List of mayors of Baton Rouge, Louisiana

The office of Mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana was formally created in 1818 as the chief executive of the City of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which has been the state capital of Louisiana continuously since 1849 (except for a brief time during and after the Civil War when Opelousas, Shreveport, or New Orleans held that title). Baton Rouge's current chief executive is Sid Edwards.[1]

Leon Jastremski, mayor from 1876 to 1882.
Sharon Weston Broome, mayor-president from 2017 to 2024.

Background

Baton Rouge was granted the right to incorporate as a town in 1817 under legislation approved by Louisiana's second governor, Jacques Villeré. The city was chartered the following year and led by a magistrate who was chosen among the popularly-elected, five-member board of selectmen.[2] Selectmen were up for election annually.[3]

Early mayors also served only one-year terms.[4] The office had a two-year term in the 1880s[5] and was increased to four years in duration in 1898.[6]

The first mayoral election under "city" status was in 1846 between James Cooper (who had previously served as a magistrate[6]) and John Dufrocq,[7] a Whig Party member[8] who won the balloting.[6] In 1856 another noteworthy race occurred, this time between Know Nothing mayor Joseph Monget and his Democratic challenger, Edward Cousinard;[9] after actually tying in the popular vote, the commissioners of election decided to award the election to the incumbent.[10] Cousinard later won the mayor's seat himself in the 1857 election.[6]

The city's government essentially ceased to exist for the duration of the Civil War, once the Battle of Baton Rouge had commenced in 1862.[11]: 250  In 1863, the victorious Union Army subsequently divided the Baton Rouge area into districts and sub-districts that were administered by "commanders"—in this case, military officials who had basically been temporarily rotated out of a combat zone and given administrative duties in the local military occupation area for several weeks or months at a time as a brief respite before returning to the battlefield.[12] With such short-term assignments, some of these commanders reportedly made much more of a favorable impression on the locals for their efforts to govern and to assist with the rebuilding of the city than others did.[13][14]

Later, after the return to civilian rule, the city government was also largely stripped of influence at one point by the First Reconstruction Act, which was issued in 1867[15] and caused it to miss an entire election cycle in the process.[11]: 252 

Multiple mayoral elections during the Reconstruction Era were disputed. After the 1871 election Gov. Henry Clay Warmoth did what he legally could from the temporary capitol in New Orleans to briefly prop up the new African American Republican mayor, Loyeau Berhel[16] —who was facing an overwhelmingly Democratic-controlled board of selectmen[11]: 254 —but by the next year Warmoth himself was facing a mounting impeachment effort and forced to broaden what remained of his support by reaching out to Democrats who had a much more solid base in Louisiana than the Republicans did; he declared the similarly disputed election results for the next term in 1872 null and void, and awarded the state's commission to the Democratic candidate.[17] Ultimately, that 1872–73 term essentially ended up with two separately-functioning city governments, one recognized primarily by African American and pro-Union white Republicans (including so-called "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags") and one recognized primarily by native white Democrats.[11]: 253–54  Although the term "city council" had been used on occasion before,[18] the board of selectmen really seems to have begun transitioning over to the use of the term under the Republican mayor that year,[19] perhaps in anticipation of needing to differentiate it from the competing board of selectmen that the Democrats were in the process of setting up (the board finally formally adopted the title "city council" in 1874[20]). The Republicans had shown improvements in their organizational efforts (and electoral strength in general) by being able to initially win the 1872 election without Warmoth's help—and then by holding a share of the government for the duration of that term. While the Democratic mayor, James Essex Elam, had been willing to fight to hang on to his seat after the disputed votes of 1871 and 1872, he either determined that he had no chance at the ballot box in the 1873 annual municipal elections or he simply no longer felt up to the challenge any more (he did, in fact, die only several months after the scheduled election date[21]). Shortly before the election was to be held, African American state senator J. Henri Burch, a prominent area Republican, met with Elam, and they negotiated a compromise where Elam would resign his position and support new governor William Pitt Kellogg's appointment of the Republican incumbent to the mayor's seat—along with three Republicans and three Democrats to the city council (as selected by a conference committee).[22] This compromise was largely acceptable to both sides (very rare for Reconstruction)—although even then a group describing itself as Fusionists (Liberal Republican Party members and a rogue faction of Democrats[23] who had vowed to support John McEnery's sinking claim to the governorship to the bitter end) attempted to hold the canceled municipal elections any way (which apparently failed to draw many to the polls and quickly faded away).[24] After making it through 1873 relatively peacefully, Kellogg also reappointed the mayor in 1874.[11]: 255  The Republicans did finally win a municipal election in their own right in 1875, but in 1876 the Democrats were able to use various forms of intimidation, including by former members of the old Knights of the White Camelia, to regain the mayor's seat[25]: 224  for the first of 28 consecutive Democratic chief executives.

