Pistoiese Mountains

Pistoiese Mountains
Montagna pistoiese
Appennino pistoiese
Historical and geographical region
View of the Pistoiese Mountains from Passo del Cancellino
View of the Pistoiese Mountains from the Passo del Cancellino, above the Foresta del Teso
CountryItaly
RegionTuscany
ProvincePistoia
Named afterPistoia
Main municipalitiesAbetone Cutigliano, San Marcello Piteglio, Sambuca Pistoiese, Marliana
Area
 • Core mountain union area287.42 km2 (110.97 sq mi)
Population
 • Core mountain union population
[1]
11,019
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)

The Pistoiese Mountains (Italian: Montagna pistoiese or Appennino pistoiese) are a historical and geographical mountain region in the Province of Pistoia, Tuscany, central Italy. They occupy the southern side of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, north and north-west of the city of Pistoia, and include the upper valleys of the Reno, Lima, Sestaione, Maresca, Orsigna, Limentra and Ombrone Pistoiese.

The region is not a single administrative unit. Its present administrative core is formed by the mountain municipalities of Abetone Cutigliano, San Marcello Piteglio and Sambuca Pistoiese, which belong to the Unione di Comuni Montani Appennino Pistoiese. In a broader historical and cultural sense, the Pistoiese Mountains are also commonly associated with Marliana and with the mountain areas of the municipality of Pistoia.[2][3]

Regione Toscana identifies the Montagna pistoiese as an Apennine landscape area extending from the Alpe Tre Potenze to Monte La Croce, near the Forest of Acquerino.[2] Its landscape combines high ridges, extensive forests, dispersed villages, chestnut and pastoral areas, historic trans-Apennine routes, railway infrastructure, former industrial settlements and sites connected with mountain crafts and wartime memory.

Historically, the region was shaped by forestry, chestnut cultivation, pastoralism, iron-working, natural ice production, road and railway links across the Apennines, and twentieth-century industrial development. Its main cultural and landscape features include the Porrettana railway, the former Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese, the Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese, the forests of Teso and Acquerino, the high-mountain area of Abetone and Val di Luce, the industrial village of Campo Tizzoro, and historic settlements such as Cutigliano, Gavinana, Popiglio, Maresca, Orsigna, Pavana, Treppio and Sambuca Castello.

The natural value of the Pistoiese Mountains is also reflected in a network of protected areas and Natura 2000 sites, including Alta Valle del Sestaione, Campolino, Abetone, Pian degli Ontani, Libro Aperto - Cima Tauffi, Monte Spigolino - Monte Gennaio and Tre Limentre - Reno.[4] One of the most significant sites is the Campolino State Nature Reserve, which protects native Norway spruce stands regarded as possible glacial relicts and peatland habitats of scientific importance.[5]

Name and extent

The Italian expression Montagna pistoiese literally refers to the mountain area associated with Pistoia, while Appennino pistoiese emphasises its position within the Apennine chain. English-language institutional and tourist sources use forms such as "Pistoiese Mountains", "Pistoia Mountains" and "Pistoian Mountain Region".[6][7]

The name was already in use in nineteenth-century descriptions of the area, including Giuseppe Tigri's Guida della montagna pistoiese, published in its third edition in 1878 under the auspices of the Florentine section of the Club Alpino Italiano.[8]

The limits of the region are historical and geographical rather than strictly administrative. Regione Toscana's landscape documentation defines the Montagna pistoiese as extending from the Alpe Tre Potenze to Monte La Croce, near the Forest of Acquerino, and as bounded by the provinces of Modena and Bologna to the north and north-west, by the province of Lucca to the west, and by the Reno and the municipal boundaries of Marliana and Pistoia to the south and south-west.[2]

In administrative terms, much of the area is represented by the Unione di Comuni Montani Appennino Pistoiese, comprising Abetone Cutigliano, San Marcello Piteglio and Sambuca Pistoiese. Regione Toscana records a total surface area of 287.42 square kilometres and a population of 11,019 as of 31 December 2021 for these three municipalities.[1] The wider cultural area is also commonly associated with Marliana and with the mountain portion of the municipality of Pistoia.[3]

Geography

The Pistoiese Mountains lie on the southern flank of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. Their western and northern sectors are the highest, around the Abetone Pass, the Val di Luce, the upper Sestaione valley, the Doganaccia and the ridge system towards the Alpe Tre Potenze. The eastern and south-eastern sectors are lower, more wooded and more deeply incised by streams; the Teso, Orsigna, Limentra and Acquerino areas form some of the region's most extensive forest landscapes.

