Omar Asghar Khan

Omar Asghar Khan
عمر اصغر خان
Federal Minister for Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Labour, Manpower, and Overseas Pakistanis
In office
6 November 1999 – 22 December 2001
Preceded bySyed Ahmed Mahmud[a]
Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad[b]
Succeeded byOwais Ahmed Ghani[3]
Personal details
Born(1953-07-03)3 July 1953
Abbottabad, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Died25 June 2002(2002-06-25) (aged 48)
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Resting placeAbbottabad, Pakistan
PartyQaumi Jamhoori Party (2001)
Other political
affiliations
Tehreek-e-Istiqlal
Children3
Parent
RelativesAslam Khan (uncle)
Ali Asghar Khan (brother)
EducationAbbottabad Public School (expelled)
Pakistan Military Academy
University of Peshawar
University of Essex, BA (Hons)
University of Cambridge, (MPhil)
ProfessionProfessor of philosophy, politics and economics
Military service
Branch/service Pakistan Army
Years of service
1972–1973
RankCaptain
Unit5th Horse (Probyn's Horse)

Omar Asghar Khan[c] (3 July 1953 – 25 June 2002) also known as OAK[5] among his colleagues, was a Pakistani former military officer, economist, author, social and political scientist, as well as a former professor of philosophy, politics and economics whose mysterious death made headlines. He was the eldest son of Air Marshal Asghar Khan.

Born in the North-Western Frontier, Khan was expelled from Abbottabad Public School after leading a boycott of classes in 1970. He graduated from the Pakistan Military Academy and was commissioned into the Pakistan Army in 1972. Disturbed by the 1971 War and the military's actions in Balochistan, he resigned along with other officers who questioned military policy.

He went to the United Kingdom for higher education in 1975, earning a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Essex and a master's from Cambridge, where he taught briefly. He returned to Pakistan in 1980 to teach economics at Punjab University. Here, he was part of a group of professors who supported civil liberties and opposed the martial law of General Zia-ul-Haq.

In the summer of 1983, the first of three show-cause notices was issued to Professor Khan, seeking an explanation as to why he should not face disciplinary action for allegedly "permitting" his wife to take part in an "illegal procession,"[d] against General Zia's legal reforms. In November 1983, he was dismissed from the university under a martial law regulation, on grounds related both to this allegation and to his alleged involvement with trade union activism, without a proper hearing.

Subsequent to General Musharraf's October 1999 Pakistani coup d'état, Omar was offered the position of a federal minister and accepted the offer a month later. Following his resignation in December 2001, he founded the Qaumi Jamhoori Party, which he led until his mysterious death.

Early life

Born on 3 July 1953 into a Pashtun family of the Afridi tribe, Omar was the eldest son of Asghar Khan and Amina Shamsie. He has two older sisters, Nasreen and Shireen, and a younger brother, Ali.[7]

Omar and Ali attended the Abbottabad Public School. However, Omar was expelled from the school when he had organised the first ever boycott of classes in 1970.[8]

Personal life

Omar married Samina Khan and they have three children,[9] daughter Yasmeen and sons Abdullah[10] and Mustafa.[11]

Military career

In October 1971, Omar Asghar Khan joined the 49th course of the Pakistan Military Academy, which was later converted to the 1st Special Short Course. He graduated as Cadet Senior Under Officer (CSUO) from the battalion of Tariq Company and commissioned into the 5th Horse Regiment of the Pakistan Army on 15 April 1972 as a Second Lieutenant. He stood seventh place in a course of 400 cadets. In an interview, he said "I joined the army in reaction to public school culture."[8]

Khan was among a small group of officers, which included Tariq Rahman, who read a lot and questioned established truths within the military. In 1973, he resigned in protest alongside Usman Afridi, who was court-martialed, as they had opposed the military's actions in East Pakistan and Balochistan.[8]

In 2024, Tariq Rahman explained that Omar became interested in his views and "later became so influenced by my academic taste" and chose to pursue a Bachelor of Arts as a private candidate. Rahman clarified that he never persuaded Omar to leave the army nor did Omar become a "pacifist" as some army officers believed. According to Rahman, Omar told him that he resigned because President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was against his father, Asghar Khan, and was a "non-starter" due to how vengeful Bhutto was.[12]

