East Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara Timur
Province
Province of East Nusa Tenggara
Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
Coat of arms of East Nusa Tenggara
Coat of arms
   East Nusa Tenggara in    Indonesia
Interactive map of East Nusa Tenggara
Coordinates: 10°10′18″S 123°36′27″E / 10.17167°S 123.60750°E / -10.17167; 123.60750
Country Indonesia
RegionLesser Sunda Islands (Eastern Indonesia)
Established14 August 1958[1]
Capital
and largest city		Kupang
Government
 • BodyEast Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government
 • GovernorEmanuel Melkiades Laka Lena (Golkar)
 • Vice GovernorJohanis Asadoma
 • LegislatureEast Nusa Tenggara Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
Area
 • Total
46,378.11 km2 (17,906.69 sq mi)
 • Rank13th in Indonesia
Highest elevation
(Mount Mutis)
2,427 m (7,963 ft)
Population
 (mid 2025 Estimate)[2]
 • Total
5,742,460
 • Rank12th in Indonesia
 • Density123.818/km2 (320.688/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups (2003)[3]22% Atoni
15% Manggarai
12% Sumba
9% Tetun
8% Lamaholot
5% Rotenese
4% Lio
 • Religion (2024)[4]
9.35% Islam
0.55% Marapu
0.08% Hinduism
0.01% other
 • Languages and dialectsIndonesian (official)
Kupang Malay (lingua franca)
Alorese, Blagar, Bunak, Kedang, Komodo, Kui, Lamaholot, Larantuka Malay, Li'o, Palu'e, Rotenese, Sikka, Sumba, Tetun, Uab Meto, and others (regional)
Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
ISO 3166 codeID-NT
GDP (nominal)2022
 - TotalRp 118,718 billion (27th)
US$ 8.00 billion
US$ 24.95 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaRp 21.72 million (34th)
US$ 1,462
US$ 4,564 (PPP)
 - GrowthIncrease 5.25%
HDI (2024)Increase 0.691[5] (33rd) – (Medium)
Websitenttprov.go.id

East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesian: Nusa Tenggara Timur; NTT; Indonesian pronunciation: [ˌnusa təŋˌɡara ˈtimʊr], lit. 'East Southeast Islands') is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It is the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north, with a total land area of 46,378.11 km2. It consists of some 653 islands (excluding smaller unnamed ones), with the largest ones being Sumba (10,899.41 km2 in area), Flores (15,482.42 km2), and the western part of Timor (14,079.36 km2); the latter shares a land border with the separate nation of East Timor. Also substantial in land area are Alor (2,918.75 km2) and Lembata (1,263.77 km2). The province is subdivided into twenty-one regencies and the regency-level city of Kupang, which is the capital and largest city.

Archaeological research shows that Liang Bua cave in East Nusa Tenggara has been inhabited by humans since about 190,000 years ago. The site was home to early humans, including Homo floresiensis, who were found in the cave's archaeological layers.[6]

East Nusa Tenggara is known for its natural environment and parks, including Komodo National Park, Labuan Bajo, Lake Kelimutu and the area's beaches.[7] The province is rich in culture, with diverse tribes, languages, and traditions such as ikat weaving and the Pasola ceremony in Sumba.[8][9] East Nusa Tenggara also has a strong missionary history, seen from the majority Catholic population and is one of the two Indonesian provinces where Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, alongside South Papua.[10] In addition, its marine ecosystem is very rich, making it a popular destination for divers.[11]

History

After the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, the eastern part of Indonesia declared the State of East Indonesia.[12] The state was further included in the United States of Indonesia as part of the agreement with the Dutch contained in the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949.

In 1950, United States of Indonesia dissolved itself into a unitary state and began to divide its component area into provinces. In 1958, by Indonesian law (Undang-Undang) No. 64/1958, three provinces were established in the Lesser Sunda Islands: Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.[13] These three provinces remain unaltered to the present time, although proposals for division have been considered by the Indonesian government but have been deferred due to the moratorium since 2013 on the creation of additional provinces. The area of East Nusa Tenggara province included the western part of Timor island, Flores, Sumba and many smaller islands in the region.