The high-mountain sector includes some of the best-known natural sites of the area. The Lago Nero, situated below the Alpe Tre Potenze at the head of the Sestaione valley, is one of the emblematic high-altitude lakes of the Pistoiese Mountains; nearby routes connect it with Lago Piatto, the Alpe Tre Potenze and the Val di Luce.[9][10] The Doganaccia, above Cutigliano, gives access to watershed routes towards the Croce Arcana and Lago Scaffaiolo.[11]

Forests are a defining feature of the region. The Foresta del Teso extends for more than 2,000 hectares, from about 795 to 1,732 metres above sea level, between Pracchia and San Marcello Pistoiese, with its core around Maresca and Orsigna.[12] On the eastern side of the region, the Forest of Acquerino is a biogenetic nature reserve and includes an archaeological park connected with the Stone Itinerary of the Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese.[13]

Regione Toscana's landscape documentation records an extensive public forest estate in the area, including the forests of Abetone-Boscolungo, Melo, Lizzano-Spignana and Maresca, with a total surface of about 101 square kilometres.[2] The Foresta del Teso is associated with a varied Apennine fauna, including red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, wild boar, mouflon, buzzards, badgers, porcupines, foxes, wolves and several mustelids, as well as bird species such as woodpeckers, dunnocks and song thrushes.[12] The Acquerino area is characterised by almost continuous woodland cover, conifer plantations and ecologically valuable open meadows; the tree flora includes species such as sycamore maple, wild cherry, rowan, ash and goat willow.[14]

The historical landscape was strongly influenced by chestnut cultivation. In the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Tigri described the chestnut woods of the Montagna pistoiese as a distinctive element of the mountain economy and environment.[15] For centuries, woodland resources supported charcoal production, timber extraction, pastoralism, chestnut cultivation, iron working and seasonal labour, making the forest both a natural environment and an economic infrastructure of mountain life.

Nature conservation

The Pistoiese Mountains include several protected areas, state nature reserves and Natura 2000 sites. The high western sector around Abetone and the upper Sestaione valley includes the sites Alta Valle del Sestaione, Campolino, Abetone, Pian degli Ontani, Libro Aperto - Cima Tauffi and Monte Spigolino - Monte Gennaio, while the eastern forested sector includes the larger Tre Limentre - Reno site.[4]

A particularly important conservation area is the Campolino State Nature Reserve, near Abetone Cutigliano. The reserve is classified as an oriented and biogenetic reserve and overlaps with the Campolino Special Protection Area and the Alta Valle del Sestaione Special Area of Conservation.[5][16] It protects one of the southernmost native Norway spruce (Picea abies) populations in Italy, considered a possible glacial relict, together with peatlands, wetlands, rocky habitats and small lakes such as Lago del Greppo and Lago delle Bruciate.[5]

The reserve's habitats include alpine and boreal heaths, species-rich Nardus grasslands, hydrophilous tall-herb fringes, transition mires, siliceous screes and rocky slopes, beech forests and acidophilous montane and alpine Picea forests. Its vegetation reflects the ecological transition between beech, silver fir, Norway spruce, montane heath and high-altitude grassland communities.[5]

Settlement pattern and administration

The Pistoiese Mountains are characterised by small towns, villages, hamlets and scattered houses rather than by a single dominant centre. San Marcello Piteglio forms the central sector of the region, with settlements such as San Marcello Pistoiese, Maresca, Gavinana, Campo Tizzoro, Popiglio and Piteglio. Abetone Cutigliano includes the highest-altitude part of the mountain area, including Abetone, Cutigliano, Pian degli Ontani, Pian di Novello, Doganaccia and Val di Luce. Sambuca Pistoiese occupies the north-eastern borderland towards Bologna, with villages such as Pavana, Treppio, Torri, Taviano and Sambuca Castello. Marliana forms the south-eastern edge of the historical mountain region, facing the Valdinievole. Within the municipality of Pistoia, localities such as Pracchia and Le Piastre are linked respectively with the Porrettana railway and with the historic ice-production economy of the upper Reno valley.[17][18]

