Marcus Eli Ravage

Marcus Eli Ravage
Ravage in 1909
Born(1884-06-25)June 25, 1884[1]
Bârlad, Kingdom of Romania
DiedOctober 6, 1965(1965-10-06) (aged 81)[2]
Grasse, France
CitizenshipUnited States (from 1912)
Stateless (1884–1912)[a]
EducationUniversity of Missouri (BA), University of Illinois (MA)
OccupationWriter
Years active1900s–1950s
Known forEarly contributions to American migrant literature
Notable workAn American in the Making (1917, autobiography)
Spouses
  • Jeanne Louise Suzanne Martin[6]
  • Denise Montel[3]
Children3

Marcus "Max" Eli Ravage (or Ravitch, born Revici; June 25, 1884 – October 6, 1965) was a Romanian-born Jewish American writer and journalist who divided his life between the United States and France.

He is known for An American in the Making (1917), a seminal immigrant autobiography exploring the tensions between assimilation and cultural identity. During the interwar period, Ravage wrote prolifically on immigration in the United States and on political affairs across Europe and America.

His satirical essays about antisemitism, published 1928, were later stripped of context and ideologically repurposed by Nazi propaganda[7] – a conspiracist distortion further recycled in postwar antisemitic discourse.[5][8]: xxvi 

Ravage also authored popular biographies of the Rothschild family and of Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife. He served as European correspondent for the U.S. magazine The Nation, and contributed to Harper's Magazine, The New Republic, Current History, The New York Times, The Forward, the humor magazine Puck, The Century Magazine, the British newspaper The Nation and various European publications.

Name

Born and raised in Romania as Marcus (or Marcu[9]) Eli Revici,[3] he adapted the spelling of his name over the course of his migrations.

While later biographical summaries suggest that he may have already adopted his 'Americanized' surname Ravage upon arrival at the U.S. immigration inspection station at Ellis Island in 1900,[3] early records from his educational trajectory indicate that during the decade between his immigration and eventual naturalization, he used the surname Ravitch, together with the forename Max.[b] Phonetic transcriptions of birth names streamlined for compliance with English pronunciation were common among Eastern European immigrants.[14] Ravage's own account suggests that his transitional use of the name "Max" may have reflected broader patterns of Americanization rather than personal preference.[c] For his early steps as a writer, he also used the penname 'Max the Sleever' (then referencing his occupation as a garment worker).[16]

Evidenced by the start of his professional publishing activity in 1917, with contributions to Harper's, Puck, and Century Magazine as well as the publication of An American in the Making, he would adopt the surname Ravage and reclaim the use of his forename Marcus together with his Hebrew middle name Eli.[1]

During his later years in France – documented, for example, in publications for Le Petit Parisien, Vendredi, Ce soir and Vu – his name was also rendered as Mark‑Eli Ravage,[17] or Marc‑Elie Ravage,[18] sometimes with accent on the "É".[19]

Biography

Ravage was born 1884 in Bârlad as the youngest of four children to his father Judah Loeb Revici, a struggling grain merchant, and his mother Bella Rosenthal Revici.[3][1]

Old train station of Vaslui, from which Ravage began his journey to America.[8]: xvi 

While he was still a child, the family moved to nearby Vaslui, a town of some 12,000 people in 1900, about 31 percent of whom Jewish like the Revicis.[8]: xvi 

His sister Annie died when he was 11 years old. At the age of 14, he saw a cousin return to visit Vaslui, who had settled in New York City.[3] The relative's unexpected reappearance in Vaslui, combined with his positive reports about America, contributed to local discussions about emigration, including Ravage's own.[8]: xvi [20][21]

At the age of sixteen, in the year 1900, Ravage joined the Fusgeyer movement (Jews fleeing increased antisemitism in Romania) and headed to America.[22] According to a 1909 interview, at first he landed in Montreal and headed to New York a few months later,[20] where his cousins provided him with a room on Rivington Street on the Lower East Side.[3] He worked in versatile jobs, from peddling chocolates and toys to tending bar and doing all sorts of general work in a saloon, and later making shirtsleeves in a sweat shop, while learning English in night school.[2] Ravage pursued his education through self-directed workers' schools and private evening preparatory academies in New York City, later attending DeWitt Clinton High School to qualify for a state scholarship.[23]

Marcus Eli Ravage, seated in the front row, second from right, with fellow students at the Asterisk Club, University of Missouri, 1909