The province was originally (from 1958) sub-divided into twelve regencies,[14] but on 11 April 1996, the City of Kupang, was separated from Kupang Regency and given regency-level status. Then, following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the passage of a new regional autonomy law, there was a dramatic subdividing (known as pemekaran) of regional governments across Indonesia, at both provincial and regency level. Between 1999 and 2012, nine new regencies were created in East Nusa Tenggara by the division of existing regencies:

Therefore, as from early 2013, there are twenty-one regencies plus the one autonomous city (Kupang) in the province.

Geography

East Nusa Tenggara and its islands, also showing the boundaries between regencies on the three principal islands.

Located in the east of Lesser Sunda Islands, East Nusa Tenggara faces the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. This province borders East Timor (Timor-Leste) in the western part of Timor island, and is also close to the province of West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) and the province of Maluku.

The province consists of about 566 islands, the largest and most dominant are Flores, Sumba, and the western part of Timor. The smaller islands include Adonara, Alor, Komodo, Lembata (formerly called Lomblen), Menipo, Pantar, Raijua, Rincah, Rote Island, Savu, Semau, and Solor. While Rote is the southernmost part of Indonesian territory, the Australian territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, 170 kms due south from Rote, is actually much closer to that island than to any point on the Australian mainland, and they lie in zones designated for 'traditional' fishing by Indonesians.

The highest point in the province is Mount Mutis in the South Central Timor Regency, 2,427 metres above sea level.[18] In East Nusa Tenggara, the Terumbu Karang Sehat Indonesia coral-reef programme implemented by Konservasi Indonesia has included work in East Sumba within the Savu Sea marine-national-park zoning area.[19]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 2,295,287—    
1980 2,737,166+19.3%
1990 3,268,644+19.4%
1995 3,577,472+9.4%
2000 3,952,279+10.5%
2005 4,260,294+7.8%
2010 4,683,827+9.9%
2015 5,112,760+9.2%
2020 5,325,566+4.2%
2025 5,742,560+7.8%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2026 and previous
Religion in East Nusa Tenggara (December 2023)[20]
  1. Roman Catholic (53.7%)
  2. Protestantism (36.2%)
  3. Islam (9.45%)
  4. Marapu and others (0.56%)
  5. Hinduism (0.10%)
  6. Buddhism (0.01%)

The census population of the province was 4,683,827 in 2010[21] and 5,325,566 in 2020,[22]

Based on the latest data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the population of East Nusa Tenggara Province had reached around 5.74 million people by mid 2025.[2] Population growth in East Nusa Tenggara is at a fairly stable level, although variations in growth rates are seen in various districts and cities. Kupang City as the provincial capital is the urban area with the largest population, while the most populous regency is South Central Timor, followed by other large regencies such as Sikka and Manggarai on Flores, and Southwest Sumba.[23]

The average population density in East Nusa Tenggara is around 110 people per km², but the population distribution is uneven. Urban areas such as Kupang City have a much higher density than rural areas spread across the outer islands, such as Alor, Rote, or Savu.

Ethnicity and religion

Ethnicity in East Nusa Tenggara consists of several main groups, including the Flores, Sumba, Timor, Rote, Alor, and Sabu peoples, foreign ethnic groups such as the Chinese, Arabs, as well as Eurasians (primarily of Portuguese and Dutch ancestry) are also present in the province. Indonesian is used as the official language in administration and education, but regional languages are still used in daily life in many local communities.[24]

East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia with a majority Christian population, both Catholic and Protestant. The influence of Christianity is very strong in East Nusa Tenggara, especially in the Flores and Sumba regions, which were influenced by the arrival of European missionaries, especially from Portugal and the Netherlands. In Flores, around 85% of the population is Catholic, making it one of the areas with the largest Catholic population in Indonesia.

