Myriopteris lindheimeri
| Myriopteris lindheimeri | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | Myriopteris |
| Species: | M. lindheimeri |
| Binomial name | |
| Myriopteris lindheimeri | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Myriopteris lindheimeri, formerly known as Cheilanthes lindheimeri,[2] is a species of fern in the Pteridaceae family (subfamily Cheilanthoideae) with the common name fairy swords.[3]
Description
Leaf bases are widely spaced along the long-creeping rhizome, which is about 1 to 1.5 millimeters (0.039 to 0.059 in) in diameter.[4][5] It bears scales 1 to 2 millimeters (0.04 to 0.08 in) long, which are lanceolate[4] to ovate-lanceolate, straight or slightly twisted, and loosely pressed against the surface of the rhizome.[5] They are thin to hardened in texture, of a uniform tan to brown color, and their margins are entire (without teeth or lobes).[4] They may sometimes have a dark brown central stripe contrasting with pale brown to reddish-brown margins.[6] Some of the older scales may be shed from the rhizome.[5]
The fronds arise individually from the rhizome, typically spaced 3 to 20 centimeters (1 to 8 in) apart.[4] Unlike many ferns, they do not emerge as coiled fiddleheads (noncircinate vernation). When mature, they are 7 to 30 centimeters (2.8 to 11.8 in) long.[5] The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is 4 to 19 centimeters (1.6 to 7.5 in) long.[6] and typically about one-third to one-half of the total length of the frond.[4]
Myriopteris lindheimeri grows in dense colonies from a long creeping rhizome with brown scales. Leaves are generally lanceolate and 7–30 cm long and 2–5 cm wide with a dark brown petiole. The leaf blade is 4-pinnate at the base, grayish or silvery green on top and covered with rusty brown wooly hairs below. The rachis has scattered linear-lanceolate scales and sparse hairs. Ultimate leaf segments are round to slightly oblong, beadlike, up to 0.7–1 mm in diameter. The tops of the leaves typically have a distinctive silvery green tone.[7][8]
Range and habitat
Myriopteris lindheimeri is native to southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It grows on rocky slopes and ledges, on a variety of acidic to mildly basic substrates, at elevations from 200 to 2,500 m (660 to 8,200 ft).[7]
Taxonomy
Myriopteris lindheimeri was first described by Sir William Jackson Hooker in 1852, as Cheilanthes lindheimeri, based on material collected by Ferdinand Lindheimer in western Texas in 1847. The epithet presumably honors Lindheimer.[9] While Hooker accepted the species within a broad circumscription of Cheilanthes, a classification followed by most botanists through the 20th century, his contemporary Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée preferred to separate some species into a new genus, Myriopteris based on characters of the false indusia and sori. Following this classification, John Smith transferred C. lindheimeri there as Myriopteris lindheimeri in 1854.[10]
In 1891, John Gilbert Baker described a species he called Cheilanthes albida, based on the specimen Charles Christopher Parry & Edward Palmer 999, collected by those two botanists in Central Mexico. He did not explain the epithet albida, meaning "whitish",[11] but he described it as being "densely white-hairy on both surfaces".[12] A subsequent examination of the type specimen revealed it to be the same as C. lindheimeri.[13]
By a strict application of the principle of priority, Oliver Atkins Farwell transferred the species to the genus Allosorus as Allosorus lindheimeri in 1931, that genus having been published before Cheilanthes.[14] Farwell's name was rendered unnecessary when Cheilanthes was conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956.
The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera, such as Myriopteris, that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus Myriopteris in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in Cheilanthes, including Myriopteris lindheimeri.[2]
In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. lindheimeri, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.[15]
Members of the genus Cheilanthes as historically defined (which includes Myriopteris) are commonly known as "lip ferns" due to the lip-like (false) indusium formed by the leaf margins curling over the sori.[16] The common name Lindheimer's lip fern[17] refers to the collector honored by the epithet. It is also known as fairy-swords.[5][6]
Myriopteris lindheimeri is an apogamous (asexually reproducing) triploid of unknown parentage. Based on plastid DNA sequence, Myriopteris lindheimeri is part of Myriopteris clade C (covillei clade) and is very closely related to Myriopteris yavapensis.[18] It is occasionally misidentified as Myriopteris wootonii.[7][8]
Conservation
Myriopteris lindheimeri is globally apparently secure (G4). NatureServe considers it critically imperiled (S1) in Oklahoma.[1]
Cultivation
Myriopteris lindheimeri can be relatively easily cultivated, and should be grown under high light in well-drained garden soil. The soil should be dry to moist-dry.[17]
References
- 1 2 NatureServe 2026.
- 1 2 Grusz & Windham 2013.
- ↑ "Myriopteris lindheimeri (Fairy-Swords)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Mickel & Smith 2004, p. 198.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Windham & Rabe 1993.
- 1 2 3 Lellinger 1985, p. 145.
- 1 2 3 "Flora of North America".
- 1 2 Felger, R.S., S. Rutman, J. Malusa, and T.R. Van Devender. 2013. Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: A flora of southwestern Arizona: Part 3: Ferns, lycopods, and gymnosperms. Phytoneuron 2013-37: 1–46.| url=https://cals.arizona.edu/herbarium/sites/cals.arizona.edu.herbarium/files/pdf/03PhytoN.pdf
- ↑ Hooker 1858, p. 101.
- ↑ Seemann 1857, p. 340.
- ↑ Short & George 2013, p. 117.
- ↑ Baker 1891, p. 212.
- ↑ Maxon 1933, p. 141.
- ↑ Farwell 1931, p. 285.
- ↑ Christenhusz, Fay & Byng 2018, p. 17.
- ↑ Clute 1901, pp. 237, 242.
- 1 2 Hoshizaki & Moran 2001, p. 242.
- ↑ Grusz et al. 2014.
Works cited
- Baker, J. G. (1891). "A summary of the new ferns which have been discovered or described since 1874". Annals of Botany. 5 (2): 181–222.
- Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Byng, James W. (2018). Plant Gateway's the Global Flora: A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world. Vol. 4. ISBN 978-0-9929993-9-1.
- Clute, Willard N. (1901). Our Ferns in Their Haunts. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
- Farwell, Oliver Atkins (1931). "Fern Notes II. Ferns in the Herbarium of Parke, Davis & co". American Midland Naturalist. 12 (8): 233–311. doi:10.2307/2420088. JSTOR 2420088.
- Grusz, Amanda L.; Windham, Michael D. (2013). "Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae)". PhytoKeys (32): 49–64. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733. PMC 3881352. PMID 24399906.
- Grusz, Amanda L.; Windham, Michael D.; Yatskievych, George; Huiet, Layne; Gastony, Gerald J.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2014). "Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 39 (3): 698–714. doi:10.1600/036364414X681518. JSTOR 24546228. S2CID 16969741.
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1858). Species Filicum. Vol. 2. London: William Pamplin.
- Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe; Moran, Robbin C. (2001). Fern Grower's Manual. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9780881924954.
- Lellinger, David B. (1985). A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0-87474-603-5.
- Maxon, William R. (1933). "Fern Miscellany—III". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 46: 139–146.
- Mickel, John T.; Smith, Alan R. (2004). The Pteridophytes of Mexico. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 88. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-0-89327-488-7.
- NatureServe (June 28, 2026). "Myriopteris lindheimeri". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved June 5, 2026.
- Seemann, Berthold (1857). The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Herald. London: Lovell Reeve.
- Short, Emma; George, Alex (2013). A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-69375-3.
- Windham, Michael D.; Rabe, Eric W. (1993). "Cheilanthes lindheimeri". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.