-icar.com. Retrieved July 12, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Georgia Technology Hall of Fame". tagonline.org. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  62. ↑ "New honorary doctors at the University". Uppsala Universitet. January 14, 2025. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  63. ↑ "President's Medal honors biomedical researchers who developed lifesaving HIV medications". Retrieved June 30, 2026.
  64. ↑ Al-Khalili, Jim (July 16, 2024). "Raymond Schinazi on revolutionising treatments for HIV and Hepatitis C". The Life Scientific. BBC Radio 4.
  65. ↑ "Ray Schinazi (1964-68)". The Road From Carmel. December 12, 2023.
  66. ↑ Saag, Michael (April 2025). "Development of a Hepatitis C Cure with Dr Raymond Schinazi". Going Anti-Viral. Episode 46. IAS-USA.
  67. ↑ "Drug Pioneer and Trailblazer: The Dr. Raymond Schinazi Story (Part 1)". Inside U Miami Medicine. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. March 2024.
  68. ↑ "Curing Hepatitis C: The Dr. Raymond Schinazi Story (Part 2)". Inside U Miami Medicine. University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. April 2024.
  69. ↑ Interview with Raymond Schinazi, PhD, Hon DSc (Video interview). November 6, 2023.
  70. ↑ Cohen, Jon (May 8, 2015). "King of the pills". Science. 348 (6235): 622–625. doi:10.1126/science.348.6235.622.
  71. ↑ CNN Marketplace Africa - Dr. Sherine Helmy speaks about Hepatitis C Eradication (video interview). February 19, 2020.
  72. ↑ "Merck to Acquire Idenix". gilead.com (Press release). November 21, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2026.
  73. ↑ "Merck to Acquire Idenix". Mrknewsroom.com (Press release). June 9, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  74. ↑ "Merck to Acquire Idenix". gilead.com (Press release). November 25, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2026.
  75. ↑ "Dr. Mario Stevenson Is Awarded the Raymond F. Schinazi and Family Endowed Chair in Biomedicine". University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. May 20, 2022.
  76. ↑ "Alumnus gifts £2M for life sciences chair at the University of Bath". University of Bath. August 24, 2023.
  77. ↑ "Baek Kim Named Schinazi Family Distinguished Professor in Biomedical Research". Pediatric Research in Atlanta. March 8, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  78. ↑ "Baek Kim Named Schinazi Family Distinguished Professor in Biomedical Research". Pediatric Research in Atlanta. March 8, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  79. ↑ "Stoll, Jain honored with named endowed professorships in the School of Medicine". Emory University School of Medicine. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  80. ↑ "Paul Root Wolpe, PhD — Raymond F. Schinazi Distinguished Research Chair of Jewish Bioethics". Emory University Center for Ethics. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  81. ↑ "Raymond F. Schinazi Scholar in Bioethics and Jewish Thought". Emory University Center for Ethics. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
  82. ↑ "A Contemporary Jewish Center Comes to Cabo San Lucas". Atlanta Jewish Times. July 6, 2022.

Works cited

  • Idenix Pharms. LLC v. Gilead Scis., Inc., 14-846-LPS (UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE September 22, 2017).
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