Ostrya virginiana

American hophornbeam
A hophornbeam branch with the characteristic hop-resembling fruits[1] in early summer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Genus: Ostrya
Species:
O. virginiana
Binomial name
Ostrya virginiana
Subspecies[3]
  • Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray
  • Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana
Generalized native range
Synonyms[3][4][5]
  • Carpinus virginiana Mill.
  • Ostrya italica subsp. virginiana (Mill.) H.J.P.Winkl.
  • Zugilus virginica Raf.

synonyms of subsp. guatemalensis:

  • Ostrya guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) Rose
  • Ostrya italica var. guatemalensis H.J.P.Winkl.
  • Ostrya mexicana Rose
  • Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) J.F.Macbr.
  • Ulmus lesueurii Standl.

synonyms of subsp. virginiana:

  • Carpinus ostrya var. americana Michx.
  • Carpinus triflora Moench
  • Carpinus virginica Münchh.
  • Ostrya americana F.Michx.
  • Ostrya baileyi Rose
  • Ostrya carpinifolia var. virginica (Münchh.) Fliche
  • Ostrya ostrya MacMill.
  • Ostrya virginiana var. glandulosa (Spach) Sarg.
  • Ostrya virginiana f. glandulosa (Spach) J.F.Macbr.
  • Ostrya virginiana var. lasia Fernald
  • Ostrya virginica (Münchh.) Willd.
  • Ostrya vulgaris var. eglandulosa Spach
  • Ostrya vulgaris var. glandulosa Spach

Ostrya virginiana, the American hophornbeam, is a species of Ostrya native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Manitoba and eastern Wyoming, southeast to northern Florida and southwest to eastern Texas.[6] Populations from Mexico and Central America are also regarded as the same species, although some authors prefer to separate them as a distinct species, Ostrya guatemalensis.[7] Other names include eastern hophornbeam, hardhack (in New England), ironwood (in Ontario)[8], and leverwood.[9][10]

Description

Ostrya virginiana (American hophornbeam) is a small deciduous understory tree growing to 18 m (59 ft) tall and 20–50 centimetres (8–20 in) trunk diameter. The bark is brown to gray-brown, with narrow shaggy plates flaking off, while younger twigs and branches are smoother and gray, with small lenticels.[9][11] Very young twigs are sparsely fuzzy to thickly hairy; the hairs (trichomes) drop off by the next year.[12]

The leaves are ovoid-acute, 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long and 4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4 in) broad, pinnately veined, with a doubly serrated margin. The upper surface is mostly hairless, while the lower surface is sparsely to moderately fuzzy (rarely densely hairy).[9][11]

The flowers are catkins (spikes) produced in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The staminate (male) catkins are 2–5 cm (3⁄4–2 in) long,[9] and arranged in groups of 1–4.[11] The pistillate (female) catkins are 8–15 mm (5⁄16–19⁄32 in) long, containing 10–30 flowers each.[9]

Pollinated female flowers develop into small nutlets 3–5 mm (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long fully enclosed in a papery sac-shaped involucre 10–18 mm (3⁄8–11⁄16 in) long and 8–10 mm (5⁄16–3⁄8 in) wide.[9] The involucre changes from greenish-white to dull brown as the fruit matures.[11]

American hophornbeam is similar to its close relative American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), which can be distinguished by its smooth bark and nutlets enclosed in open, three-lobed bracts.[11]

Subdivisions

There are two subspecies:

  • Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray – central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador[13]
  • Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana – eastern half of United States, eastern Canada

Populations along the Atlantic coast have slightly smaller leaves, and are sometimes separated as O. virginiana var. lasia Fernald.[9]

Habitat and ecology

In temperate areas of the US and Canada, Ostrya virginiana is found in lowland and foothill forests, where it is predominantly an understory tree.[2]

In Mexico and Central America, Ostrya virginiana is found in cloud forests and humid portions of mid-elevation oak, pine–oak, and pine forests between 1200 and 2800 meters elevation.[14]

The buds and catkins are important source of winter food for some birds, notably ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus).[11] Additionally, the nutlets and buds are eaten by birds, deer, and rabbits.[1]

Uses

It is not typically grown as an ornamental plant and is sometimes used as a street tree.[15]

Its wood is very resilient and is valued for making tool handles and fence posts.[16]

Being a diffuse porous hardwood and having extremely high density and resistance to compression, it is an excellent material for the construction of wooden longbows.

References

  1. 1 2 Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 374. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  2. 1 2 Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy, S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Ostrya virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014 e.T194540A2346581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194540A2346581.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  4. ↑ "Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis (H.J.P.Winkl.) A.E.Murray". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  5. ↑ "Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  6. ↑ Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Ostrya virginiana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP).
  7. ↑ "Ostrya virginiana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020.
  8. ↑ Ironwoof|https://www.ontario.ca/page/ironwood Ontario.ca
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Furlow, John J. (1997). "Ostrya virginiana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  10. ↑ Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hilty, John (2020). "Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)". Illinois Wildflowers.
  12. ↑ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
  13. ↑ Whittemore, Alan. "Ostrya virginiana". Flora Mesoamericana. Missouri Botanical Garden – via Tropicos.org.
  14. ↑ Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave, Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez and Adrian C. Newton, eds (2011). The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK. 2011. ISBN 9781903703281
  15. ↑ "Ostrya virginiana (Mill". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
  16. ↑ "Ostrya virginiana (American Hop-hornbeam, Eastern Hop Hornbeam, Hop Hornbeam, Hop Horn Beam, Ironwood, Leverwood, Wooly Hop hornbeam) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
Wikimedia Commons logo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ostrya virginiana.
This page is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.