In 1903, as a young adult, he was informed by mail of the deaths of his parents in Vaslui. His brothers Paul and Harry likewise came to New York.[3]

He attended the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri from 1906 on,[24] to graduate there in 1909, later earning his MA degree from the University of Illinois in 1910.[3][20] As a student, he was an early member of the Cosmopolitan Club, a multicultural student organization (in which he served, for a time, as head of the Jewish group).[10][25]

Marcus Eli Ravage, seated on the right end of the third visible row (not the back row), with fellow students at the Cosmopolitan Club, University of Missouri, 1909

After graduation, Ravage briefly worked as instructor at Kansas State Agriculture College.[d][e]

He returned to New York City, where he temporarily enrolled for studies at Columbia University (with sources differing on the exact duration, some citing 1910–1911,[3] others suggesting until 1913[30][31]) and was actively involved in immigrant-relief and settlement work,[3] an experience that culminated in his writing An American in the Making (1917).[32]

Marcus Eli Ravage with his daughter Suzanne (c. 1921)

In November 1912, Ravage was naturalized as a United States citizen at a courthouse in New York City.[3]

After meeting the Frenchwoman Jeanne Louise Suzanne Martin[6] in Saranac Lake, New York, Ravage married her in 1915. The couple had their first child, Suzanne Anna, in 1916. Two years later, their second child, Louise Belle, was born.[3] In these years, M. E. Ravage established himself as successful magazine writer, journalist and freelance author on social and political issues.[31] He maintained contacts with public figures from literature,[f] journalism, social reform, and law, and was active as director of the Peoples of America Society,[34] documented by his correspondence with investigative journalist Ida Tarbell (1919–1920).[35][36][g] Ravage appeared frequently as a public speaker at conferences, community meetings, and civic organizations, lecturing on immigration and social reform as reported in national and local newspapers.[38][39][40]

In 1920, the Ravages moved to Paris, France, with Ravage himself travelling across Europe as foreign correspondent, namely to Italy, Austria, Yugoslavia, and Romania,[31] including a visit to his hometown Vaslui for one day.[3][41] After returning to New York City in 1923, Jeanne and Marcus Eli Ravage welcomed their third child, John Mark, the following year.[6]

File:Marcus Eli Ravage (c.1960)
Marcus Eli Ravage (c.1960)

1927 marked the family's second move to Paris, undertaken largely for financial reasons. In the following years, Ravage grew increasingly estranged from his family and entered into a relationship with Denise Montel, a publishing contact to whom he dedicated his 1931 biography of Marie Louise.[3][5]: 82 [42]: 36  When Jeanne learned of the affair in 1933, she left for Ithaca, New York, taking the children with her; sources differ, with later biographical summaries listing all three children as having left,[3][8]: xxix  while Suzanne Ravage's own account states that her sister Louise stayed behind to continue her education.[42]: 18, 37–39  Remaining in France, Ravage eventually divorced Jeanne and married Montel.[3][43]

Writing both as European correspondent for the U.S. magazine The Nation in this period and for various European magazines and newspapers,[44][45] among other things Ravage reported from Kemalist Turkey[46] as well as Spain during its Civil War,[47][48] while also interviewing various politicians from Central and Eastern Europe.[49]

After spending most of World War II in the United States, M. E. Ravage returned to France and ultimately settled in Grasse.[3] He died in 1965 at the age of eighty-one after a brief illness.[2]

Recognition

In December 1933, the University of Missouri chapter of Phi Beta Kappa elected Ravage to honorary membership, recognizing his literary achievements and connection to his alma mater.[50][51]

From 1926 through at least 1941, Ravage was continuously listed in Marquis Who's Who in America, a biographical reference work that aims to document the best known individuals in the United States engaged in useful and reputable achievements. Over the years, his entries were updated to reflect his expanding publication record.[30][52]

Reception and distortion

Legacy in immigration discourse: An American in the Making (1917)

Marcus Eli Ravage's literary legacy is anchored in his early contributions to American immigrant literature, particularly through his autobiographical book An American in the Making (1917).

Immigrants approaching Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island (c. 1910s).