In 1914 the city began using a city commission government under then-mayor Alex Grouchy, Jr.[2] (it had already been in the works before the sudden death of Mayor Jules Roux the year before).[26] In 1949 the governments of the city and the Parish of East Baton Rouge were largely consolidated under then-mayor S. Powers Higginbotham,[27] and in 1982 they were fully merged into a single governing body (similar to a consolidated city-county, although the municipalities of Baker, Central, St. George, and Zachary remain self-governing). At that time, the title of "mayor" changed to "mayor-president,"[28] being that they were now both mayor of Baton Rouge and president of East Baton Rouge Parish. Indeed, four recent mayor-presidents resided in Baker, Central, or Zachary at the time of their elections, giving them the distinction of serving as mayor of Baton Rouge without actually living there; no candidate from the newly-incorporated City of St. George has been elected mayor-president yet, however.

Elam held office for the most terms, ten one-year terms (including four consecutive at one point, between 1865 and 1869). While no families have dominated the office over the years, Baton Rouge's longest-serving mayor—Wade Bynum (24 years over two different periods of time)[10]—did replace his brother Turner Bynum after he died in office,[29] and Mary Webb was later appointed by the city council to complete the term of her late husband, Jesse Webb, Jr.[30] Despite these rare family connections, Baton Rouge's mayors have still tended to share commonalities in the sense that most were white male Democrats. However, the last five mayor-presidents have included multiple Republicans and African Americans, as well as a woman. In fact, the current mayor-president, Edwards, is a Republican.[31]

List of magistrates, mayors, commanders, and mayor-presidents

Below is a list of Baton Rouge's chief executives—magistrates from 1818 to 1846,[32][2] mayors from 1846 to 1863 and again from 1865 to 1949, (Union Army district and sub-district) commanders from 1863 to 1865, and mayor-presidents from 1949 to present. The town magistrate was an appointive office, determined from among the elected five-member board of selectmen.[2] All city mayors and city-parish mayor-presidents were otherwise popularly elected, unless specified below.