Historically, the role of the main centre changed over time. Regione Toscana notes that Cutigliano was once the seat of the Capitano della Montagna, while San Marcello Pistoiese later became the most important centre of the area.[2] Treccani also describes San Marcello Pistoiese as the former capital and present main centre of the Montagna pistoiese.[19]

The dispersed character of settlement is especially marked in Sambuca Pistoiese. Municipal planning documents describe a population distributed among centres, nuclei and scattered houses, with a strong imbalance between denser villages such as Pavana and sparsely populated mountain areas such as Torri and Monachino.[20]

Railways and transport landscape

Railways are central to the modern identity of the Pistoiese Mountains. The area is crossed by the Porrettana railway and was formerly served by the narrow-gauge Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese. Together they connected Pistoia, the upper Reno valley, the industrial settlements of the central mountains and the borderland towards Bologna.

Porrettana railway

The Porrettana railway is one of the most important historic infrastructures of the region. It was the first railway line to connect Pistoia and Bologna across the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines. Designed by the French engineer Jean Louis Protche, it includes 47 tunnels and 35 bridges and viaducts, and was officially inaugurated by King Victor Emmanuel II on 2 November 1864.[21][22]

Before the opening of the Direttissima in the twentieth century, the Porrettana represented the main railway route from central Italy towards the north through the Apennines.[22] On the Pistoiese side, the railway landscape is closely associated with the stations and villages of Piteccio, Corbezzi, Castagno, San Mommè and Pracchia. Visit Tuscany describes the mountain section as beginning from Pistoia railway station and continuing through these stations before reaching the Emilian side of the Apennines.[23]

Pracchia was an important railway locality on the upper Reno. Treccani describes it as a village of the Montagna pistoiese on the upper course of the Reno, served by the Porrettana railway and formerly connected with San Marcello Pistoiese and Mammiano by a narrow-gauge railway.[17]

The Pistoiese section has also generated footpaths and local projects, including the Sentiero delle Stazioni, an itinerary linking the stations of the Porrettana on the Pistoiese side of the Apennines.[24]

Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese

The former Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese (FAP), also known as the Pracchia-San Marcello Pistoiese-Mammiano railway, was a 950 mm narrow-gauge, electrically powered line serving the central mountain area. It linked Pracchia with Mammiano through Pontepetri, Campo Tizzoro, Maresca, Oppio, Gavinana, Limestre and San Marcello Pistoiese. SIUSA records the company as established in 1916 for the construction and operation of the Pracchia-Mammiano line, which was inaugurated in 1926 and connected the inhabited centres and factories of the area.[25]

Ferrovie Abbandonate records the line as 16.568 km long, opened in 1926, equipped with 1200 V direct-current electrification and closed between 1956 and 1965.[26] Although the line has been dismantled, Visit Pistoia notes that some sections have been recovered as cycle and pedestrian routes and that several old stations have been restored.[27]

The former FAP corridor brings together several defining themes of the Pistoiese Mountains: the Porrettana railway at Pracchia, the iron-working area of Pontepetri, the industrial village of Campo Tizzoro, the forested Maresca area, Gavinana, San Marcello Pistoiese and the Lima valley.