Upon publication, An American in the Making became widely used in early 20th-century New York schools[53] and helped establish Ravage as a prominent public figure in the fields of immigration and education policy.[54]: 37 [h]

Ravage's reflections on acculturation in the U.S. resonated with intense public debates about the so-called new immigrants since 1880. Competing ideas about how to incorporate millions of newcomers ranged from Anglo-Saxonism conformity, over the "melting pot" metaphor, to the notions of "hyphenated" Americans and cultural pluralism.[53]

While his work was one of numerous other immigrant autobiographies in the U.S. at that time,[8][53] it was commended for reflecting lived experience blended with sharp social critique.[62][63][64]

Registry Room for new immigrants at Ellis Island (c. 1910s).

The similarly titled autobiographical work The Making of an American (published in 1901 by Danish-American reformer Jacob Riis)[65] was interpreted as an unambiguous celebration of Americanization, popularizing the trope of the self-made assimilated immigrant.[53] Ravage's book, by contrast, exposed the contradictions of Americanization, revealing how immigrants were unrealistically expected to shed their identities,[66] like "a blank sheet to be written on as you see fit",[67] while navigating a society that seldom understood them.[68] Offering a vivid portrayal of his journey from Eastern Europe to the United States, and from the tenements of New York to the rural Midwest, Americanization is presented (as implicated in the title) as a contingent and ongoing process: intense, often disorienting, and at times disappointing.[53]

By asserting that "the alien" has as much to teach as to learn,[8][69] Ravage challenged prevailing assimilationist models and promoted an early vision of cultural pluralism grounded in reciprocity.[53][70] Starting from his introduction to the original 1917 edition, Ravage confronted growing hostility towards immigration directly.[63]

I cannot help saying to myself that Americans have forgotten America. The native, I must conclude, has, by long familiarity with the rich blessings of his own land, grown forgetful of his high privileges and ceased to grasp the lofty message which America wafts across the seas to all the oppressed of mankind. What, I wonder, do they know of America, who know only America? [..] It is the free American who needs to be instructed by the benighted races in the uplifting word that America speaks to all the world. Only from the humble immigrant, it appears to me, can he learn just what America stands for in the family of nations.

— M. E. Ravage, An American in the Making (1917), "Introduction"

Consistent with his later publications,[i] Ravage underscored the democratic and pluralistic potential of the U.S., while acknowledging the country's flaws. He juxtaposed this promise with the exclusionary ethos of mono-ethnic nationalism, which, as a Romanian Jew, he had witnessed at the turn of the century.[5]: 83 [71][j]

Based on both his own personal growth in the Midwest,[44][72] as well as his critical reflections on immigrant microcosms in New York City,[73][74] Ravage encouraged fellow immigrants to "go West"[33] and immerse themselves in American life to gain a deeper grasp of its cultural fabric. He advocated the merits of this "rocky road"[33] toward realizing the democratic potential in the immigrant experience.[75] Understanding immigrant identities as "bundles", defined by multiplicity rather than homogeneity,[76] Ravage pursued a conscious "blending" or "commingling" of old- and new-culture elements.[77] This way, Ravage sought to avoid both the pressures of forced assimilation and the risks of ethnic enclave formation within metropolitan settings.[78]

Propagandistic abuse since the Nazi era: "A Real Case Against the Jews" & "Commissary to the Gentiles" (1928)

Original satirical intent of 1928 Century Magazine articles

"What fools these mortals be!" (Shakespeare) – Cover of Puck, Jan. 20, 1917; Ravage contributed satirical essays.

Marcus Eli Ravage's essays "A Real Case Against the Jews" and the follow-up "Commissary to the Gentiles", originally published in the January and February 1928 issues of Century Magazine,[79][80] were written as rhetorical satire to expose antisemitic reasoning. Ravage himself described the two Century essays as written "in an obviously satirical vein",[81]: 4  and scholars have interpreted them as parodistic, satirical interventions that use ironic reversal and deliberate overstatement to push antisemitic arguments to absurd extremes.[k]

Ravage's sarcastic style was already well established by the time The Century Magazine published his essays in 1928. His 1917 autobiography, An American in the Making, clearly reflects his ironic sensibility;[l] in addition, he had contributed multiple times to Puck,[m] America's first magazine of political satire, renowned for its bold caricatures and long tradition of humorous commentary.[92] He continued publishing popular essays of self-irony, like How To Make People Hate You! (1927),[93] which drew lighthearted notice in numerous U.S. newspapers.[94] The Century Magazine itself had introduced him to its readers in 1917 with the remark: "His youthful ideas of America have been somewhat shattered, but his sense of humor has never deserted him."[95]

Guercino, "Saint Paul". Ravage's 1928 satire recast Paul as a fictional agent of Jewish influence.