Nº Image Chief Executive Term start Term end Party Note(s)
Magistrates—Town of Baton Rouge
1 William Williams 1818 1820 also served from 1821-1822
2 François "Palo" Gardere 1820 1821 born in Kingdom of France[33]
3 William Williams 1821 1822 also served from 1818-1820
4 William Wykoff 1822 1823
5 Jason Candee 1823 1824
6 Bartholomew Beauregard 1824 1828
7 William Grivet 1828 1829
8 William R. Willis 1829 1832 also served from 1833-1834
9 John Reid 1832 1833 also served from 1845-1846
10 William R. Willis 1833 1834 also served from 1829-1832
11 P. A. Walker 1834 1835
12 Raphael Legendre 1835 1836 also served from 1836-1838
13 Stephen Henderson 1836 1836[20] resigned[20]
14 Raphael Legendre 1836 1838 also served from 1835-1836
15 William Gil 1838 1839
16 James Cooper 1839 1843 also served from 1844-1845
17 Abel Waddill 1843 1844
18 James Cooper 1844 1845 also served from 1839-1843
19 John Reid 1845 1846 also served from 1832-1833
Mayors—City of Baton Rouge
20 John R. Dufrocq 1846 1855 Whig[8] born in British Lower Canada;[34] 1854: re-elected unopposed[35]
21 Joseph Monget 1855 1857 Know Nothing[9] 1856: appointed, by commissioners of election, due to election resulting in a tie vote of 223–223[10]
22 Edward Cousinard 1857 1859 Democratic[9]
23 James Essex Elam 1859 1862 Democratic also served from 1865-1869, from 1870-1871, from 1871-1872, and from 1872-1873 (served more terms than any other mayor, 10)
24 Benjamin Franklin Bryan 1862 1862 Democratic resigned, due to Battle of Baton Rouge;[10] also served from 1888-1890 and from 1894-1896
25 Jordan Holt 1862 1863 Democratic 1862: appointed, by board of selectmen;[10] also served in 1865 and in 1872
Commanders—District of Baton Rouge
26 Brig. Gen. Philip St. George Cooke 1863 1864
27 Brig. Gen. Henry Warner Birge 1864 1864
28 Brig. Gen. William Plummer Benton 1864 1864 also served later in 1864
29 Brig. Gen. Fitz Henry Warren 1864 1864
30 Brig. Gen. William Plummer Benton 1864 1864 also served earlier in 1864
Commanders—Sub-District of Baton Rouge
31 Col. William J. Landram 1864 1864
32 Brig. Gen. Joseph Bailey 1864 1865
Commanders—District of Baton Rouge
32
continued		 Brig. Gen. Joseph Bailey 1865 1865
33 Brig. Gen. Edmund J. Davis 1865 1865
34 Col. John Giles Fonda 1865 1865 also served later in 1865
35 Bvt. Maj. Gen. Michael Kelly Lawler 1865 1865 born in British Ireland[36]
36 Bvt. Brig. Gen. John Giles Fonda 1865 1865 also served earlier in 1865
Mayors—City of Baton Rouge
37 Jordan Holt 1865 1865 Democratic[37] acting mayor; appointed, by Gov. J. Madison Wells; resigned, to serve in Louisiana House of Representatives;[10] also served from 1862-1863 and in 1872
38 James Essex Elam 1865 1869 Democratic[11]: 251–52  1865: appointed, by Wells;[11]: 251  1867: election canceled, due to order by Gen. Philip Sheridan;[11]: 252  in accordance with the implementation of the First Reconstruction Act[15] also served from 1859-1862, from 1870-1871, from 1871-1872, and from 1872-1873 (served more terms than any other mayor, 10)
39 Oliver P. Skolfield 1869 1870 Democratic[38]
40 James Essex Elam 1870 1871 Democratic[11]: 253  also served from 1859-1862, from 1865-1869, from 1871-1872, and from 1872-1873 (served more terms than any other mayor, 10)
41 Loyeau Berhel 1871 1871 Republican[11]: 253  certified elected, by Democratic-controlled commissioners of election; commissioned to assume office, by Gov. Henry Clay Warmoth[16] but was eventually removed after charges of voting irregularities upheld by Democratic-controlled electoral investigative committee;[11]: 254  first African American mayor; first Republican mayor[11]: 253 
42 James Essex Elam 1871 1872 Democratic 1871: retroactively declared elected by Democratic-controlled electoral investigative committee;[11]: 254  also served from 1859-1862, from 1865-1869, from 1870-1871, and from 1872-1873 (served more terms than any other mayor, 10)
Nº Image Chief Executive Term start Term end Party Note(s) Nº Image Chief Executive Term start Term end Party Note(s)
Mayor—City of Baton Rouge's Republican-controlled government Mayors—City of Baton Rouge's Democrat-controlled government
