Megascolia procer
| Megascolia procer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Female (top) and male (bottom) of Megascolia procer javanensis. Private collection, F. Turetta. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Scoliidae |
| Genus: | Megascolia |
| Species: | M. procer |
| Binomial name | |
| Megascolia procer (Illiger, 1802) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Megascolia procer is a solitary wasp in the family Scoliidae found across Asia. It is one of the largest wasps in the world, with a wingspan of 11.6 cm (4.6 in).[2]
Description
M. procer is a large tropical wasp with a body length of 46–77 mm (1.8–3.0 in).[2] The body is primarily black with yellowish markings on the front and vertex of the head, pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, medial spot on the first gastral tergite, and a pair of anterolateral spots on the third gastal tergite.
Wing coloration
The wings of Megascolia procer are dark and opaque, but display a striking blue-green iridescence that shifts with viewing angle. Despite the apparent complexity of the effect, the mechanism is among the simplest known in biological structural coloration. Detailed study of the Javan subspecies M. p. javanensis by Sarrazin, Vigneron, Welch and Rassart, using reflection spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, established that the iridescence arises from a single homogeneous transparent layer of chitin covering the entire surface of each wing — one of the most elementary thin-film interference filters found in nature.[3] The opacity of the wings — unusually dark compared with most wasps — is produced by a high concentration of melanin in the underlying chitin structure, which provides a dark background that makes the thin-film structural colour appear particularly vivid and saturated. The authors noted that a structurally similar single-layer interference mechanism had independently evolved in the iridescent feathers of the domestic pigeon, illustrating a case of convergent evolution in structural optics.
Distribution
The nominate subspecies has a broad range across the continent of Asia, including records in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Malaya, Thailand, Myanmar, and India.[1] There are also subspecies found in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.[4][5][6]
Life cycle
The species is a parasitoid of the scarabaeid Atlas beetle, Chalcosoma atlas. The wasp paralyzes a beetle grub with its sting, then lays an egg on it and buries it in an underground cell. When the wasp larva hatches, it consumes its still-living host before pupating inside its remains.[7]
Subspecies
There are four subspecies of M. procer:[1][8]
- Megascolia procer procer (Illiger, 1802) - broadly across Asia
- Megascolia procer bimaculata (Gribodo, 1893) - Palawan
- Megascolia procer javanensis Betrem, 1964 - Java
- Megascolia procer nigriventris (Mantero, 1903) - Borneo
Gallery
M. p. procer from Sumatra
M. p. javanensis from Java
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Gupta, Salil K; Jonathan, Joseph Kenneth (2003). The fauna of India and the adjacent countries / Hymenoptera: Scoliidae. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. pp. 135–138. ISBN 81-8171-009-6.
- 1 2 Sarrazin, Michael; Vigneron, Jean Pol; Welch, Victoria; Rassart, Marie (5 November 2008). "Nanomorphology of the blue iridescent wings of a giant tropical wasp Megascolia procer javanensis (Hymenoptera)". Phys. Rev. E 78 (5) 051902. arXiv:0710.2692. Bibcode:2008PhRvE..78e1902S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.051902. PMID 19113150. S2CID 30936410. Measurement scale on Figure 1.
- ↑ Sarrazin, M., Vigneron, J. P., Welch, V. & Rassart, M. (2008). "Nanomorphology of the blue iridescent wings of a giant tropical wasp Megascolia procer javanensis (Hymenoptera)". Physical Review E, 78(5), 051902. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.051902
- ↑ Betrem, J. G.; Bradley, J. Chester (1964). "Annotations on the genera Triscolia, Megascolia and Scolia (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae)". Zoologische Mededelingen. 39 (43): 433–444.
- ↑ Burnie, David (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife (1st ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 632 pp. ISBN 90-18-01564-4.
- ↑ Smith, Frederick (1865). "Descriptions of New Species of Hymenopterous Insects from the Islands of Sumatra, Sula, Gilolo, Salwatty, and New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace". The Journal of the Linnean Society: Zoology. 8 (30): 61–94. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1865.tb02422.x.
- ↑ Piek, Tom (22 October 2013). Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects. Elsevier. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4832-6370-0.
- ↑ Osten, T. (2005). "Checkliste der Dolchwespen der Welt (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Scoliidae). Teil 1: Proscoliinae und Scoliinae: Campsomerini. Teil 2: Scoliinae: Scoliini. Teil 3: Literatur" [Checklist of the Scoliidae of the World. Part 1: Proscoliinae and Scoliinae: Campsomerini. Part 2: Scoliinae: Scoliini. Part 3: Literature] (PDF). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg (in German). 62 (220–221): 1–62. Retrieved 2014-06-24.