East Nusa Tenggara also has a significant Muslim minority, specifically in Kupang City and certain regencies such as in coastal areas or on islands such as Alor and Timor. Hinduism as well as local beliefs are also practised by a minority, especially in Sumba and Timor.[25][26]

Government and administrative divisions

East Nusa Tenggara Governor's Office

The province is divided into twenty-one regencies and one independent city (Kupang). These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[21] and the 2020 Census,[22] together with the official estimates as at mid 2025.[2]

Kode
Wilayah		Name of
City or
Regency		Statute
(including year
when established)		Area
in
km2		Pop'n
2010
Census		Pop'n
2020
Census		Pop'n
mid 2025
Estimate		CapitalHDI[27]
2022 estimate
53.71Kupang City158.89336,239442,758482,730Kupang0.8020 (Very High)
53.01Kupang RegencyUU 69/19585,130.66304,548366,383383,390Oelamasi0.6504 (Medium)
53.02South Central Timor Regency
(Timor Tengah Selatan)		UU 69/19583,931.75441,155455,410488,000Soe0.6273 (Medium)
53.03North Central Timor Regency
(Timor Tengah Utara)		UU 69/19582,622.29229,803259,829279,640Kefamenanu0.6426 (Medium)
53.04Belu Regency[28]UU 69/19581,126.77188,163217,973240,390Atambua0.6322 (Medium)
53.14Rote Ndao RegencyUU 9/20021,277.26119,908143,764155,370Baa0.6321 (Medium)
53.21Malaka RegencyUU 3/20131,109.00164,134183,898196,010Betun0.6134 (Medium)
Southeastern (Timor) group15,356.621,783,9502,070,0152,225,530
53.05Alor Regency (a)
(Alor Archipelago)		UU 69/19582,918.75190,026211,872228,500Kalabahi0.6226 (Medium)
53.13Lembata Regency
(Lomblen)		UU 52/19991,263.77117,829135,930145,270Lewoleba0.6547 (Medium)
53.06East Flores Regency
(Flores Timur) (b)		UU 69/19581,741.06232,605276,896296,760Larantuka0.6493 (Medium)
53.07Sikka RegencyUU 69/19581,669.71300,328321,953345,320Maumere0.6606 (Medium)
53.08Ende RegencyUU 69/19582,084.08260,605270,763284,170Ende0.6797 (Medium)
53.16Nagekeo RegencyUU 2/20071,397.97130,120159,732170,670Mbay0.6622 (Medium)
53.09Ngada RegencyUU 69/19581,736.74142,393165,254176,460Bajawa0.6826 (Medium)
53.19East Manggarai Regency
(Manggarai Timur)		UU 36/20072,389.50252,744275,603301,530Borong0.623 (Medium)
53.10Manggarai Regency
(Manggarai Tengah)		UU 69/19581,343.34292,451312,855340,150Ruteng0.6583 (Medium)
53.15West Manggarai Regency (c)
(Manggarai Barat)		UU 8/20033,120.03221,703256,317281,690Labuan Bajo0.6492 (Medium)
Northern (Flores) group19,664.922,140,8042,387,1752,570,520
53.11East Sumba Regency
(Sumba Timur)		UU 69/19587,000.50227,732244,820262,975Waingapu0.6617 (Medium)
53.12West Sumba Regency
(Sumba Barat)		UU 69/1958737.42111,993145,097160,170Waikabubak0.6443 (Medium)
53.17Central Sumba Regency
(Sumba Tengah)		UU 3/20071,789.6962,48585,48294,187Waibakul0.6271 (Medium)
53.18Southwest Sumba Regency
(Sumba Barat Daya)		UU 16/20071,381.94284,903303,650335,500Tambolaka0.6315 (Medium)
53.20Sabu Raijua RegencyUU 52/2008459.5872,96089,32796,259West Savu0.5790 (Low)
Southwestern (Sumba) group11,369.13760,073869,376949,091

Notes: (a) includes Alor and Pantar islands. (b) East Flores Regency includes Adonara and Solor islands as well as the eastern part of Flores Island.
(c) West Manggarai Regency includes Komodo and Rinca islands off the west coast of Flores.

The province has two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The East Nusa Tenggara I Electoral District consists of the ten regencies in the Northern (Flores) group, and elects six members to the People's Representative Council. The East Nusa Tenggara II Electoral District consists of the six regencies in the Southeastern (Timor) group and the five regencies in the Southwestern (Sumba) group, together with the city of Kupang, and elects seven members to the People's Representative Council.[29]

List of provincial governors

Below is a list of governors who have held office in the East Nusa Tenggara.

Economy

The economy of East Nusa Tenggara Province is dominated by the agriculture, fisheries, and tourism sectors. Most of the East Nusa Tenggara population works in the agricultural sector, with main crops such as corn, rice, cassava, beans, and coconuts. The livestock sector also plays an important role, especially in areas such as Sumba and Timor, where many residents raise cattle, horses, and pigs.

