Ovarian disease

Ovarian disease
SpecialtyGynecology

Ovarian diseases are diseases or disorders of the ovary.[1] They can be classified as endocrine disorders or as disorders of the reproductive system.

If the egg fails to release from the follicle in the ovary an ovarian cyst may form. Small ovarian cysts are common in healthy women. Some women have more follicles than usual (polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome), which inhibits the follicles to grow normally and this will cause cycle irregularities.

Types

Other types of ovarian diseases listed in table include endometriosis, ovarian tumors, ovarian cancer, ovarian germ cell tumors, and ovarian low malignant potential tumors.

Notes Ref(s)
Ovarian tumors
Germ cell tumor Seen most often in young women or adolescent girls. Other germ cell tumors are: Endodermal sinus tumor and teratoma, [2]
Ovarian cancer includes ovarian epithelial cancer [3][4][5]
Luteoma Seen in pregnancy
Ovaritis Synonym of oophoritis [6]
Ovarian remnant syndrome Incomplete removal of tissue during oophorectomy [6][7]
Endometriosis Often seen in a variety of reproductive regions, including the ovaries. [8]
Hypogonadism It exists in two forms, central and primary. Central hypogonadism is a condition that is a result of improper function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Hyperthecosis Theca cells are present within ovarian stroma [9]
Ovarian torsion Occurs in rare cases. Can occur in all ages [10]
Ovarian apoplexy (rupture) Most often results from ovarian cysts. In rare instances, this condition can cause hemorrhaging and death. [11]
Premature ovarian failure This disorder is linked to genetic, environmental, and autoimmune conditions [12]
Polycystic ovarian syndrome Affects women of reproductive age [8]
Anovulation Caused by a variety of conditions [13]
Follicular cyst of ovary Can occur after menopause, or during childbearing years [14]
Theca lutein cyst Normally occurs postpartum [15]
Ovarian germ cell tumors Benign [16]
Dysgerminoma Typically occurs in young women between the ages of 10 and 30 years of age [17]
Choriocarcinoma Can occur without gynecological symptoms [18]
Yolk sac tumor Malignant. Occurs in young children [19]
Teratoma Very rare. Often occurs in newborns
Ovarian serous cystadenoma Benign lesions [20]
Serous cystadenocarcinoma Malignant. Low survival rates [21]
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma Rare and malignant [21]
Brenner tumor This benign tumor is often found in post-menopausal women [22]
Granulosa cell tumor Rare. Increases estrogen levels. [23]
Krukenberg tumor Metastatic with origins from the stomach [24]

More commonly found

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissues lining the uterus (endometrial stroma and gland) grows abnormally beyond the uterus that may become quite painful. In simpler terms, it means that the tissue lining the uterus develops in different parts outside of it. It can be either at ovary, fallopian tubes, or peritoneal spaces.[25] There is no single cause.[26]

Symptoms include menstrual cramps, heavy menstrual bleeding, bowel or urinary problems, nausea, vomiting, blood with stools, painful intercourse, fatigue, spotting or bleeding between periods.[25]

Treatment may incorporate a healthier lifestyle, hormonal birth control, or surgery in extreme situations.[25]

Ovarian cysts

It is common for many women to develop a cyst in their lifetime.[27] At times, these can go unnoticed without pain or visible symptoms. A cyst may develop in either of the ovaries that are responsible for producing hormones and carrying eggs. Ovarian cysts can be of various types, such as dermoid cysts, endometrioma cysts, and the functional cyst.

Symptoms:

  1. Abdominal bloating or swelling.
  2. Painful bowel movement.
  3. Pelvic pain before or after the menstrual cycle.
  4. Painful intercourse.
  5. Pain in the lower back or thighs.
  6. Breast tenderness.
  7. Nausea and vomiting.
  8. Fever.
  9. Rapid breathing.
  10. Faintness or dizziness.
  11. Sharp pelvic pain.

Treatment:

  1. Taking of oral contraceptives or birth control pills as prescribed by the doctor.
  2. Laparoscopy: Surgery to remove the cyst.
  3. Hysterectomy in case the cyst is cancerous.

Ovarian epithelial cancer

It is one of the common ovarian cancers that affect women worldwide.[28] It develops outside the ovaries and ultimately spreads outside and can affect other organs.

Causes:

It may happen if there is a family medical history of breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer or uterine cancer, or Lynch syndrome. If someone is under Estrogen Replacement Therapy for a long time. Smoking habits may also lead to the same.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery to remove the uterus.
  2. Chemotherapy.

Ovarian germ cell tumors

Ovarian germ cell tumors are common among teenagers and young women. It is a growth in the ovaries.

Causes:

Though the exact causes are not known, it may happen owing to certain birth defects affecting the genitals, nervous system or the urinary tract. There may be genetic conditions affecting the sex chromosomes that result in this kind of tumors as well.[29]

Symptoms

  1. Belly swelling.
  2. Pain or pressure in the belly.
  3. Swollen abdomen.
  4. Vaginal bleeding after menopause.

Treatment:

  1. Surgery to remove the tumor, or the Fallopian tubes or one or more ovaries.
  2. Hysterectomy.
  3. Chemotherapy in case the tumor is cancerous.
  4. Radiation therapy to prevent the cancerous cells from developing.

