Prosadenoporus agricola
| Prosadenoporus agricola | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nemertea |
| Class: | Hoplonemertea |
| Order: | Monostilifera |
| Family: | Prosorhochmidae |
| Genus: | Prosadenoporus |
| Species: | P. agricola |
| Binomial name | |
| Prosadenoporus agricola (Willemoes-Suhm 1874) | |
Prosadenoporus agricola,[2] also known as the Bermuda Islands mangrove ribbon worm, is a hermaphroditic viviparous ribbon worm native to Bermuda. The species has not recorded since 1966 and may be extinct.[1]
Etymology
The name reflects terrestrial habitat of this species (agricola = farmer, L).[3]
Description
Prosadenoporus species have terminal nephridial flame cells that characterize the species. Prosadenoporus agricola differs from most other Prosadenoporus species in being hermaphroditic and viviparous. Body color varies from uniform milk-white or grayish-white to orange, rosy, and greenish-brown or grayish-brown dorsally, and pale gray of whitish ventrally.[3]
Synonyms
- Neonemertes agricola
- Geonemertes agricola
- Pantinonemertes agricola (Willemoes-Suhm, 1874)
- Tetrastemma agricola
Anatomy
Prosadenoporus agricola are bilaterally symmetrical and multicellular organisms. The have a vermiform (long, cylindrical) body shape and use ciliary gliding for locomotion. Their mineralized tissue contains calcium phosphate. Additionally, the species differs in having fewer proboscis nerves and by lacking neurochord cells.[3]
The stylet base is rounded, pear shaped or truncated. Stylet length is 80-95 μm. There are 2 stylet accessory pouches and 12-15 proboscis nerves.[3]
Diet
Ribbon worms are predators of annelid (segmented) worms, clams, crabs, and some fish.[1]
Distribution and habitat
Prosadenoporus agricola are primarily found in Bermuda, in terrestrial and marine reef habitats. Terrestrial habitats occur at the drier margins of mangrove swamps and in moist earth under stones or matted algae on hillsides, in earthworm burrows. Marine habitats include Marine Intertidal and Marine Coastal/Supratidal.[1] P. agricola are found along the shores of mangrove swamps, under stones and logs on moist, silty soil or inside burrows of earthworms above high-water mark and, during wet season, on adjacent hillsides.[3]
Conservation status
This species has decreased in abundance since 1905. It has not been recorded since 1966 and may be extinct.[1] Population decline is likely due to continuing decline in habitat caused by development. At present, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 53 km2 (20 sq mi) and the species may occur at only a single location. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered/Possibly Extinct (Moore et al., 2001)[1]
The species is threatened by housing and urban areas, commercial and industrial areas, and tourism and recreation areas.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gerlach, J. (2014). "Prosadenoporus agricola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T15968A21426618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15968A21426618.en. Retrieved 9 May 2026.
- ↑ "Prosadenoporus agricola (Willemoes-Suhm, 1874)". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Maslakova, Svetlana A.; Norenburg, Jon L. (2008). "Revision of the smiling worms, genera Prosadenoporus Bürger, 1890 and Pantinonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 and description of a new species Prosadenoporus floridensis sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae; Hoplonemertea; Nemertea) from Florida and Belize". Journal of Natural History. 42 (25–26): 1689–1727. Bibcode:2008JNatH..42.1689M. doi:10.1080/00222930802130286. ISSN 0022-2933.