Transition to civilian life

According to Labour rights activist Karamat Ali, when Omar left the army, he began teaching in Lahore and allocated half his salary to support worker education and training at Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research.[13]

In 1974, Omar and his brother Ali were kept in a police lockup for a few days in Lahore when they arrived to receive their father at the Lahore Junction railway station on one of his visits there.[14]

Professorship

In 1979, Omar returned to Pakistan. He became an economics professor at the Punjab University in 1980.[8]

In August 1983, the first of three show-cause notices was issued to Professor Omar Asghar Khan, asking him to explain why he should not face disciplinary action for allegedly "permitting" his wife to take part in an "illegal procession," against General Zia-ul-Haq's legal reforms.[6]

In November 1983, he was dismissed from the university under martial law regulation 51,[e] on grounds related both to this allegation and to his alleged involvement with trade union activism, without a proper hearing.[6]

On 4 November, Khan invoked article 4 of the Pakistani constitution, which guarantees the "right of individuals to be dealt in accordance with law" and denied the charges as false.[16]

He also said: "This show cause notice is yet another link in the chain of harassment instituted against me by the University authorities at the instigation of elements interested in harassing me on account of my relationship with Air Marshal (Retd) Asghar Khan, who is my father. Victimisation is also being done on account of the memorandum I submitted in respect of the serious irregularities of students admission in the university."[16]

Political career

In 1986, Omar expressed concern over the US$4.2 billion aid package to Pakistan and said the government had compromised national security by accepting direct intervention in the economic affairs of the country.[17] He became the chairman of the youth wing of his father's party, Tehreek-e-Istiqlal, in 1987.[18] In August 1988, Khan addressed a rally in Nawansher and said that one of the biggest impediments in the way of socio-economic development of Pakistan was the countries' excessive dependence on loans from the United States.[19]

Omar contested the 1988 Pakistani general election from NA-13 Abbottabad as a candidate of the Pakistan Awami Ittehad (PAI) and came in third place with 11,816 votes.[20]

In the 1990 general election, Omar contested from NA-13 Abbottabad as a candidate of the PDA and was the runner-up, receiving 30,970 votes and lost to IJI candidate Gohar Ayub Khan.[21] The elections were rigged by the military to bring Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the IJI to power.[f]

In 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto established a committee led by Omar to investigate the widespread allegations of rigging in the 1990 election. However, the report it produced was dismissed by the Chief Election Commissioner retired Justice Naeemuddin, and Election Commission member retired Justice Khalilur Rehman, under pressure from President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the military.[27]

In July 1998, Omar, his father Air Marshal Asghar Khan, and Air Marshal Nur Khan, were among 63 retired Pakistani, Indian, and Bengali armed forces personnel who signed a joint statement urging Pakistan and India to refrain from developing nuclear weapons. Instead, they advocated for limiting nuclear research and development strictly to peaceful and beneficial purposes. They also called for the two countries to resolve their disputes through peaceful means and address their real problems of poverty and backwardness, rather than wasting their scarce resources on acquiring means of destruction.[28][29]

Federal Minister (1999-2001)

Following the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état by General Musharraf, Omar was offered a position in Musharraf's cabinet. Nearly a month later, he accepted the offer and was sworn in on 6 November as Federal Minister for Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Labour, Manpower, and Overseas Pakistanis.[30]

Later that month, American journalist Barry Bearak published an article in The New York Times titled "Democracy in Pakistan: Can a General Be Trusted?" and said Omar Asghar Khan, known for campaigning against illegal harvesting of timber, had been invited to join the cabinet in charge of rural development and labour affairs. Bearak described Khan as a Cambridge-educated son of an air marshal who viewed the government's plans for decentralising power and increasing citizen participation positively. Khan also argued that, although there was no clear schedule for restoring democracy, the fragile condition of Pakistan meant reforms needed to proceed carefully rather than hastily.[31]

In December 1999, Trudy Rubin of the Philadelphia Inquirer described him as a "handsome minister" and quoted Omar as saying he joined the Musharraf government to "try to get power down to the neighborhoods."[32]

On 24 December 2001, Pakistani newspaper Dawn reported that President General Musharraf had a list of politicians he was considering for the position of prime minister in the post-2002 elections setup. The reported names included Omar Asghar Khan, Qazi Hussain Ahmad, Hamid Nasir Chattha, Aftab Shaban Mirani, and Ameen Faheem. The report framed this within broader concerns that Musharraf intended to engineer a controlled transition to civilian rule while retaining decisive power through the presidency and the military establishment.[33] Though there is no evidence whether Omar supported or participated in any such arrangement.

