Ralstonia pickettii
| Ralstonia pickettii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Burkholderiales |
| Family: | Burkholderiaceae |
| Genus: | Ralstonia |
| Species: | R. pickettii |
| Binomial name | |
| Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston et al. 1973) Yabuuchi et al. 1996 | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Burkholderia pickettii (Ralston et al. 1973) Yabuuchi et al. 1993[1] | |
Ralstonia pickettii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, soil bacterium.[2] It was first isolated in 1973 and was initially classified in the Pseudomonas genus.[3]
Ralstonia pickettii is a Betaproteobacteria species found in moist environments such as soils, rivers, and lakes. It has also been identified in biofilms in plastic water pipes. It is an oligotrophic organism, making it capable of surviving in areas with a very low concentration of nutrients. Several strains have shown an ability to survive in environments highly contaminated with metals. The ability to persist in these harsh conditions makes R. pickettii a candidate for bioremediation.[4]
Microbiology
Ralstonia pickettii is classified as a Gram negative, aerobic, nonfermentive bacillus. [5]
R. pickettii favors temperatures of 30-37°C and grows slowly on primary isolation media such as MacConkey agar, 5% sheep blood agar and chocolate agar, and at least 72 hours of incubation may be required before colonies are visible. [6] In general, R. pickettii is lysine decarboxylase negative, oxidase and catalase positive, however, some strains have proven to be catalase negative.[6][7]
Species within the Ralstonia genus are difficult to distinguish using solely biochemical assays, however, 16S PCR has been proven to successfully distinguish between the different species.[8][9][10]
Clinical Relevance
Ralstonia pickettii and R. insidiosa are emerging pathogens in hospital settings.[11] R. pickettii pathology does not follow an easy definition. Several hospitals have reported outbreaks—in particular, patients with cystic fibrosis and Crohn's disease have been shown to be infected with R. picketti. Of the 55 reported cases of such infection, the majority are due to contaminated solutions such as water, saline, and sterile drugs.[12] These solutions are usually contaminated when the product is manufactured, because R. pickettii has the ability to pass through the 0.45 and 0.2 μm filters that are used to sterilize medicinal products. An outbreak of R. pickettii at a hospital in Queensland, Australia was reported in November 2023, and it is suspected to have caused the death of one patient through contaminated saline. In 2026, there were 90 deaths due to contaminated Fentanyl in Argentina related to R. pickettii. [13]
There are currently no standard recommendations for the treatment of R. pickettii infections, although good results have been seen using a wide variety of antibiotics for treatment, including piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and amikacin.[14][15][16] The presence of two inducible beta-lactamases in the R. pickettii genome, blaOXA-60 and blaOXA-22, have been reported as a source of beta-lactam resistance, and an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase is responsible for the widespread resistance to aminoglycosides. [17]
References
- ↑ "Genus Burkholderia". List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ↑ Yabuuchi, E; Kosako, Y; Yano, I; Hotta, H; Nishiuchi, Y (1995). "Transfer of two Burkholderia and an Alcaligenes species To ralstonia gen. nov.: Proposal of Ralstonia pickettii (Ralston, Palleroni and Doudoroff 1973) comb. Nov., Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) comb. Nov. And Ralstonia eutropha (Davis 1969) comb. Nov". Microbiology and Immunology. 39 (11): 897–904. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03275.x. PMID 8657018.
- ↑ Tejera, Darwin; Limongi, Gino; Bertullo, Mauricio; Cancela, Mario (2016). "Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: a report of two cases". Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 28 (2). doi:10.5935/0103-507X.20160033. ISSN 0103-507X. PMC 4943058. PMID 27410414.
- ↑ Ryan, M.P.; Pembroke, J.T.; Adley, C.C. (October 2007). "Ralstonia pickettii in environmental biotechnology: potential and applications". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 103 (4): 754–764. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03361.x. PMID 17897177. S2CID 23670887.
