Polyamines in plant stress

Polyamines (PAs) are small, positively charged, organic molecules that are ubiquitous in all living organisms. These are considered as one of the oldest group of substances known in biochemistry.[1][2] There are three common types of polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, thermospermine according to structure, universal distribution in all cellular compartments, and presumed involvement in physiological activities.[2][1] Polyamine is found in all cellular compartments and physiological activities due to their simple structures. The function of polyamine is very diverse in that it performs a key macromolecule to cellular membrane. Because of their essential roles in plant, mutation of polyamines can cause critical damage on plants.[3] Furthermore, some polyamines like putrescine have been reported to influence biosynthetic activities in plants. The activity of polyamines can be categorized to some parts due to its signalling and growing activity.[4]

Plant stress

Spermidine
Thermospermine

Polyamines, which are the key compounds in plant physiology, play essential role in cell proliferation, growth and differentiation.[5][6] Polyamines also play important roles in cell proliferation and developmental processes across different organisms, including roles in fetal development and angiogenesis.[7]

Effect of polyamine on phytochelatin synthesis of rice

Even though polyamines carry out important roles like soothing and ameliorating in rice physiology,[8] its catabolic products can cause stress damage. Putrescine, a kind of polyamine, decreases phytochelatin synthesis at enzymatic and gene expression levels by increasing cadmium toxicity in rice.[9] Polyamines provide protection against heavy metals such as inhibiting Cadmium uptake or its entry into the cells because exogenous polyamines are mainly allocated to the apoplast.[10][11] Spermidine and spermine, kinds of polyamine, are found in reducing cadmium toxicity in rice. Nevertheless, putrescine leads to increasing hydrogen peroxide accumulation and inhibits root elongation in rice. In this case, huge amounts of polyamine-cadmium complexes form, so higher density of cadmium and putrescine decreases phytochelatin synthesis as well as its gene expression. Therefore, plants with decreasing phytochelatin activities can struggle with detoxification of metal ions like Zn, Cu, and Ni.[11][10]

Polyamine stress signal

putrescine

Polyamines are compounds that are involved in a complex signaling system and have a key role in the regulation of stress tolerance.[12] In the past, however, the main role of polyamines was originally assumed to be as direct protective compounds important under stress conditions because of their cationic nature (-) at physiological pH. This feature of polyamine makes it possible to interact with negatively charged macromolecules, stabilizing and protecting compounds under stress condition. These polyamines can bind to diverse types of proteins non-specifically, and this make it possible to the conjugation of polyamines to photosynthetic complexes and proteins is catalyzed by transglutaminase and leads to enhanced photosynthetic activity under stress conditions.[13]

Mutagenic stress

In the case of Arabidopsis,[14] since polyamines perform essential roles for growth in all organisms, and most polyamine biosynthetic genes are present in at least two copies in plants, break-out of single gene mutants can cause critical stress in plant. For example, Arabidopsis showed much lower activity in seed development when a specific gene was impaired. With both genes of pair impaired (acl5/spms), arabidopsis cannot perform enzyme activities anymore because it compromises thermospermine-spermine biosynthesis and causes hypersensitivity to NaCl and KCl. The mutant level of thermospermine-spermine can also disturb homeostasis of calcium ions leading to a differential response to salts.[15][16]

Difficulty in research

With ubiquitous presence, absolute necessity for cell survival, and their presence in relatively large quantities,[17] it is difficult to explain the accurate roles of polyamines in plant stress. Especially, the mechanism of polyamines in plant stress is not fully identified. problems relating to the role of PAs in abiotic stress is the lack of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their function. Furthermore, it is hard to generalize the polyamines are directly associated to stress condition because [18] there is often an immediate increase in polyamine levels in response to stress, but after a while polyamine levels decrease and resemble those of non-stressed plants, even if the stress conditions persist.