Qaumi Jamhoori Party

On 28 December 2001, Omar launched the Qaumi Jamhoori Party. In an informal interview to Dawn in January 2002, he said that it would be a "people-oriented, forward-looking political party, essentially of the middle classes". On a question of speculation by some that the party was created by the establishment, Khan said: "Absolutely not; it is a totally false conception" and that the idea of forming a new party had started years ago and it was a mere coincidence that it had materialised only recently.[34]

Social work

In 1982, he helped establish the Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research.[35]

Omar formed a non-governmental organisation (NGO) called Sungi in 1989 and became its executive director.[36] Sungi gained nationwide fame and won several awards from foreign donor agencies. Its main objective was community based healthcare, forest protection, sustainable agriculture, women empowerment, and displaced persons.[37]

He spearheaded a number of major initiatives, including advocating for the relocation of people who were impacted by the construction of the Tarbela Dam. Pakistani newspaper Dawn commended Omar for his efforts to stop deforestation in the Hazara region. He conducted research studies to better understand marginalised groups within society such as women, labourers, and farmers. Furthermore, he provided new ideas that promoted cooperation between NGOs, governmental bodies and donor agencies.[37]

Under his leadership, Sungi expanded its work across areas such as Haripur, Balakot, Kaghan Valley, and other remote and isolated regions of Hazara. Through partnerships with local communities, he helped establish a wide network of small village based NGO's throughout the region.[37]

Sungi received the 1996 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Award for "its exemplary work in the field of human resource development."[37]

Mysterious death

On the morning of 25 June 2002, Omar Asghar Khan had missed his routine appointments. His family knocked on the door of his room and received no response. They peeped through the only window of the room and found him hanging from a ceiling fan. Dawn reported that police claimed Khan had committed suicide, however the postmortem examination and circumstantial evidence had suggested otherwise. Khan's family also denied that it was a suicide.[38][39]

Many, including Benazir Bhutto, believed that he had been murdered as he was a key witness in the misuse of Employees Old Age Benefit Institute (EOBI) funds and knew far too much.[40]

Legacy and commemorations

A year after his death, Vice Chairman of the Qaumi Jamhoori Party (Sindh), Akbar Abbas Zaidi, said during Omar Asghar Khan's ministership, Khan tried to find out who was involved in the embezzlement of Rs1 billion rupees, but he "was killed and still his killers are yet to be arrested".[41]

Omar's younger brother, Ali Asghar Khan, recruited a group of activists to establish the Omar Asghar Khan Foundation (OAKDF), a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in his memory.[42]

In April 2003, the Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research released a study on forced labour in the country and urged the government to implement the National Action Plan which was prepared by the Federal Ministry of Labour under the stewardship of Omar Asghar Khan during his tenure.[43]

His father, Asghar Khan, dedicated his 2005 book, "We've learnt nothing from history," to him and wrote, "dedicated to my son Omar Asghar Khan (1953-2002) who shared my values and my hopes."

Pakistani professor Pervez Hoodbhoy wrote:[10]

"He, and the organisation he founded, Sungi, stood up resolutely to hostile maulvis opposed to education of girls and against the timber mafia in Hazara. As a member of Pervez Musharraf’s cabinet, he was a voice for the poor and disenfranchised. Omar’s achievements were extraordinary in a society so hostile to change and forward movement. He succeeded far better than most, with his unique mix of idealism and pragmatism. Many of us have our own reasons for being grateful to Omar."