- ↑ "Ralstonia pickettii K-288, K 288 | Type strain | DSM 6297, ATCC 27511, CIP 73.23, JCM 5969, NCTC 11149, CCUG 3318, LMG 5942, BCRC 14820, CECT 330, CGMCC 1.1807, IAM 13530, ICPB 3981, NBRC 102503, NCIMB 13142, VTT E-981068 | BacDiveID:2085". bacdive.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
- 1 2 Versalovic, James (2011). Manual of clinical microbiology (10th ed.). Washington (D.C.): ASM press. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2.
- ↑ Vandamme, P.; Goris, J.; Coenye, T.; Hoste, B.; Janssens, D.; Kersters, K.; De Vos, P.; Falsen, E. (1999-04-01). "Assignment of Centers for Disease Control group IVc-2 to the genus Ralstonia as Ralstonia paucula sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (2): 663–669. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-2-663. ISSN 1466-5026.
- ↑ Coenye, Tom; Spilker, Theodore; Reik, Rebecca; Vandamme, Peter; LiPuma, John J. (2005). "Use of PCR Analyses To Define the Distribution of Ralstonia Species Recovered from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (7): 3463–3466. doi:10.1128/jcm.43.7.3463-3466.2005. PMC 1169115. PMID 16000479.
- ↑ Ryan, M. P.; Pembroke, J. T.; Adley, C. C. (2011-10-01). "Differentiating the growing nosocomial infectious threats Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 30 (10): 1245–1247. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1219-9. ISSN 1435-4373. PMID 21461848. S2CID 10657717.
- ↑ Ryan, Michael P; Pembroke, J Tony; Adley, Catherine C (2011). "Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa isolates from clinical and environmental sources including High-purity Water. Diversity in Ralstonia pickettii". BMC Microbiology. 11 (1): 194. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-194. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 3175462. PMID 21878094.
- ↑ Ryan, M. P.; Adley, C. C. (March 2014). "Ralstonia spp.: emerging global opportunistic pathogens". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 33 (3): 291–304. doi:10.1007/s10096-013-1975-9. ISSN 0934-9723. PMID 24057141. S2CID 254130130.
- ↑ Ryan, M; Pembroke, J; Adley, C (March 2006). "Ralstonia pickettii: a persistent Gram-negative nosocomial infectious organism". Journal of Hospital Infection. 62 (3): 278–284. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.08.015. PMID 16337309. Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ↑ https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/caso-fentanilo-los-chats-reveladores-que-complicaron-a-las-jefas-de-la-anmat-detenidas-nid06082026/
- ↑ Strateva, Tanya; Kostyanev, Tomislav; Setchanova, Lena (2012). "Ralstonia pickettii sepsis in a hemodialysis patient from Bulgaria". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (4): 400–401. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.06.010.
- ↑ Mikulska, M.; Durando, P.; Pia Molinari, M.; Alberti, M.; Del Bono, V.; Dominietto, A.; Raiola, A.M.; Van Lint, M.T.; Bregante, S.; Orengo, G.; Bacigalupo, A.; Viscoli, C. (2009). "Outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii bacteraemia in patients with haematological malignancies and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients". Journal of Hospital Infection. 72 (2): 187–188. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.02.016.
- ↑ Forgie, Sarah; Kirkland, Terri; Rennie, Robert; Chui, Linda; Taylor, Geoff (2007). "Ralstonia pickettii Bacteremia Associated With Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy in a Canadian Hospital". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 28 (8): 1016–1018. doi:10.1086/519205. ISSN 0899-823X.
- ↑ Zhang, Li; Morrison, Mark; Rickard, Claire M. (2014-02-27). "Draft Genome Sequence of Ralstonia pickettii AU12-08, Isolated from an Intravascular Catheter in Australia". Genome Announcements. 2 (1). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00027-14. ISSN 2169-8287. PMC 3916482. PMID 24503988.