Ovarian low malignant potential tumors

The tumor forms in the ovaries and gradually spreads to the outside of ovary. This mostly affects younger women and also hinders the reproductive system.[30]

Causes:

Causes are debatable and these may occur to both pregnant women and women who do not opt for pregnancy

Symptoms:

  1. Abdominal pain or swelling.
  2. Bowel problems or constipation.

Treatment:

Depending on the size of the tumor, choice of pregnancy, the spreading of the tumor, age and choices, removing the affected ovary is the most common treatment. In rare situations, the tumor is taken out of the ovary. Also, hysterectomy can be an option.[30]

Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome

This is a hormonal imbalance, where androgens (also called male hormones) are elevated.

The increased level of androgens may result in irregular menstrual cycle and diabetes and heart problem in the long run. It also affects the body in various ways like problem getting pregnant, sleep apnea, depression and anxiety, can enhance the risk of endometrial cancer.

Symptoms:

  1. Irregular periods.
  2. Heavy bleeding during periods.
  3. Excess hair growth on face and other parts of the body like chest, back, belly.
  4. Acne.
  5. Weight gain.
  6. Darkening of skin.
  7. Headaches.

Treatment:

  1. Oral contraceptives to promote regular periods
  2. Healthier lifestyle.[31]

References

  1. ↑ "Ovarian Disorders". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  2. ↑ "Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  3. ↑ Seiden, Michael (2015). "Gynecologic Malignancies, Chapter 117". MGraw-Hill Medical. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute. 2007-09-17. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  5. ↑ "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  6. 1 2 Venes 2013, p. 1702.
  7. ↑ "Ovarian remnant syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  8. 1 2 Kori, Medi; Gov, Esra; Arga, Kazim Yalcin (2016-07-03). "Molecular signatures of ovarian diseases: Insights from network medicine perspective". Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 62 (4): 266–282. doi:10.1080/19396368.2016.1197982. hdl:11424/218245. ISSN 1939-6368. PMID 27341345.
  9. ↑ Sundus AlDuaiJ, Suha Abdulsalam, Khulood Al Asfore. "Postmenopausal Ovarian Hyperthecosis" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Huang, Ci; Hong, Mun-Kun; Ding, Dah-Ching (2017). "A review of ovary torsion". Tzu-Chi Medical Journal. 29 (3): 143–147. doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_55_17. ISSN 1016-3190. PMC 5615993. PMID 28974907.
  11. ↑ J.S. CAMPBELL, F.J. CONKLIN, V.Y.H. CHANG, K.C. SINGH and G.D. HURTEAU. "Ovarian apoplexy, ovarian and the IUCD".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Ebrahimi, Mahbod; Akbari Asbagh, Firoozeh (2011). "Pathogenesis and Causes of Premature Ovarian Failure: An Update". International Journal of Fertility & Sterility. 5 (2): 54–65. ISSN 2008-076X. PMC 4059950. PMID 24963360.
  13. ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana; Taylor, Alison (2003-09-06). "Anovulation". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 327 (7414): 546–549. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.546. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 192851. PMID 12958117.
  14. ↑ "Ovarian Cysts - ACOG". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  15. ↑ Upadhyaya, Geetika; Goswami, Anu; Babu, Suresh (2004). "Bilateral theca lutein cysts: A rare cause of acute abdomen in pregnancy". Emergency Medicine. 16 (5–6): 476–477. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2004.00654.x. ISSN 1442-2026. PMID 15537414.
  16. ↑ "Treatment for Germ Cell Tumors of the Ovary".
  17. ↑ S. A. SELIGMAN (1967). "Dysgerminoma". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 43 (500): 400–405. doi:10.1136/pgmj.43.500.400. PMC 2466249. PMID 6043689.
  18. ↑ Magrath, I. T.; Golding, P. R.; Bagshawe, K. D. (1971-06-12). "Medical Presentations of Choriocarcinoma". British Medical Journal. 2 (5762): 633–637. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5762.633. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1796509. PMID 5314264.
  19. ↑ "Yolk sac tumor". www.pathologyoutlines.com. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  20. ↑ Weerakkody, Yuranga (29 July 2011). "Ovarian serous cystadenoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  21. 1 2 Vang, Russell; Shih, Ie-Ming; Kurman, Robert J. (September 2009). "OVARIAN LOW-GRADE AND HIGH-GRADE SEROUS CARCINOMA: Pathogenesis, Clinicopathologic and Molecular Biologic Features, and Diagnostic Problems". Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 16 (5): 267–282. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181b4fffa. ISSN 1072-4109. PMC 2745605. PMID 19700937.
  22. ↑ "Brenner tumor of ovary | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  23. ↑ "Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
  24. ↑ Aziz, Muhammad; Kasi, Anup (2019), "Cancer, Krukenberg Tumor", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29489206, retrieved 2019-12-11
  25. 1 2 3 "Endometriosis: Symptoms, causes, and treatments". Medical News Today. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  26. ↑ "Endometriosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  27. ↑ "Ovarian Cysts". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  28. ↑ "What Is Ovarian Epithelial Cancer?". WebMD. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  29. ↑ PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board (2002), "Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version", PDQ Cancer Information Summaries, National Cancer Institute (US), PMID 26389363, retrieved 2018-10-27
  30. 1 2 "What Are Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors?". WebMD. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  31. ↑ "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2018-10-27.
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