History and historical economy

The Pistoiese Mountains have long been a borderland between Tuscany and the Po Valley. Medieval and early modern routes connected Pistoia with Bologna, Modena, Lucca and the Garfagnana through passes, valleys and fortified villages. Sambuca Pistoiese, in particular, developed as a contact zone on the Via Francesca della Sambuca, with churches, monasteries and hospices built along the route since the Middle Ages.[28]

The medieval and early modern history of the area is linked with border control, castles, mountain communities and the institutions of Florentine rule. Regione Toscana records that the Montagna pistoiese came under Florentine control before the city of Pistoia itself, in 1403, and that the Republic established a capitanato in the area.[2] The history of the region from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century has been treated in Laura Lotti's La Montagna pistoiese dal Medioevo al Settecento, published by the Regional Council of Tuscany.[29]

Archaeological and historical studies have examined the ancient and medieval settlement pattern of the Montagna pistoiese, including the area of San Marcello and the remains of fortified sites such as Castel di Mura.[30]

Traditional activities included chestnut cultivation, charcoal production, forestry, stone working, pastoralism, iron working and the production of natural ice. Regione Toscana's landscape documentation describes the historical mountain economy as based on chestnuts, charcoal, pastoralism and seasonal migration, as well as on activities connected with woods and iron-working.[2]

Seasonal and long-distance migration was an important part of this economy. Studies on Pistoiese emigration describe movements of charcoal burners, shepherds and woodcutters towards areas such as the Maremma, Sardinia, Calabria, Corsica and France, as well as overseas destinations in the Americas and North Africa.[31] This mobility was closely connected with the limited resources of mountain life: chestnut cultivation, woodland labour, charcoal production and pastoral transhumance were often combined with temporary or permanent migration.

The production of natural ice was one of the characteristic proto-industrial activities of the region. The Ecomuseo's Ice Itinerary documents a natural ice industry that developed in the Montagna pistoiese from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, with its main axis in the Reno valley.[32] The Ghiacciaia della Madonnina at Le Piastre is one of the surviving structures connected with this activity and is included in the Ice Itinerary of the Ecomuseo.[33]

Iron working was another important element of the local economy. Carlo Vivoli has described the Montagna pistoiese as a peripheral but strategic Apennine region for Medici economic interests, particularly for the development of the iron industry and the exploitation and regulation of woodland resources.[34] The Antica Ferriera Papini at Maresca, documented as active in 1388, is one of the main surviving sites connected with this tradition.[35]

In the twentieth century, Campo Tizzoro became the major industrial site of the area through the works of the Società Metallurgica Italiana (SMI). The history of the SMI establishments on the Pistoiese Apennines has been studied in Laura Savelli's L'industria in montagna, which reconstructs the history of male and female labour in the company's plants.[36] The Museo e Rifugi SMI documents the history of the factory and the underground air-raid shelters, whose tunnel system extends for more than 2 km under the area of Campo Tizzoro.[37]

During the Second World War, the region was affected by the Gothic Line, the German defensive system across the northern Apennines. The Gothic Line Museum at Pianosinatico preserves material and memory relating to the war in the Pistoia Mountains.[38] The eastern sector of the Pistoiese Mountains was also affected by roundups, deportations, massacres and anti-partisan operations, especially in the Sambuca Pistoiese area.[39]

Economy and local products

Contemporary economic activities in the Pistoiese Mountains include tourism, forestry, small-scale agriculture, local food production, mineral water, heritage activities and services. Winter and outdoor tourism are concentrated above all in the Abetone, Val di Luce and Doganaccia sectors, while the central and eastern parts of the region are more closely linked with forests, cultural routes, village tourism, industrial heritage and environmental conservation.

Pracchia is associated with mineral-water production. Acqua Silva, bottled by Sorgente Orticaia, is listed by Beverfood as an oligomineral water from Pracchia, with a fixed residue of about 150 mg/l.[40] Its published analyses indicate a balanced oligomineral profile and a high degree of analytical purity, with low sodium, very low nitrate values and nitrite below 0.002 mg/l.[41]

Traditional food products include chestnut flour, wild bilberries, potatoes and mountain dairy products. Farina di castagne pistoiese is listed by Vetrina Toscana as a traditional product of the municipalities of the Pistoiese Mountains.[42] The wild bilberry of the Pistoiese Mountains, locally known as piuro, is also listed among Tuscany's traditional agri-food products.[43] Other local products include the Patata bianca del Melo, associated with Melo in Abetone Cutigliano, and Pecorino a latte crudo della Montagna Pistoiese.[44][45]