In 2013, Tahir Qureshi of the International Union for Conservation of Nature said: "...there is no alternative livelihood for the approximately one million labourers across the country involved in the production of plastic bags, and lastly, ministers get changed around a lot and [this] seems to be the least important issue for the government. It was only the late Omer Asghar Khan who took the initiative and put a complete ban on black polythene bags".[44]

Published works

Omar wrote Chapter 2 of Nighat Said Khan's 1986 book, "Women's Involvement in the Industrial Sector in Punjab- Status and Prospects".[45]

Omar Asghar Khan (1993). The Factors Behind the Coining of the Word Islamic Fundamentalism (PDF).

Omar Asghar Khan (22 October 1999). "WHEN WOMEN SPEAK OUT [in Pakistan]". The News International. Archived from the original on 2 June 2002.

Omar Asghar Khan (2001). "Critical Engagements: NGOs and The State". In Anita M. Weiss; S. Zulfiqar Gilani (eds.). Power and Civil Society in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-579414-4.

Notes

  1. ↑ As Minister for Environment, Local Government, and Rural Development.[1]
  2. ↑ As Minister of Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis.[2]
  3. ↑ Urdu: عمر اصغر خان; Sometimes spelled as Umar Asghar Khan, Umer Asghar Khan, or Omer Asghar Khan.[4]
  4. ↑ Referring to a women's protest march in February 1983.[6]
  5. ↑ "Martial Law Regulation 51 provides for prison terms of up to five years, fines, floggings and premature retirement for people employed by the government who engage in 'agitation' and 'subversive activity.'"[15]
  6. ↑ Omar's father, Asghar Khan filed a petition in 1996 to challenge the legitimacy of the 1990 election. This became known as the Asghar Khan case and Mehrangate. In 2012, several people involved in the scandal including Generals Mirza Aslam Beg, Asad Durrani, Hamid Gul, and banker Yunus Habib confessed to their role in rigging the election. That year, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of Asghar Khan and ordered the government to take action against those involved. Despite the ruling, no one has been held accountable and the case has been largely forgotten.[22][23][24][25][26]