In addition, the fisheries sector is one of the main sources of livelihood for people in coastal areas and small islands. Fish, seaweed, and other marine products are important commodities developed by local communities.

Nihi Sumba Aerial
A resort along Nihiwatu Beach

On the other hand, the tourism sector in East Nusa Tenggara has experienced rapid development in recent years, especially with the increasing popularity of tourist destinations such as Labuan Bajo and Komodo National Park which attract tourists from within and outside the country. The area's natural environment, including its exotic beaches, volcanoes and underwater biodiversity, are the main attractions for tourists.

Economic activity

The Lontar palm has high significance in local agriculture

East Nusa Tenggara Province has a diverse economy with agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and cultivation as its main pillars. Subsistence farming dominates economic activity, with corn and smallholder plantation crops such as coffee being the main products. Local plants such as the lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer) and the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) also play an important role in the local economy.[30]

On Sumba Island, palm trees play a major role in providing wood, roofing materials, and producing food in the form of fruits and palm sugar obtained from tapping the fruit stems. In other areas such as West Manggarai, palm trees are also a source of raw materials and processed products that are useful for local communities. Products from palm and palm trees can even be processed into alcoholic beverages through traditional fermentation, which is part of the local economy.[31]

Map of East Nusa Tenggara showing tree-cover loss years, with forest remaining since 2000 in green and loss years shaded yellow through purple.
Tree-cover loss year in East Nusa Tenggara, 2001-2024, from the Global Forest Change dataset.

In addition, the forestry sector also plays an important role in supporting the provincial economy. Forests in East Nusa Tenggara provide important resources such as firewood, building materials, and other non-timber products used by local communities. Forestry managed with sustainable principles not only contributes to the economy, but also helps maintain ecosystems and environmental balance, which is very important for communities that depend on natural resources.

Seaweed farming is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in coastal and island areas. In the Alor Islands, for example, informal village-based seaweed farming has become an important source of additional income for the community. Much of this seaweed is exported in its raw form to countries such as Japan, indicating greater economic potential in this sector.[32]

Fisheries are also a mainstay sector for coastal communities. Marine products such as fish, shrimp, and various other marine products are not only a source of food for local communities but also have great potential as export products. This fisheries activity makes a significant contribution to the local economy.

Overall, the economy of East Nusa Tenggara is highly dependent on the use of natural resources traditionally managed by local communities. With agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and seaweed farming as the backbone of the economy, the province continues to develop its potential while preserving the environment and local cultural richness. Through sustainable management of natural resources, East Nusa Tenggara seeks to improve the welfare of its people and strengthen its contribution to the national economy.

Poverty and poverty alleviation in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT)

NTT is known as one of the poorest provinces in Indonesia, with various factors causing chronic poverty in this region. The arid geographical conditions and remote island geography limit access to basic resources and services. Agriculture, which is the main livelihood, is often hampered by infertile soil and prolonged drought, resulting in low agricultural productivity. In addition, limited infrastructure worsens people's access to education, health, and markets.[33]

The low level of education in NTT is also one of the main causes of poverty. Limited access to education, especially in rural areas, means that many children cannot continue their education, thus hampering their ability to get better jobs. This is exacerbated by poor health conditions, where many residents cannot access basic health services due to the lack of medical facilities, health workers, and remote access.

The government and various organizations have made a number of efforts to alleviate poverty in NTT. Some of these include the development of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and health facilities, which aim to open access and improve connectivity throughout the region. Programs to improve the quality of education such as building schools and sending teachers to remote areas are also being implemented to increase school participation rates.[34]

Efforts to empower the community's economy include skills training and access to micro-credit to encourage small and medium enterprises. The tourism sector, which has great potential in NTT, has also begun to be developed as an alternative source of income. In addition, the government has launched social assistance programs such as the Family Hope Program (PKH) and Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) to support poor families in meeting their basic needs.[35]

Although various programs have been implemented, challenges still exist. Corruption, slow bureaucracy, and lack of community involvement in development often hinder the effectiveness of programs. In addition, the impact of climate change on agriculture adds to the complexity of the problem. However, with a sustainable approach and active community participation, there is hope that poverty in NTT can be reduced significantly, bringing prosperity to its residents.[36][37]