Culture and heritage

The Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese is the main interpretive framework for the cultural landscape of the region. Active since 1990, it is a territorial museum system made up of open-air itineraries, museums, educational centres and historic artefacts that illustrate the long relationship between people and the mountain environment.[46][47]

The ecomuseum is organised around several thematic routes, including Ice, Iron, Sacred Art, Everyday Life, Nature and Stone.[48] Its sites include the Ghiacciaia della Madonnina at Le Piastre, the Antica Ferriera Papini, the Museum of the People of the Pistoia Apennines at Rivoreta, the naturalistic and archaeological collections of the MuNAP at Gavinana, the Sacred Art Museum and parish church of Popiglio, and the archaeological park of Acquerino.[49]

Palazzo Achilli, in Gavinana, is one of the main centres of the Ecomuseo. It was restored by the Province of Pistoia in 2005 and functions as an information and exhibition centre for temporary exhibitions and educational activities. The building also hosts a sound archive devoted to local oral traditions and the Mario Olla documentation centre on mountain emigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[50]

Popiglio is one of the main sacred-art sites of the region. The parish church of Santa Maria Assunta, completed in 1271, houses the Sacred Art Museum and is described by Visit Tuscany as an important example of Romanesque art in the Pistoiese Mountains, with later Roman Baroque works and a seventeenth-century organ by Giuseppe Testa.[51]

The Pistoia Mountains Astronomical Observatory, also known as the Pian de' Termini Observatory, is located near Gavinana in the municipality of San Marcello Piteglio. The facility has two observing domes with telescopes of 40 cm and 60 cm, as well as educational and scientific equipment and a conference room used for public outreach and scientific activities.[52][53]

The region is linked with several literary and cultural figures. Pian degli Ontani preserves the memory of Beatrice Bugelli, known as Beatrice di Pian degli Ontani, a nineteenth-century shepherd-poet and improviser of ottava rima, through the village and its carved stones.[54] Orsigna is closely linked with the journalist and writer Tiziano Terzani, whose family origins and personal retreat were in the valley; local walking routes include places associated with him, such as the Albero con gli occhi, a beech tree that has become a symbolic stop on routes dedicated to his memory.[55] Pavana, in Sambuca Pistoiese, is associated with the singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini.[56]

The Pistoiese Mountains also have a significant tradition of oral poetry and folk song. Pian degli Ontani is especially associated with Beatrice Bugelli, whose improvised ottava rima attracted the attention of Niccolò Tommaseo in the nineteenth century.[57] Giuseppe Tigri included material from the Pistoiese mountain area in his nineteenth-century collections of Tuscan popular songs.[58]

The same tradition later reached an English-speaking public through Francesca Alexander's Roadside Songs of Tuscany, edited by John Ruskin and published in 1885.[59] Modern scholarship has examined the editing history of Alexander's work and its transformation from manuscript material into a published collection arranged by Ruskin.[60] In the twentieth century, local collections and revivals, including Sergio Gargini's work on the oral repertory, contributed to the preservation and reinterpretation of mountain songs, stornelli and May songs.[61]

Landscape, heritage and notable sites

The main sites of the Pistoiese Mountains reflect the region's combination of high-mountain landscapes, forest environments, industrial archaeology, railway heritage and historic villages.

The high Apennine sector includes Abetone, Val di Luce, Doganaccia, Lago Nero, Lago Piatto and the ridge routes towards the Alpe Tre Potenze and Croce Arcana.[62][63][64] The main forest areas include the Foresta del Teso, the Orsigna valley, the Forest of Acquerino, the Campolino State Nature Reserve and Oasi Dynamo, a WWF-affiliated nature reserve of over 1,000 hectares in the municipality of San Marcello Piteglio.[65][66][5][67]

Railway and industrial heritage is represented by the Porrettana railway, the former Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese, the industrial village of Campo Tizzoro and the Museo e Rifugi SMI.[68][69][70] Another notable structure is the Ponte Sospeso delle Ferriere, a pedestrian suspension bridge between Mammiano Basso and Popiglio, built in 1923 for workers of the SMI factories. It is 227 metres long and reaches a maximum height of 36 metres above the Lima.[71]

