Phoma herbarum
| Phoma herbarum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Didymellaceae |
| Genus: | Phoma |
| Species: | P. herbarum |
| Binomial name | |
| Phoma herbarum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Phoma herbarum is a species of saphrophytic fungi from the family Didymellaceae. The species is widely distributed and has been isolated from plants, soil, freshwater, and marine environments. P. herbarum is best known as a plant-associated fungus and opportunistic plant pathogen, but it has also been reported as a pathogen of fish.
Plant association
P. herbarum is a plant pathogen infecting various plant species, including Alchemilla vulgaris, Arabis petraea, Arenaria norvegica, Armeria maritima, Bartsia alpina, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Erysimum, Euphrasia frigida, Honckenya peploides, Matricaria maritima, Rumex longifolius, Thymus praecox and Urtica dioica.[3]
Disease in fish
While normally considered a plant pathogen, Phoma herbarum is also a pathogen in fish, especially salmonids.[4] In fish, P. herbarum causes a systemic mycotic infection known as phaeohyphomycosis. The primary organ infected is the air bladder; however, the disease can eventually disseminate to other organs.[5] The low incidence of infection in experimentally infected fish suggest that P. herbarum is only weakly contagious.
Phoma herbarum has been isolated from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).[5] The species was identified as the causative agent of a phaeohyphomycosis outbreak in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the United States in 2007.[6]
Signs and symptoms
Clinical signs include swollen and hemorrhagic vents and fins. The abdominal area of infected fish can be laterally compressed into a "pinched abdomen" appearance.[4]
Prognosis
There is no known treatment for Phoma herbarum infections in fish and infected fish will eventually die.[4]
In humans
Infections in humans due to fungi from the genus Phoma are rare. Phoma species isolated from clinical specimens often aren't speciated beyond genus level and so the frequency of P. herbarum infections is uncertain.[7] The pathogenicity of P. herbarum is unknown. The species likely acts as an opportunistic pathogen, requiring trauma to cause infection.
In 2010 P. herbarum was isolated from a case of foot dermatomycosis infection.[8]
References
- ↑ Westendorp, G.D. 1852. Nouvelle notice sur quelque cryptogames récement découvertes en Belgique. Bulletin de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Belgique Classe des Sciences. 19(3):110-132
- ↑ "Phoma herbarum". Mycobank. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
- 1 2 3 Meyers, Theodore; Burton, Tamara; Bentz, Collette; Ferguson, Jayde; Stewart, Davis; Starkey, Norman (June 2019). DISEASES OF WILD AND CULTURED FISHES IN ALASKA (PDF). Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
- 1 2 Ross, A. J.; Yasutake, W. T.; Leek, Steve (1975). "Phoma herbarum, a Fungal Plant Saprophyte, as a Fish Pathogen". Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 32 (9): 1648–1652. Bibcode:1975JFRBC..32.1648R. doi:10.1139/f75-193. ISSN 0015-296X.
- ↑ Faisal, Mohamed; Elsayed, Ehab; Fitzgerald, Scott D.; Silva, Victor; Mendoza, Leonel (2007). "Outbreaks of phaeohyphomycosis in the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) caused by Phoma herbarum". Mycopathologia. 163 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1007/s11046-006-0084-z. ISSN 0301-486X. PMID 17216330.
- ↑ Bennett, Ashely; Ponder, Michelle M.; Garcia-Diaz, Julia (2018-06-23). "Phoma Infections: Classification, Potential Food Sources, and Its Clinical Impact". Microorganisms. 6 (3): 58. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6030058. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 6165263. PMID 29937481.
- ↑ Tullio, Vivian; Banche, Giuliana; Allizond, Valeria; Roana, Janira; Mandras, Narcisa; Scalas, Daniela; Panzone, Michele; Cervetti, Ornella; Valle, Sergio; Carlone, Nicola; Cuffini, Anna Maria (2010). "Non-dermatophyte moulds as skin and nail foot mycosis agents: Phoma herbarum, Chaetomium globosum and Microascus cinereus". Fungal Biology. 114 (4): 345–349. Bibcode:2010FunB..114..345T. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.003. hdl:2318/71493. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 20943144.