Ocotea monteverdensis

Ocotea monteverdensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Ocotea
Species:
O. monteverdensis
Binomial name
Ocotea monteverdensis

Ocotea monteverdensis (Spanish: aguacatillo, quizarrá blanco, quizarrá amarillo) is a critically endangered tree species in the family Lauraceae, endemic to the cloud forests of Costa Rica. It plays an important ecological role as a food source for several frugivorous birds, including the three-wattled bellbird, which disperses its seeds. The species has declined due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and low regeneration rates.

Classification

Tree tag of Ocotea monteverdensis

The species was first described by William Burger in 1990.[2] The holotype is housed at the Field Museum of Natural History.[3] As Burger points out, as is the case with all Lauraceae, the exact taxonomic status of O. monteverdensis within the family is complicated, and details continue to be researched.[1][2] Van der Werff points out that O. monteverdensis is easily confused with other Lauraceae, including Ocotea hartshorniana.[4]

Ecology

The fruit of O. monteverdensis is eaten by many tropical species, including birds and animals. These include the Black guan (Chamaepetes unicolor), the Resplendant quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno), and especially the Three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus), which plays an important role in seed distribution of O. monteverdensis. The oilbird, Steatornis caripensis, is also known to feed on O. monteverdensis.[5][6]

The bellbird, in particular, plays a key role in the life cycle of O. monteverdensis. It exhibits a strong preference for consuming the fruit.[7] After consumption, the bird regurgitates the seed from its perch, which tends to be on dead branches. The increased level of sunlight increases the likelihood that seedlings will be viable.[8]

Diagram illustrating the approximate size of the fruit of Ocotea monteverdensis within its red cupola. After Burger and van der Werff (1990).[2]

Population and distribution

Ocotea monteverdensis is endemic to Costa Rica, where it is only found in cloud forest environments at elevations of approximately 1,000 to 1,500 meters above sea level. It is found primarily on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Tilaran. Recent estimates put the number of extant mature trees at 870. Of these, 760 are within the Monteverde area, and another 100 trees are found in a fragmented population around the Orosí Volcano complex near Nicaragua. Estimates suggest that the population has reduced by at least 95% over the past 180 years.[1]

Tropicos Elevation Sample [9]
Elevation (m) Number of specimens
16000
15002
140011
13002
12002
11001
10002
9002
8002
7001

Conservation

Ocotea monteverdensis is classified as Critically Endangered. The main threat to the species is habitat loss and deforestation due to agriculture, housing development, and tourist development. Public outreach programs have been have been sponsored by the Franklinia Foundation,[10] the Monteverde Institute, Costa Rican Conservation Foundation, and the Cotyledon Fund. One of the challenges for reforestation of the species is its slow reproduction cycle; it flowers only once every three years, and depends on particular animals for seed dispersal.[1][7] Furthermore, about 70% of the extant trees are found on private land and are thus unprotected.[1]

The Franklinia Foundation, furthermore, has sponsored several stages of conservation work on O. monteverdensis in partnership with the Monteverde Institute. The project aimed to plant 5,000 O. monteverdensis seedlings, and to carry out public outreach and further research.[11]


Sign from the Mi Ocotea ("My Ocotea") project describing Ocotea monteverdensis

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Joslin, John Devereaux; Quesada Cruz, Daniela; Hamilton, D. (2025). "Ocotea monteverdensis (Quizzará Blanco)". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T48724260A263415602.en. Retrieved 2026-03-30.
  2. 1 2 3 Burger, William C., Werff, Henk van Der (1990). "Flora Costaricensis: Family #80. Lauraceae". Fieldiana. 23. Chicago Natural History Museum: 1–129.
  3. ↑ "Ocotea monteverdensis W. C. Burger (Hartshorn 1900) – holotype specimen V0944512F". Field Museum. Field Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2026-04-01.
  4. ↑ Henk van der Werff (2002). "A Synopsis of Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Central America and Southern Mexico". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 89 (3): 429–451. doi:10.2307/3298602. Retrieved 2026-03-31.
  5. ↑ John Devereux Joslin, Jr.; Daniela Quesada Cruz (2025-05-27). "Estudio de caso sobre la conservación del Ocotea monteverdensis, una especie de árbol en peligro crítico de extinción". Ambientico (in Spanish) (293) (January-March ed.): 64–69. Retrieved 2026-03-31.
  6. ↑ Quesada Cruz, Daniela. Mi Ocotea: Libro para colorear. Illustrated by Marco Molina.
  7. 1 2 Hamilton, D.; Singleton, R.; Joslin, J.D. (2018). "Resource tracking and its conservation implications for an obligate frugivore (Procnias tricarunculatus, the three-wattled bellbird)". Biotropica. 50 (1): 146–156.
  8. ↑ Salazar, Viviana; Quesada Ruiz, Daniela (2017-11-08). Viviana Salazar & Daniela Quesada Ocotea monteverdensis (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-04-01 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ↑ "Ocotea monteverdensis W.C. Burger". Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Tropicos.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ↑ Fondation Franklinia (2020-04-01). "Conservation of Ocotea monteverdensis in Costa Rica". Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  11. ↑ Fondation Franklinia (2022-09-16). "Conservation of threatened trees of the Bellbird Biological Corridor". Retrieved 2026-04-02.
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