References

  1. ↑ "2nd Term Federal Cabinet Under The Premiership Of Nawaz Sharif From 17.2.97 To 12.10.99" (PDF). Cabinet of Pakistan. p. 3.
  2. ↑ "2nd Term Federal Cabinet Under The Premiership Of Nawaz Sharif From 17.2.97 To 12.10.99" (PDF). Cabinet of Pakistan. p. 2.
  3. ↑ "Federal Cabinet Under The Leadership of the Chief Executive Of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan: From 12.10.1999 To 23.11.2002" (PDF). Cabinet of Pakistan. p. 2.
  4. ↑ Masuma Hasan (2022). Pakistan in an Age of Turbulence. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-8861-0.
  5. ↑ Mazhar Arif (July 2002). "Farewell Comrade". Newsline. Archived from the original on 25 July 2003.
  6. 1 2 3 News from the Country, Pakistan. The Centre. 1985. p. 171. The second episode also generated considerable concern. In November, Omar Asghar Khan, an economics lecturer from the Punjab University was dismissed under a martial law regulation (M.L.R. 51). The lecturer was served with the first of three show-cause notices in August 1983, asking him to show cause why action should not be taken against him by the University authorities for permitting his wife to take part in an 'illegal procession'-a reference to the ladies' protest march in February against changes in the law of evidence.
  7. ↑ Men at the top President, Pakistan International Airlines. Vol. 112. Aeroplane and Commercial Aviation News. 1966. p. 20.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Zaigham Khan (1997). Profile: Omar Asghar Khan. Vol. 28. Pakistan Herald Publications. p. 120. In 1973, two young officers of the Pakistan Army resigned in protest against the East Pakistan fiasco and the role that the army appeared to be carving out for itself in the province of Balochistan. One of the officers, Usman Afridi, was court marshalled. The other, Omar Asghar Khan, son of the famous retired air marshal-cum-politician Asghar Khan, was released. Almost 15 years later, Omar Asghar Khan remains a rebel, in protest against the establishment. Only his methods have changed. Today, he heads SUNGI, respected non-governmental organisation, named after the Hindko word for 'friend'. His new mission is to improve the lives of disenfranchised segments of the population by bringing about the marriage of developmental work with politics. Omar Asghar Khan's career as a rebel began early. He was expelled from the Abbotabad Public School where had organised the first-ever boycott of classes in 1970. "I joined the army in reaction to public school culture," he admits. In the army, Omar performed well in training and stood seventh in a class of more than 400 cadets. But he soon found that here too he was a misfit. Along with writer Tarik Rehman, who was his colleague at the time, Omar found himself at the centre of a small group of officers who read a lot and questioned established truths-traits that were not compatible with a career in the armed forces. Two years after resigning from the army, Omar left for the UK. Here, he completed a Bachelor's degree with honours in Economics at the Essex University and received a Master's from Cambridge. He taught at Cambridge for a year, but then returned to Pakistan to lecture at the Punjab University in 1980. Here, he was part of a group of teachers actively supporting civil liberties and fighting martial law. "We contributed articles to the newspapers and made contacts with the trade union movement," he says of his activities. But soon, Omar was once again in trouble with the authorities, this time for his association with the trade union movement. Omar was accused of organising a historical procession of trade union workers in 1983 and fired from the university without a proper hearing. The irony was that on this occasion Omar had nothing to do with the protest, which had been organised by members of the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). But there was no challenging the martial law order. Omar had long been accused by the Jamaat-e-Islami of patronizing radical students. He left the Punjab University with a scar on his face, received from activists of the Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba, the student wing of the Islamist political party. The same year, Omar plunged into the murky waters of Pakistani politics. Lending his support to the MRD, he
  9. ↑ Mustafa Omar (5 January 2019). "Remembering Air Marshal (retd) Asghar Khan: A soldier, a maverick, and a loving grandfather". The Express Tribune.
  10. 1 2 Yasmeen Omar (25 June 2016). "My father Omar Asghar Khan, my hero". Dawn.
  11. ↑ Salman Akram Raja (31 October 2012). "Asghar Khan's vigil". Dawn.
  12. ↑ Tariq Rahman (9 January 2024). "Adulthood And Soldiering: Going To War Unwilling". The Friday Times. Omar kept listening to my views and later became so influenced by my academic taste that he also decided to study for his B.A as a private candidate. However, I never induced Omar to resign from the army nor did he become a 'pacifist' as some army officers thought. He resigned, as he told me, because Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was against his father and Omar thought Bhutto was so vengeful that his military career was a non-starter.
  13. ↑ Salam Dharejo (18 July 2024). "Unquenchable Fire: Karamat Ali's Legacy Of Courage". The Friday Times.
  14. ↑ We've Learnt Nothing from History Pakistan: Politics and Military Power. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-597883-4.
  15. ↑ "Whipping for Pakistan's civil servants". United Press International. 14 June 1981.
  16. 1 2 "OMAR ASGHAR SUBMITS REPLY". The Muslim. 5 November 1983. p. 204.
