Pholiota multicingulata

Pholiota multicingulata
Pholiota multicingulata fruiting bodies growing on Nothofagus wood
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Pholiota
Species:
P. multicingulata
Binomial name
Pholiota multicingulata
Horak (1983)
Pholiota multicingulata
Mycological characteristics
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex or umbonate
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe is bare or has a ring
Spore print is yellow-brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is poisonous

Pholiota multicingulata is a species of mushroom of the family Strophariaceae. It was first described by the Austrian mycologist Egon Horak in 1983. A saprotroph, P. multicingulata is primarily found on decaying wood, but can also be found on soil. It has been recorded in Australia, New Zealand, several countries in Asia, and Chile. P. multicingulata morphologically and microscopically ranges in colour and spore size, possibly due to climatic and regional variation. The species has been implicated in two non-fatal mushroom-poisoning cases in China.

Taxonomy

Pholiota multicingulata was first described in 1983 by the Austrian mycologist Egon Horak in the Australian Journal of Botany. Horak examined two materials, one specimen from Australia, and the other from New Zealand.[1] The Indian material resembles Pholiota scamba in some macroscopic and microscopic characters, but differs in its ventricose pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia.[2] Matheny et al. (2015) have demonstrated through molecular phylogenetic analysis that the species is closely related to Pholiota squarrosa.[3]

Description

The fruit bodies (basidiocarps) of P. multicingulata have 17–34 mm or 55 mm wide caps (pilei). They are convex when young, with a slight central bump, becoming plano-convex at maturity. The cap is slimy when wet, and it has rings around the centre of the cap. It varies in colour, ranging from reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or umber-brown, with a reddish-orange centre in some specimens.[4][5] The margins are initially incurved, becoming plane at maturity. The gills (lamella) can also vary in colour, from greyish-white to grey, waxy-clay, or brown. The gills are adnate. The stipes are 32 × 4 mm or 55 × 5 mm in length and width. They are yellow near the apex and darker toward the base, cylindrical, hollow, and fibrillose. A partial veil is present in young specimens, and the rhizoids are found at the base.[4][5] The fungus morphologically and microscopically ranges in colour and spore size, possibly due to climatic and regional variation.[2] The species has been implicated in two non-fatal mushroom-poisoning cases in China.[6]

The spores measure 6.5–8 × 4.5–5 μm. They are ovoid, smooth, and have a thickened wall and a distinct germ pore. The cystidia measure 40–70 × 10–15 μm long, are spindle-shaped, and are covered with a yellowish-brown incrustation. The pileipellis consists of gelatinised hyphae with brown pigments.[4][5] Pholiota species have rusty-brown to yellow-brown spore prints.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Pholiota multicingulata was first recorded in Australia and New Zealand by Horak in his description of the species.[5] The fungus has also been reported in Chile, China, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, and India.[8][9][10] As a saprotroph, P. multicingulata decays dead organic material. Pholiota species are primarily found on decayed wood and are important wood decomposers.[7] It has been recorded growing on coniferous wood and on wood from the genera Eucalyptus, Leptospermum, and Nothofagus.[5][11][12] P. multicingulata does not exclusively grow on wood; it has also been recorded growing in leaf litter of bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) in the Kalimpong District in India.[13] The fungus has also been reported growing in soil under a red pine (Pinus densiflora) dominated forest in South Korea.[14]

References

Works cited

Journals

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