43 Henry Schorten 1872 1873 Republican[39] born in Kingdom of Prussia;[40] certified elected, by commissioners of election[19] and remained in office after charges of voting irregularities dismissed by Democratic-controlled electoral investigating committee;[11]: 254  first white Republican mayor; first Republican mayor to serve full term 44 Jordan Holt 1872 1872 Democratic acting mayor;[19] after his and Democratic-controlled Board of Selectmen's endorsement of petition signed by prominent local citizens, Schorten's election win was voided, by Warmoth[41]
45 James Essex Elam 1872 1873 Democratic[39] commissioned to assume office, by Warmoth;[17] resigned, due to the creation of the bipartisan "compromise list of candidates for the city government" for Gov. William Pitt Kellogg to appoint[22]
Mayor—City of Baton Rouge's compromise government Mayor—City of Baton Rouge's Fusionist-controlled government
43
continued		 Henry Schorten 1873 1875 Republican[39] government appointed under Republican–Regular Democrat compromise;[22] 1873: appointed, by Kellogg; 1874: reappointed, by Kellogg[11]: 255  46 A. W. Simmons 1873 1873 Democratic government elected under Liberal Republican–McEnery Democrat faction fusion[23]
Nº Image Chief Executive Term start Term end Party Note(s)
Mayors—City of Baton Rouge
43
continued		 Henry Schorten 1875 1876 Republican[39] 1875: elected, without controversy
47 Leon Jastremski 1876 1882 Democratic[11]: 256  born in France;[41] may have been first Jewish mayor (sources differ whether he was Jewish or Roman Catholic, as he appears to have had a parental upbringing that included exposure to both faiths;[42] was a known parishioner of St. Joseph Catholic Church[43]: 224 )
48 Joseph Charrotte † 1882 1883 Democratic died in office[6]
49 John Wax 1883 1883 Democratic acting mayor;[32] born in Kingdom of France;[41] also served from 1896-1898
50 William S. Booth 1883 1884 Democratic
51 Gustavus L. Vay 1884 1888 Democratic born in France;[41] also served from 1890–1894
52 Benjamin Franklin Bryan 1888 1890 Democratic also served in 1862 and from 1894-1896
53 Gustavus L. Vay 1890 1894 Democratic also served from 1884–1888
54 Benjamin Franklin Bryan 1894 1896 Democratic[44] also served in 1862 and from 1888-1890
55 John Wax 1896 1898 Democratic also served in 1883
56 Robert A. Hart 1898 1902 Democratic
57 Robert L. Pruyn 1902 1902 Democratic resigned, due to commitments of his building contractor business[45]
58 Ben Mayer 1902 1903 Democratic acting mayor;[46][32] may have been first Jewish[47] mayor (depending upon whether Jastremski actually was or not)
59 Wade Bynum 1903 1910 Democratic also served from 1923–1941 (served more years than any other mayor, 24)
60 Jules Roux † 1910 1913 Democratic died in office[6]
61 Isidore Larguier 1913 1913 Democratic acting mayor[48][32]
62 Alex Grouchy 1913 1922 Democratic 1913: appointed, by city council[49]
63 Turner Bynum † 1922 1922 Democratic died in office[6]
64 Louis Ricaud 1922 1923 Democratic acting mayor[2][32]
65 Wade Bynum 1923 1940 Democratic also served from 1903–1910 (served more years than any other mayor, 24)
66 Fred S. LeBlanc 1941 1944 Democratic resigned, to serve as Louisiana Attorney General[50]
67 S. Powers Higginbotham 1944 1948 Democratic 1944: appointed, by Gov. Jimmie Davis;[50]
Mayor-Presidents—City of Baton Rouge & Parish of East Baton Rouge
67
continued		 S. Powers Higginbotham 1949 1952 Democratic
68 Jesse L. Webb, Jr. † 1953 1956 Democratic died in office[30]
69 Frank J. McConnell 1956 1956 Democratic acting mayor[51][32]
70 Mary Estus Jones Webb 1956 1956 Democratic appointed, by city council; first female mayor[30]
71 Jack Christian 1957 1964 Democratic
72 Woodrow Dumas 1965 1980 Democratic resident of Baker at time of election
73 Pat Screen 1981 1988 Democratic
74 Tom Ed McHugh 1989 2000 Democratic resident of Zachary at time of election; 1995: changed party affiliation to Republican;[52] first Republican mayor since Reconstruction Era
Republican
75 Bobby Ray Simpson 2001 2004 Republican mayor of Baker at time of election
76 Kip Holden 2005 2016 Democratic first African American mayor since Reconstruction Era; first African American mayor to serve full term; first Democratic African American mayor
77 Sharon Weston Broome 2017 2024 Democratic first elected female mayor; first female mayor to serve full term; first female African American mayor
78 Sid Edwards 2025 Present Republican resident of Central at time of election