References

  1. 1 2 Chen, Dandan; Shao, Qingsong; Yin, Lianghong; Younis, Adnan; Zheng, Bingsong (2018). "Polyamine Function in Plants: Metabolism, Regulation on Development, and Roles in Abiotic Stress Responses". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9 1945. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01945. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 6335389. PMID 30687350.
  2. 1 2 Yi, Qi (2024). "Polyamines in Plant–Pathogen Interactions: Roles in Defense Mechanisms and Pathogenicity with Applications in Fungicide Development". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 25 (20) 10927. doi:10.3390/ijms252010927. PMC 11506843. PMID 39456710.
  3. ↑ Minocha, Rakesh; Majumdar, Rajtilak; Minocha, Subhash C. (2014). "Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: A complex relationship1". Frontiers in Plant Science. 5: 175. Bibcode:2014FrPS....5..175M. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00175. PMC 4017135. PMID 24847338.
  4. ↑ Schibalski, Ryan S.; Shulha, Anastasia S.; Tsao, Betty P.; Palygin, Oleg; Ilatovskaya, Daria V. (2024-08-01). "The role of polyamine metabolism in cellular function and physiology". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 327 (2): C341–C356. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2024. ISSN 1522-1563. PMC 11427016. PMID 38881422.
  5. ↑ Yang, Haishan; Fang, Yinyin; Liang, Zhiman; Qin, Tian; Liu, Ji-Hong; Liu, Taibo (2024-07-18). "Polyamines: pleiotropic molecules regulating plant development and enhancing crop yield and quality". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 22 (11): 3194–3201. Bibcode:2024PBioJ..22.3194Y. doi:10.1111/pbi.14440. ISSN 1467-7644. PMC 11500986. PMID 39024414.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ↑ Yi, Qi; Park, Min-Jeong; Vo, Kieu Thi Xuan; Jeon, Jong-Seong (2024-10-11). "Polyamines in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Roles in Defense Mechanisms and Pathogenicity with Applications in Fungicide Development". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 25 (20) 10927. doi:10.3390/ijms252010927. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 11506843. PMID 39456710.
  7. ↑ Xuan, Mengjuan; Gu, Xinyu; Li, Juan; Huang, Di; Xue, Chen; He, Yuting (2023-12-04). "Polyamines: their significance for maintaining health and contributing to diseases". Cell Communication and Signaling. 21 (1): 348. doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01373-0. ISSN 1478-811X. PMC 10694995. PMID 38049863.
  8. ↑ Alcázar, Rubén; Altabella, Teresa; Marco, Francisco; Bortolotti, Cristina; Reymond, Matthieu; Koncz, Csaba; Carrasco, Pedro; Tiburcio, Antonio F. (2010). "Polyamines: Molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance". Planta. 231 (6): 1237–1249. Bibcode:2010Plant.231.1237A. doi:10.1007/s00425-010-1130-0. PMID 20221631.
  9. ↑ Pál, Magda; Csávás, Gabriella; Szalai, Gabriella; Oláh, Tímea; Khalil, Radwan; Yordanova, Rusina; Gell, Gyöngyvér; Birinyi, Zsófia; Németh, Edit; Janda, Tibor (2017-10-15). "Polyamines may influence phytochelatin synthesis during Cd stress in rice". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 340: 272–280. Bibcode:2017JHzM..340..272P. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.016. ISSN 1873-3336. PMID 28715750.
  10. 1 2 Hasanuzzaman, Mirza; Alhaithloul, Haifa Abdulaziz S.; Parvin, Khursheda; Bhuyan, M. H. M. Borhannuddin; Tanveer, Mohsin; Mohsin, Sayed Mohammad; Nahar, Kamrun; Soliman, Mona H.; Mahmud, Jubayer Al; Fujita, Masayuki (2019-06-30). "Polyamine Action under Metal/Metalloid Stress: Regulation of Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Molecular Interactions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (13): 3215. Bibcode:2019IJMSc..20.3215H. doi:10.3390/ijms20133215. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6651247. PMID 31261998.
  11. 1 2 González-Hernández, Ana Isabel; Scalschi, Loredana; Vicedo, Begonya; Marcos-Barbero, Emilio Luis; Morcuende, Rosa; Camañes, Gemma (2022-03-10). "Putrescine: A Key Metabolite Involved in Plant Development, Tolerance and Resistance Responses to Stress". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (6): 2971. Bibcode:2022IJMSc..23.2971G. doi:10.3390/ijms23062971. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8955586. PMID 35328394.
  12. ↑ Pál, Magda; Szalai, Gabriella; Janda, Tibor (2015). "Speculation: Polyamines are important in abiotic stress signaling" (PDF). Plant Science. 237: 16–23. Bibcode:2015PlnSc.237...16P. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.003. PMID 26089148.
  13. ↑ Ioannidis, Nikolaos E.; Cruz, Jeffrey A.; Kotzabasis, Kiriakos; Kramer, David M. (2012). "Evidence That Putrescine Modulates the Higher Plant Photosynthetic Proton Circuit". PLOS ONE. 7 (1) e29864. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729864I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029864. PMC 3257247. PMID 22253808.
  14. ↑ Hussain, Tarique; Tan, Bi'e; Ren, Wenkai; Rahu, Najma; Kalhoro, Dildar Hussain; Yin, Yulong (2017). "Exploring polyamines: Functions in embryo/Fetal development". Animal Nutrition. 3 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2016.12.002. PMC 5941083. PMID 29767087.
  15. ↑ Imai, Akihiro; Matsuyama, Takashi; Hanzawa, Yoshie; Akiyama, Takashi; Tamaoki, Masanori; Saji, Hikaru; Shirano, Yumiko; Kato, Tomohiko; Hayashi, Hiroaki; Shibata, Daisuke; Tabata, Satoshi; Komeda, Yoshibumi; Takahashi, Taku (July 2004). "Spermidine synthase genes are essential for survival of Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 135 (3): 1565–1573. doi:10.1104/pp.104.041699. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 519071. PMID 15247389.
  16. ↑ Shinohara, Shiori; Okamoto, Takashi; Motose, Hiroyasu; Takahashi, Taku (October 2019). "Salt hypersensitivity is associated with excessive xylem development in a thermospermine-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 100 (2): 374–383. Bibcode:2019PlJ...100..374S. doi:10.1111/tpj.14448. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 31257654.
  17. ↑ Cobbett, Christopher S. (2000). "Phytochelatins and Their Roles in Heavy Metal Detoxification". Plant Physiology. 123 (3): 825–832. doi:10.1104/pp.123.3.825. PMC 1539264. PMID 10889232.
  18. ↑ Iqbal, M.; Ashraf, M.; Rehman, S.U.; Rha, E.S. (2006). "Does polyamine seed pretreatment modulate growth and levels of some plant growth regulators in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants under salt stress" (PDF). Bot. Stud. 47: 239–250.
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