Infrastructure

Although infrastructure development in East Nusa Tenggara continues to grow, the province still faces challenges in terms of inter-island connectivity. Land, sea, and air transportation continue to be improved to connect remote areas, but some areas are still difficult to reach, especially during the rainy season when road conditions become less good. On the other hand, the construction of roads, bridges, ports, and airports has been carried out in stages to improve mobility and accessibility, as well as support economic and tourism development in the province.[38]

Transport

Airports that serves the province are:

The Port of Labuan Bajo also serves the province.

Education

Accessibility to education is difficult, especially in remote areas and islands, where many schools lack basic facilities such as proper buildings, laboratories, and libraries. The quality of teaching also needs to be improved due to the uneven distribution of teachers and the lack of qualified teaching staff in rural areas. Efforts to improve this sector continue to be carried out through government programs such as scholarships and the construction of new schools, although infrastructure and teaching staff challenges remain major issues.[39][40]

Health

The health sector in East Nusa Tenggara sees major challenges in terms of access to and quality of health services. Many remote areas are difficult to reach, and health facilities are often inadequate with limited equipment and medicines. The shortage of medical personnel, especially in rural areas, further exacerbates this situation. Major health problems in NTT (East Nusa Tenggara) include malnutrition, high maternal and infant mortality rates, and infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Efforts to improve the situation are being made through the construction of new health facilities, national health programs, and interventions from non-governmental organizations, although geographic and logistical challenges remain major obstacles.[41][42][43]

Tourism

Komodo dragon, a large species of lizard, lives in this province
One of the crater lakes of Kelimutu
Traditional Sumbanese houses in West Sumba

East Nusa Tenggara is a province rich in diverse tourist attractions, and the provincial government is actively working to promote tourism.[44][45] Tourist hotspots include:[46]

Notable figures

Well-known figures from the province include the following:

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ "J.D.I.H. – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 27 February 2026, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2026 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)
  3. ↑ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003
  4. ↑ https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ Archived 5 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine (visual)
  5. ↑ "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2024. Archived from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  6. ↑ "Examining the Traces of Indonesian Little People in Liang Bua Cave". indonesia.go.id. Archived from the original on 15 April 2025. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  7. ↑ "Indonesia, Flores, Labuan Bajo – Wet Frog Divers". www.wetfrogdivers.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  8. ↑ "Kain Tenun Nusa Tenggara Timur – Geonusantara". Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  9. ↑ DKIPS (2 November 2024). "PASOLA WANUKAKA". Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Sumba Barat (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  10. ↑ "Persentase Agama yang Dianut Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur 2019". www.nttprov.go.id. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "The Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara". Travelfish. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  12. ↑ Statute of Staatsblad No. 143, 1946.
  13. ↑ Government of Indonesia (11 August 1958), Establishment of the First-level Administrative Regions of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 64/1958, retrieved 24 August 2007
  14. ↑ Government of Indonesia (9 August 1958), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions under the First-level Administrative Region of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 69/1958, retrieved 24 August 2007
  15. ↑ Government of Indonesia (4 October 1999), Establishment of Lembata Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 52/1999, retrieved 24 August 2007
  16. ↑ Government of Indonesia (10 April 2002), Establishment of Rote-Ndao Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (PDF) (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 9/2002, retrieved 24 August 2007
  17. ↑ Government of Indonesia (25 February 2003), Establishment of West Manggarai Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (PDF) (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 8/2003, retrieved 24 August 2007
  18. ↑ "The Meto People on Mutis Mountain". Travel Destination Indonesia. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  19. ↑ Terumbu Karang Sehat Indonesia (TeKSI): Annual Narrative Report (January–December 2023) (PDF) (Report). UNDP Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office (Global Fund for Coral Reefs). 4 April 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  20. ↑ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  21. 1 2 Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  22. 1 2 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  23. ↑ "Projection Number of Population by Sex – Statistical Data – BPS-Statistics Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Timur Province". ntt.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  24. ↑ "Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat". Elkiraas. UIN Raden Fatah. 2024. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  25. ↑ "Percentage of Religious Followers – Statistical Data – BPS-Statistics Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Timur Province". ntt.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  26. ↑ Sodli, Ahmad (2016). "Kerukunan Umat Beragama di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT)" (PDF). Neliti (in Indonesian). “Analisa”. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  27. ↑ "[New Method] Human Development Index by Regency/City 2020–2022" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2022. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  28. ↑ excluding population of Malaka Regency (created 2012)
  29. ↑ Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
  30. ↑ James J. Fox (1977), Harvest of the palm: ecological change in Eastern Indonesia, Harvard University Press, Boston.
  31. ↑ Markus Makur, "Abraham Manggas: Rescuing sugar palms" Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post, 14 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Farming the Alor Islands: One man's weed" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 18 December 2013.
  33. ↑ "Kemiskinan di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Ciri dan Determinannya" (in Indonesian). TNP2K. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  34. ↑ "Perubahan Kemiskinan di NTT dan Faktor Penentu Kesuksesan Rote Ndao – ROTENDAOKAB.GO.ID" (in Indonesian). 7 June 2024. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  35. ↑ Abidin, Zainal, et al. "Poverty Alleviation Through Village Fund Policy in East Nusa Tenggara." Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences, Humanities, Economics, and Law (ICoSHEL), 30 October 2019, European Union Digital Library, doi:10.4108/eai.30-10-2019.2299419. Accessed 30 August 2024.
  36. ↑ Nalle, F. W., Seran, S., & Bria, F. (2022). Analisis Determinan Kemiskinan Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 13(2), 206–220. https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v13i2.4962
  37. ↑ Rohmah, Miftahur; Rizkiyah, Adinda Safira; Hibatullah, Anbiya Nur; Kamilya, Dhiya; Ardiningrum, Nilam; Adiyansah, Rizki; Azzahra, Syifa Annisa; Yuliani, Shahibah (8 June 2024). "Strategi Program Desa Mandiri Anggur Merah (DEMAM) Dalam Mengatasi Kemiskinan Di Nusa Tenggara Timur". Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara. 1 (3): 3387–3395. ISSN 3046-4560. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  38. ↑ "Pemerintah Provinsi NTT Menggelar MUSRENBANG RKPD Tahun 2025 Dan RPJPD Periode 2025 S/D 2045 – Dinas Komunikasi & Informatif Provinsi NTT". diskominfo.nttprov.go.id. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  39. ↑ "Kondisi Pendidikan di Pedalaman NTT yang Masih Tertinggal". Blog Insan Bumi Mandiri. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  40. ↑ "Tantangan Pendidikan di NTT dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Akses dan Mutu". Ombudsman Republik Indonesia. 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2025. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  41. ↑ adminsek (4 June 2024). "kesehatan". Satu Data Sektoral (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  42. ↑ "Perbedaan Karakteristik Demografi dan Riwayat Infeksi Malaria Menurut Status Gizi Balita di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur". ResearchGate (in Indonesian). 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  43. ↑ Celebrating its 75th anniversary, WHO calls for health for all from East Nusa Tenggara
  44. ↑ A useful guide to NTT which is in Indonesian but which, nevertheless, has much accessible information and maps about NTT is by Gagas Ulung (2011), Exotic NTT: 200 tempat paling menantang dan eksotis di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur: wisata alam, bahari, budaya, dan tradisi [Exotic NTT: 200 of the most challenging and exotic places in Nusa Tenggara Timur: tourism for nature, the sea, culture, and tradition], PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
  45. ↑ A short guide to some of the key sites on Flores is Anett Keller, "Beauty and the East" Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post Weekender, 30 November 2011
  46. ↑ "NTT natural wonders to boost economic development". 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  47. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Komodo National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  48. ↑ Neville Kemp, "Bird-watching on Timor a rewarding experience" Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Jakarta Post, 3 May 2005.
  49. ↑ Sumba, Explore (10 April 2023). "Pasola Festival 🐎 in the island of SUMBA: The horse riders battle!". EXPLORE SUMBA. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  50. ↑ Tim Gudang Ilmu (2011), Pahlawan Indonesia & profilnya: edisi terlengkap [Profiles of heroes of Indonesia; a complete edition], Gudang Ilmu, Jakarta.
  51. ↑ Tim Gudang Ilmu, op. cit.
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