Historic villages and cultural sites include Abetone, Cutigliano, San Marcello Pistoiese, Gavinana, Popiglio, Piteglio, Pian degli Ontani, Orsigna, Pavana, Sambuca Castello, Torri, Treppio and Marliana. At Abetone, the stone pyramids of the pass commemorate the opening of the road in the eighteenth century and marked the former boundary between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena.[72] Cutigliano preserves the Palazzo dei Capitani della Montagna, built in 1377 as the residence of the Capitano della Montagna, the official sent by Florence to administer the area of the Pistoiese Mountains.[73] San Marcello Pistoiese preserves historical features such as the church of San Marcello, whose Romanesque origin remains visible in the façade, and its seventeenth-century bell tower.[74] Gavinana is associated with Francesco Ferrucci and the Battle of Gavinana, and houses the Museo Ferrucciano.[75] Palazzo Achilli, in Gavinana, is the information and exhibition centre of the Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese.[50]

Popiglio is known for the parish church of Santa Maria Assunta and the Diocesan Museum of Sacred Art.[76] Above Popiglio are the Torri di Popiglio, the surviving towers of the medieval Rocca Securana, a fortified site overlooking the Lima valley and the routes towards Lucca.[77] Near Popiglio and Piteglio, the Ponte di Castruccio, also known as Ponte di Campanelle, is a medieval stone bridge over the Lima and one of the most important historic structures of the area.[78] Pian degli Ontani is linked to Beatrice Bugelli, known as Beatrice di Pian degli Ontani, a nineteenth-century improvisational poet from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.[79] The Orsigna valley is associated with the journalist and writer Tiziano Terzani, who chose the valley as one of his places of retreat.[80]

In Sambuca Pistoiese, the villages and hamlets of Pavana, Sambuca Castello, Torri and Treppio are connected with the Via Francesca della Sambuca, a historic trans-Apennine route between Pistoia and Bologna.[81] Since the Middle Ages, the area has been a contact point between Tuscany and Emilia, with churches, monasteries and hospices built along the route.[82] The territory is also connected with the stone-working itinerary of the Ecomuseo, the ruins of Badia a Taona and the rock-inscription sites known as the Sassi Scritti delle Limentre.[83][84] On the south-eastern edge of the historical mountain region, Marliana is associated with chestnut woods, medieval architecture, the Church of San Niccolò, Serra Pistoiese and the ruins of the Romanesque parish church of Sant'Andrea di Furfalo.[85][86]

Contemporary use and tourism

Contemporary use of the Pistoiese Mountains is based on winter sports, hiking, cultural heritage, railway tourism, village tourism and environmental conservation. The highest sector, around Abetone, Val di Luce and Doganaccia, is the main winter-sports area.[62] Other parts of the region are more closely associated with forests, historic villages, walking routes, the Porrettana railway, the Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese and industrial heritage connected with Campo Tizzoro and the former Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese.

The Abetone-Val di Luce ski area, in the municipality of Abetone Cutigliano, is described by Visit Tuscany as the largest ski area in central Italy, with about 50 km of slopes and 17 ski lifts.[87] Doganaccia, above Cutigliano and below the Croce Arcana ridge, has about 15 km of downhill slopes, ski-mountaineering routes and cross-country skiing loops.[88]

Abetone also has an important place in the history of Italian skiing. The local ski tradition is associated with the Abetone Ski Club, founded in 1927, and with champions such as Zeno Colò and Celina Seghi. Colò, remembered as a world and Olympic downhill champion at Oslo in 1952, is commemorated by three Abetone ski slopes named Zeno; Seghi won a bronze medal in slalom at Aspen in 1950 and is linked with the wider sporting identity of the resort.[89]

A major contemporary social and environmental presence is Dynamo Camp, located in the municipality of San Marcello Piteglio within the Oasi Dynamo area.[90] Oasi Dynamo is a WWF-affiliated nature reserve extending for more than 1,000 hectares in the Pistoiese Apennines, combining environmental conservation, education and traditional agricultural activities.[91]