Note: the 1872–73 mayoral term featured two competing claims to the title, one from a Republican-controlled city government led by Henry Schorten and one from a Democrat-controlled city government led by Jordan Holt and, later, James Essex Elam; for what it is worth, Schorten physically occupied the actual mayor's chair in the city hall, at least initially,[53] effectively leaving those Holt and Elam administrations as a de facto rump government—however, possession of the municipal governing apparatus appears to have remained within active contention for the remainder of the term.[54][55]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Office Of The Mayor–President: Sid Edwards". brla.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Baton Rouge Has Had Rapid Growth In Past Century". Baton Rouge State–Times (p. 71). May 16, 1932.
  3. ↑ Ernest Gueymard (June 28, 1976). "Gueymard Notebook: Early BR 'City Father'". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. A, p. 3).
  4. ↑ "Mayor's Proclamation: Mayor's Office, City Of Baton Rouge, March 24th, 1866 (I)". Baton Rouge Tri-Weekly Advocate (p. 2). March 26, 1866.
  5. ↑ "Death of Mayor Charrotte". Baton Rouge Daily Capitolian–Advocate (p. 2). October 15, 1883.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Evelyn Martindale Thom (1967). Baton Rouge Story: An Historical Sketch of Louisiana's Capital City. Baton Rouge Foundation for Historical Louisiana, Inc. (p. 19).
  7. ↑ "Municipal Elections: To Take Place In April Next". Baton Rouge Democratic Advocate (p. 2). March 25, 1846.
  8. 1 2 "Telegraphed to the New Orleans Picayune: Baton Rouge Mayor". New Orleans Daily Picayune (p. 1). April 7, 1852.
  9. 1 2 3 "Things About Town: Municipal Election". Baton Rouge Daily Advocate (p. 2). April 5, 1856.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ernest Gueymard (September 22, 1980). "Gueymard Notebook: Bynum was Mayor longest". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. A, p. 3).
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mark T. Carleton; Perry H. Howard; Joseph B. Parker, eds. (1975). Readings in Louisiana Politics. Claitor's Publishing Division.
  12. ↑ "Union Organisations—District and Equivalents". americancivilwarhighcommand.com. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  13. ↑ "Local Items". Baton Rouge Tri-Weekly Advocate (p. 3). August 14, 1865.
  14. ↑ "Baton Rouge News". New Orleans Daily Picayune (p. 9). October 1, 1865.
  15. 1 2 "The Situation". Port Allen (La.) Sugar Planter (p. 2). March 23, 1867.
  16. 1 2 "Why don't (sic) you choose good men from your own race, and run them for office instead of putting these carpet baggers in all the offices". New Orleans Louisianian (p. 2). April 23, 1871.
  17. 1 2 "The City Council: Official Proceedings—Mayor's Office, City Of Baton Rouge, April, 24, 1872". Baton Rouge Weekly Advocate (p. 3). April 27, 1872.
  18. ↑ "The following Ordinances were presented at the last regular meeting of the City Council, but there not being a full meeting, no action was taken on them". Baton Rouge Weekly Advocate. March 25, 1860.
  19. 1 2 3 "The City Council: Official Proceedings—Mayor's Office, City Of Baton Rouge, April, 13, 1872". Baton Rouge Weekly Advocate (p. 3). April 20, 1872.
  20. 1 2 3 Charles East (November 14, 1956). "BR Mayors Are Forgotten Men: First to Hold Title Was Dufrocq; Magistrates Served Earlier". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. B, p. 13).
  21. ↑ "Notice". New Orleans Daily Picayune (p. 5). August 1, 1873.
  22. 1 2 3 "Peace In Baton Rouge: The Lion and the Lamb Lie Down Together—Practical Compromise and Happy Results". New Orleans Republican (p. 1). April 3, 1873.
  23. 1 2 "Local Intelligence: In the recent balloting of the Fusionists of Baton Rouge, Captain A. W. Simmons received 165 votes to twenty-one scattering". New Orleans Republican (p. 3). April 18, 1873.
  24. ↑ "Communicated: That Baton Rouge Election". New Orleans Republican (p. 1). April 10, 1873.
  25. ↑ Mark F. Bielski (2016). Sons of the White Eagle in the American Civil War: Divided Poles in a Divided Nation. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-358-0.
  26. ↑ "Have You Voted On Commission Government? Baton Rouge is Holding An Election to Change Its Form Government". Baton Rouge New Advocate (p. 1). May 13, 1913.
  27. ↑ "Higginbotham Makes History As First Mayor-President". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. B, p. 25). January 1, 1949.
  28. ↑ "Baton Rouge Government". City-Parish Government. Baton Rouge Government. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Wade Bynum To Run For Mayor Of Baton Rouge: Yields to Unanimous Urging for Him to Offer His Services—Means There'll Be No Local Fight—Mr. Bynum is Acceptable to All Shades of Political Opinion". Baton Rouge State–Times (p. 1). December 29, 1922.