  17. ↑ Pakistan Journal of American Studies. Vol. 4. Area Study Centre for Africa, North & South America, Quaid-i-Azam University. 1986. Omar Asghar Khan, an economist, has expressed concern over the $ 4.02 billion US aid package to Pakistan, as it was bound to compromise national security. He said that by accepting this aid, the govern-ment had accepted direct intervention in the economic affairs of the country.
  18. ↑ Fresh budget a life-saving device: Omar Asghar. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1987. p. 1180. Omar Asghar Khan, an independent econo-mist and chairman, Istiqlal Youth League, in a statement said that a budget prepared in such haste under the threat of widespread social and political unrest could not possibly address itself to the fundamental problems of rising unemployment, low savings rampant corruption, heavy dependence on foreign loans regional disparities, growth of a parallel black economy, rising non-productive expenditure, a feudal-dominated agrarian economy and an increasing tax burden on traditional sources. The fresh budgetary proposals were more a life-saving device than a means for achieving balanced growth in the medium to long run, he said. He said the nation had a right to know why the Cabinet in the first place approved the budgetary proposals which included above all a defence tax which was to raise Rs 11.38bn whereas the increase in defence expenditure during fiscal 1978-88 was not more than Rs. 5.35bn. The dramatic change in the government's budgetary proposals within one week following widespread public demonstra-tions did not only show the fickle-mindedness of the government, but had cost the nation dearly, he added.
  19. ↑ Pakistan Journal of American Studies. Vol. 6. Area Study Centre for Africa, North & South America, Quaid-i-Azam University. 1988. Addressing a public meeting in Nawansher near Abbottabad, Omar Asghar Khan, Chairman of Istiqlal Youth League, said that one of the biggest impediments in the way of socio-economic development of the country was the excessive dependence of Pakistan on United States loans.
  20. ↑ "Statistics 1988". National Assembly Elections in Pakistan: 1970-2008 (PDF). Free and Fair Election Network. 2010. p. 246.
  21. ↑ "Statistics 1990". National Assembly Elections in Pakistan: 1970-2008 (PDF). Free and Fair Election Network. 2010. p. 304.
  22. ↑ "Asghar Khan case: SC passed conclusive judgment in October 2012". The News International. 2 January 2019.
  23. ↑ Nasir Iqbal (9 March 2012). "Money arranged at behest of Ghulam Ishaq, Aslam Beg: Habib". Dawn.
  24. ↑ "Former ISI chief says army money used to influence 1990 Pakistan election". The Guardian. 9 March 2012.
  25. ↑ "Hamid Gul accepts responsibility for creating IJI". Dawn. 30 October 2012.
  26. ↑ Asad Rahim Khan (20 January 2019). "Asghar vs Aslam". Dawn.
  27. ↑ Sikander Shaheen (21 October 2012). "Laws render ECP toothless against guilty". The Nation (Pakistan).
  28. ↑ "Joint Statement Against Nuclear Tests And Weapons By Retired Pakistani, Indian And Bangladeshi Armed Forces Personnel". Waging Peace. 1 July 1998.
  29. ↑ Kothari, Smitu; Mian, Zia (2001). Out of the Nuclear Shadow. Zed Books. p. 408. ISBN 978-1-84277-059-7.
  30. ↑ "Federal Cabinet Under The Leadership of the Chief Executive Of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan: From 12.10.1999 To 23.11.2002" (PDF). Cabinet of Pakistan. p. 1.
  31. ↑ Barry Bearak (21 November 1999). "Democracy in Pakistan: Can a General Be Trusted?". The New York Times. Omar Asghar Khan, an environmentalist who has been working in opposition to the illegal harvesting of timber, was offered a cabinet post to oversee rural development and labor issues. "These people are talking about the devolution of powers, trying to get average citizens into government," said Mr. Khan, the Cambridge-educated son of an air marshal. "They don't have a time frame for a return to democracy, but I don't blame them for that. The sheer survival of the state is at stake. Things shouldn't be rushed."
  32. ↑ Rubin, Trudy (18 December 1999). This general could bring peace. The Sun Journal. Omar Asghar Khan, the handsome minister for environment and local government, was previously a leader of a nongovernmental orga-nization that fought against deforestation. A graduate of Cambridge University in England, he says he joined the Musharraf government to "try to get power down to the neighborhoods."
  33. ↑ "Musharraf's three awesome assignments". Dawn. 24 December 2001.
  34. ↑ "QJP to be a modern political party: Omar". Dawn. 24 January 2002.
  35. ↑ "Omar Asghar Khan - a profile". www.oakdf.org.pk. Retrieved 21 May 2026.
  36. ↑ "Sungi Development Foundation". International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 21 May 2026.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Omar Asghar Khan, the man with a vision". Dawn. 26 June 2002.
  38. ↑ "Omar Asghar found dead". Dawn. 26 June 2002.
  39. ↑ "Pakistani minister suicide questioned". BBC. 26 June 2002.
  40. ↑ Benazir Bhutto (2002). "Shadow of suspicion over suicide deaths". Gulf News.
  41. ↑ "Omar Asghar remembered". Dawn. 4 July 2003.
  42. ↑ Deena Guzder (7 October 2010). "Pakistan: The Psychological Trauma of Sudden Displacement". Pulitzer Center.
  43. ↑ "Report highlights appalling brick kiln conditions". Dawn. 4 April 2003.
  44. ↑ Tazeen Inam (24 February 2013). "Bin the bags". The Express Tribune.
  45. ↑ Nighat Said Khan (1986). Women's Involvement in the Industrial Sector in Punjab-Status and Prospects: a Research Study. Applied Socio-Economic Research.
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