The Pistoiese Mountains are also crossed by or connected with several historic and devotional routes. Visit Pistoia describes the Pistoia area and its mountain territory as a junction of walking routes and pilgrimage itineraries, combining history, tradition and Apennine landscapes.[92] In Sambuca Pistoiese, municipal planning documents identify historic routes such as the Via Romea Nonantolana or Via Francesca della Sambuca, the Jacopean ridge route through Castello, Taviano, Treppio, Torri and Badia a Taona, and the paths of the Limentra and Limentrella valleys.[93]

See also

References

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  28. ↑ "Sambuca Pistoiese". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  29. ↑ Lotti, Laura (2018). La Montagna pistoiese dal Medioevo al Settecento: I fatti e i protagonisti della Storia (PDF) (in Italian). Firenze: Consiglio regionale della Toscana. ISBN 978-88-89365-98-4. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  30. ↑ Dazzi, Cristina; Lupi, Simonetta; Taddei, Cristina (2008). "Paesaggi e insediamenti della Montagna Pistoiese in età antica e medievale. Il caso di San Marcello" (PDF). Bullettino Storico Pistoiese (in Italian). 110: 135–165. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  31. ↑ Ottanelli, Andrea (2002). "L'emigrazione pistoiese nei quaderni della mostra della scuola del 1929". Migranti dall'Appennino (PDF) (in Italian). pp. 49–74. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  32. ↑ "Itinerario del Ghiaccio". Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  33. ↑ "Ghiacciaia della Madonnina". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  34. ↑ Vivoli, Carlo (2003). "La Montagna pistoiese nelle visite amministrative tra Sei e Settecento" (PDF). Nuèter noialtri - Storia, tradizione e ambiente dell'alta valle del Reno bolognese e pistoiese (in Italian). 29 (58): 353–384. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  35. ↑ "Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese - La Ferriera Papini". Ministero della Cultura (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  36. ↑ Savelli, Laura (2004). L'industria in montagna. Uomini e donne al lavoro negli stabilimenti della Società Metallurgica Italiana (in Italian). Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-5328-6. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  37. ↑ "SMI". Istituto di Ricerche Storiche e Archeologiche - Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  38. ↑ "Gothic Line Museum". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  39. ↑ "Sambuca Pistoiese". Atlante dei monumenti alla Resistenza e alla Liberazione in Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 23 May 2026.
  40. ↑ "Acqua Silva Acqua Oligominerale Caratteristiche". Beverfood (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  41. ↑ "L'Acqua". Acqua Silva (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  42. ↑ "Farina di castagne pistoiese". Vetrina Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2026.
  43. ↑ "Mirtillo nero della Montagna Pistoiese". Vetrina Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2026.
  44. ↑ "Patata bianca del Melo". Vetrina Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2026.
  45. ↑ "Pecorino a latte crudo della Montagna Pistoiese". Vetrina Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2026.
  46. ↑ "Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese". Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  47. ↑ "Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese". Unione di Comuni Montani Appennino Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  48. ↑ "Itinerari". Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  49. ↑ "Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese – pieghevole 2023" (PDF). Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  50. 1 2 "Palazzo Achilli". Ecomuseo della Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 23 May 2026.
  51. ↑ "Parish Church of Santa Maria Assunta in Popiglio". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  52. ↑ "Osservatorio Astronomico della Montagna Pistoiese". Comune di San Marcello Piteglio (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  53. ↑ "Osservatorio". Gruppo Astrofili Montagna Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  54. ↑ "Passeggiata culturale a Pian degli Ontani". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  55. ↑ "Alla scoperta dell'Orsigna, sulle orme di Tiziano Terzani". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  56. ↑ "Pavana". Fondo Ambiente Italiano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  57. ↑ "Cutigliano". Cittaslow International (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  58. ↑ Tigri, Giuseppe (1860). Canti popolari toscani (in Italian). Firenze: Barbèra Bianchi. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  59. ↑ Alexander, Francesca (1885). Ruskin, John (ed.). Roadside Songs of Tuscany. Orpington: G. Allen. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  60. ↑ Sdegno, Emma (2020). "Edited by Ruskin: Francesca Alexander's Roadside Songs of Tuscany". John Ruskin's Europe. A Collection of Cross-Cultural Essays. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari. doi:10.30687/978-88-6969-487-5/019. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  61. ↑ Gargini, Sergio (1986). Non son poeta e non ho mai studiato, cantate voi che siete alletterato. Canti della tradizione popolare ed altre notizie e documenti raccolti (in Italian). San Marcello Pistoiese: Comune di San Marcello Pistoiese.
  62. 1 2 "4 giorni sugli sci tra Abetone, Val di Luce e Doganaccia". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  63. ↑ "4 ideas to snowshoe on the Pistoia Mountains". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  64. ↑ "I laghi glaciali: Lago Piatto e Lago Nero". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  65. ↑ "Foresta del Teso". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  66. ↑ "Foresta dell'Acquerino, Riserva Naturale Biogenetica". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  67. ↑ "Oasi Dynamo. Riserva naturale". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  68. ↑ "Porrettana Railway". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  69. ↑ "Ferrovia Alto Pistoiese - FAP". SIUSA - Sistema Informativo Unificato per le Soprintendenze Archivistiche (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  70. ↑ "SMI". IRSA Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  71. ↑ "Ponte Sospeso delle Ferriere". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  72. ↑ "Abetone pyramids". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  73. ↑ "Palazzo dei Capitani della Montagna". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  74. ↑ "A walk through the historic villages of the Pistoia mountains". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  75. ↑ "Museo Ferrucciano". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  76. ↑ "Parish Church of Santa Maria Assunta in Popiglio". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  77. ↑ "Torri di Popiglio". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  78. ↑ "Ponte di Castruccio o Ponte di Campanelle". Visit Tuscany (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  79. ↑ "Beatrice di Pian degli Ontani". Enciclopedia delle donne (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  80. ↑ "On the way to discovering Orsigna". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  81. ↑ "Via Francesca della Sambuca". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  82. ↑ "Sambuca Pistoiese". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  83. ↑ "I Sassi Scritti". Comune di Sambuca Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  84. ↑ "I Sassi scritti della Valle delle Limentre". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  85. ↑ "Marliana". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  86. ↑ "In bici tra boschi e panorami mozzafiato a Marliana". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  87. ↑ "Abetone - Val di Luce Ski Area". Visit Tuscany. Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  88. ↑ "Comprensorio sciistico Doganaccia". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  89. ↑ "Abetone Municipal Ski Museum". Visit Pistoia. Retrieved 23 May 2026.
  90. ↑ "Dove siamo". Dynamo Camp (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  91. ↑ "Oasi Dynamo". WWF Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  92. ↑ "Pistoia crocevia di pellegrinaggi". Visit Pistoia (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.
  93. ↑ "Norme Tecniche di Attuazione – Comune di Sambuca Pistoiese" (PDF). Comune di Sambuca Pistoiese (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2026.

