Polykrikos kofoidii

Polykrikos kofoidii
A light micrograph of a bullet-shaped cell with a large spiral filament (the extruded nematocyst).
A light micrograph of Polykrikos kofoidii showing an extruded nematocyst. Scale bar = 10µm.[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Sar
Clade: Alveolata
Division: Dinoflagellata
Class: Dinophyceae
Order: Gymnodiniales
Family: Polykrikaceae
Genus: Polykrikos
Species:
P. kofoidii
Binomial name
Polykrikos kofoidii

Polykrikos kofoidii is a species of phagotrophic marine pseudocolonial dinoflagellates that can capture and engulf other protist prey, including the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium tamarense.[3][4] P. kofoidii is of scientific interest due to its status as a predator of other dinoflagellates, a behavior that is significant in the control of algal blooms.[5][6][7] It has a complex life cycle of both vegetative (asexual) and sexual reproduction complicated by its pseudocolonial structure.[8]

P. kofoidii is bioluminescent, producing flashes of light that are slower than that of most other dinoflagellates. Based on its bioluminescence emission spectrum, which peaks at 474 nm, and its fluorescence emission spectrum, which peaks at 477 nm, its bioluminescence chemistry is similar to that of other dinoflagellates. Its most unusual feature is that luciferin appears to be distributed throughout the organism, unlike all other organisms in which luciferin appears as punctate sources due to its localization within scintillons. Its hybrid luciferase gene contains a luciferin-binding protein-like motif that has homology to that of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans but is different from that other luminescent dinoflagellates in which the luciferase and luciferin-binding protein genes are separate.[9]

References

  1. ↑ Hoppenrath, M; Bachvaroff, TR; Handy, SM; Delwiche, CF; Leander, BS (25 May 2009). "Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 116. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..116H. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-116. PMC 2694157. PMID 19467154.
  2. ↑ M. Guiry (2015). Guiry MD, Guiry GM (eds.). "Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton, 1914". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  3. ↑ Cho, Hyun-Jin; Kazumi Matsuoka (2000). "Cell lysis of a phagotrophic dinoflagellate, Polykrikos kofoidii feeding on Alexandrium tamarense". Plankton Biology and Ecology. 47 (2): 134–136.
  4. ↑ Hoppenrath, Mona; Brian S. Leander (2007). "Character evolution in polykrikoid dinoflagellates". Journal of Phycology. 43 (2): 366–377. Bibcode:2007JPcgy..43..366H. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00319.x. S2CID 16821791.
  5. ↑ Gavelis, Gregory S.; White, Richard A.; Suttle, Curtis A.; Keeling, Patrick J.; Leander, Brian S. (17 July 2015). "Single-cell transcriptomics using spliced leader PCR: Evidence for multiple losses of photosynthesis in polykrikoid dinoflagellates". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 528. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1636-8. PMC 4504456. PMID 26183220.
  6. ↑ Matsuyama, Y; Miyamoto, M; Kotani, Y (1999). "Grazing impacts of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii on a bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 17: 91–98. Bibcode:1999AqME...17...91M. doi:10.3354/ame017091.
  7. ↑ JEONG, HAE JIN; KIM, SOO KYEONG; KIM, JAE SEONG; KIM, SEONG TAEK; YOO, YEONG DU; YOON, JOO YIH (May 2001). "Growth and Grazing Rates of the Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii on Red-Tide and Toxic Dinoflagellates". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (3): 298–308. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00318.x. PMID 11411838. S2CID 27126586.
  8. ↑ Tillmann, Urban; Hoppenrath, Mona (April 2013). "Life Cycle of the pseudocolonial dinoflagellate (Gymnodiniales, Dinoflagellata)". Journal of Phycology. 49 (2): 298–317. doi:10.1111/jpy.12037. PMID 27008517. S2CID 30674349.
  9. ↑ Latz, Michael I.; Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Sprecher, Brittany N. (April 2026). "Bioluminescence of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton 1914 (Dinophyceae)". Journal of Phycology. 62 (2): 666–688. doi:10.1111/jpy.70157. ISSN 0022-3646. PMC 13103706. PMID 41914493.


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