  30. 1 2 3 "Mrs. Webb Will Serve As Mayor: Widow of Plane Crash Victim Agrees to Finish His Unexpired Term; Appointment Offered by Council". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. A, p. 1). May 5, 1956.
  31. ↑ Greg Hilburn (December 9, 2024). "Louisiana capital city will be led by Republican for first time in generation as Democrats fade". shreveporttimes.com. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ernest Gueymard (October 26, 1981). "Gueymard notebook: Names of Baton Rouge's 'lost' mayors are discovered". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. B, p. 3).
  33. ↑ "Francois 'Palo' Gardere (1792-1871)". princeton.edu. June 15, 2026.
  34. ↑ "National Register Of Historic Places Nomination". NPS Form 10-900 (p. 7). February 13, 2002. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  35. ↑ "The Gazette, of this morning, gives the following as the result of the Municipal Election which came off yesterday". Baton Rouge Daily Advocate (p. 2). April 4, 1854.
  36. ↑ "Illinois Civil War Project: General Michael K. Lawler, 18th Illinois Volunteer Infantry". illinoisgenweb.org. March 21, 2025. Retrieved June 15, 2026.
  37. ↑ "The Election". New Orleans Daily Picayune (p. 9). November 10, 1865.
  38. ↑ "O. P. Skofield, Esq., has been elected Mayor of Baton Rouge". Galveston Daily News (p. 3). April 24, 1869.
  39. 1 2 3 4 "At a municipal election, for Mayor, held in Baton Rouge, on the 8th inst". Opelousas (La.) Journal (p. 2). April 20, 1872.
  40. ↑ "Henry Schorten". Baton Rouge Daily Advocate (p. 2). June 1, 1890.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Charles East (November 15, 1956). "Some of Mayors Were Colorful Figures". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. C, p. 6).
  42. ↑ Carol Reardon (June 2021). "All Roads Lead to Gettysburg: The Tenth Louisiana Infantry On Culp's Hill". Preservation & Progress Magazine.
  43. ↑ Mark F. Bielski (2016). Sons of the White Eagle in the American Civil War: Divided Poles in a Divided Nation. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-358-0.
  44. ↑ "City Democratic Ticket". Baton Rouge Daily Advocate (p. 2). March 18, 1894.
  45. ↑ "Latest News In Louisiana: Mayor Pruyn Resigns-Big Real Estate Deal-Railway From Donaldsonville to Napoleonville". New Orleans Daily Picayune (p. 12). December 24, 1902.
  46. ↑ "The City Council". Baton Rouge Weekly Advocate (p. 1). February 14, 1903.
  47. ↑ "Distinguished Citizen Passed Away Sunday: Ben R. Mayer Died Suddenly at 7:30 O'clock After Attack of Indigestion—Long Prominent Baton Rougean—Funeral Takes Place This Afternoon, 6 O'clock, from Family Residence". Baton Rouge State–Times (p. 1). May 4, 1914.
  48. ↑ "City Mourns Death of Jules Roux And Pays Last Tribute Of Respect To His Memory: Business in General Suspended This Afternoon During the Hour of the Funeral—The Schools Close at Noon for Children to Attend in Body—State And Parish Officials Will Attend Funeral In Body—Special Train from New Orleans Brings Up Mayor Behrman and Large Party of New Orleans Friends—Many and Beautiful Floral Tributes Were Received—Telegrams Received from Over the State". Baton Rouge New Advocate (p. 1). May 13, 1913.
  49. ↑ "Boll Weevil Need Create No Alarm: Grouchy Now Mayor". New Orleans Daily Advocate (p. 7). June 7, 1913.
  50. 1 2 "Say Higginbotham To Be Mayor Here: Governor Noncommittal; LeBlanc Leaves Today". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. A, p. 1). May 19, 1944.
  51. ↑ "McConnell Is Serving as Acting Mayor: Council to Appoint Mayor-President Under Charter Terms". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. A, p. 1). April 29, 1956.
  52. ↑ Jack Wardlaw (January 4, 1995). "B.R. Mayor Announces Move To Republican Party". New Orleans Times–Picayune (sec. B, p. 8).
  53. ↑ "Local Brevities". Baton Rouge Weekly Advocate (p. 3). April 20, 1872.
  54. ↑ "The Baton Rouge Gazette Comet states that on Saturday last Mr. Henry Schorten called at the mayor's office and demanded of Hon. James E. Elam the possession of office". New Orleans Republican (p. 4). March 21, 1873.
  55. ↑ "Miscellaneous: During the absence of Mayor Elam in New Orleans, and while the attaches of his office were attending the funeral of an old citizen yesterday, Henry Schorten, claimant for the mayoralty, with a party of his adherents, took forcible possession of the City Hall, declared all the offices vacant and proceeded to fill them ad libilum". New Orleans Republican (p. 8). March 28, 1873.
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