Further reading

  • Alexander, Francesca (1885). Ruskin, John (ed.). Roadside Songs of Tuscany. Orpington: G. Allen.
  • Gargini, Sergio (1986). Non son poeta e non ho mai studiato, cantate voi che siete alletterato. Canti della tradizione popolare ed altre notizie e documenti raccolti (in Italian). San Marcello Pistoiese: Comune di San Marcello Pistoiese.
  • Gurrieri, Francesco (1977). Repertorio dei beni architettonici e ambientali della Montagna pistoiese (in Italian). Firenze: Soprintendenza ai beni architettonici e ambientali per le province di Firenze e Pistoia.
  • Lenzi, Rachele (2019). Campo Tizzoro e la Società Metallurgica Italiana. L'utopia di un paese fabbrica (1910–1945) (in Italian). Pistoia: ISRPt Editore. ISBN 978-88-6144-061-6.
  • Ottanelli, Andrea (2002). "L'emigrazione pistoiese nei quaderni della mostra della scuola del 1929". Migranti dall'Appennino (in Italian). pp. 49–74.
  • Savelli, Laura (2004). L'industria in montagna. Uomini e donne al lavoro negli stabilimenti della Società Metallurgica Italiana (in Italian). Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-5328-6.
  • Tigri, Giuseppe (1860). Canti popolari toscani (in Italian). Firenze: Barbèra Bianchi.
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