Ravage framed his 1928 Century articles as so-called "friendly advice" to contemporary antisemitic writers, particularly targeting the intellectual network around industrialist Henry Ford,[83] whose publishing company Dearborn had recently been sued for releasing a series of antisemitic pamphlets under the title The International Jew.[96] Ravage's core argument consists in highlighting Jewish contributions to Western civilization, especially through Christian religion, to challenge antisemitic tropes.[8]: xxvi  This follows Ravage's earlier reflections in The Wondering Jew (1924) that Western antisemitism partly reflects a suppressed resentment toward Jewish moral legacies embedded in Christianity.[97][98][n]

In "Commissary to the Gentiles", for example, Ravage recasts Paul the Apostle as a covert agent of a Jewish influence plotting to overthrow the Roman empire, thereby parodying the modern antisemitic idea of Judeo–Bolshevism (i.e. the idea of communism as a Jewish plot to destroy Western civilisation, citing Jewish heritage of some communists as alleged proof): "Why talk about Marx and Trotski when you have Jesus of Nazareth and Paul of Tarsus to confound us with?"[80]: 476 

At the same time, the Century essays explicitly rejected common antisemitic conspiracy theories, dismissing the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a crude forgery: "A clumsy Russian forges a set of papers and publishes them in a book called 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion', which shows that we plotted to bring on the late World War."[79]: 347 

International distortion campaign carried by Nazi Germany c. 1935 onwards

Despite their complex and ironic tone, Ravage's 1928 Century essays have been repeatedly misused by antisemitic and conspiracist groups. Stripped out of context, the ironic reversals have been misrepresented to endorse and affirm the very biases they were meant to critique.[83] Thus, they have become frequent targets for ideological distortion, falsely coloring them as literal "proof" of Jewish world conspiracy.[o]

"Bombshell Against Christianity!" (c. 1936) – Cover of unlicensed reprint by Fleischhauer's Welt-Dienst ("World Service"), abusing Ravage's 1928 essays for antisemitic propaganda. (Source: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University)

Under the Nazi regime, in 1933, the antisemitic publisher Ulrich Fleischhauer launched a news agency in Erfurt named Welt-Dienst ("World Service"), alongside a multilanguage publication series of the same title. Conceived as a foreign propaganda office, regime-backed and institutionally coordinated from inception – though appearing independent to enhance credibility abroad – its aim was to foster connections with fascist and antisemitic organizations worldwide and to propagate antisemitic ideas across national borders. The Welt-Dienst series originated as a bimonthly news bulletin and soon expanded to include standalone pamphlets.[102][p]

In 1935, a synchronized rollout of articles in Nazi propaganda outlets – including newspapers[103][104][105] as well as magazines[106][107] – began quote-mining and ideologically reframing Ravage's 1928 Century magazine essays, presenting them as alleged "confessions" of Jewish control over – and hostility toward – Western civilization.[108] In the same year, the far‑right Montreal weekly Le Patriote – whose masthead featured both a swastika and a Christian cross – published distorted Ravage quotations directly referencing the Welt‑Dienst network as source, demonstrating its early transnational reach.[109] By January 1936, in its periodical The Fascist, the British 'Imperial Fascist League' also reproduced portions of Ravage's satire as literal.[110]: 161 

A man who cannot see that Ravage writes in an ironical strain, showing the absurdity of the accusations which are burled against the Jews, and takes these words seriously, is not open to any reasoning. One can only pass by with a shrug of the shoulder and regret.

— Moses Gaster at a 1936 meeting of the Victoria Institute in London, responding to Douglas Dewar, who invoked The Fascist.[110]: 168–9 

Initially funded by Joseph Goebbels (and later directed by Alfred Rosenberg),[111][112] the Welt-Dienst office in 1936 started to print expanded editions of Ravage's 1928 essays,[113][101][114] blatantly without the author's or the original publisher's consent, often under sensationalized titles ('Bombshell against Christianity!' etc.), and accompanied by mischaracterizing editorial prefaces and translations that reinforced the ideological framing.[q][116][114] Numerous editions appeared directly under Fleischhauer's established imprint, i.e. his original pseudonym U. Bodung-Verlag.[111]

During its formative years, Fleischhauer's Welt-Dienst distributed these propagandistic reprints (in parallel with other antisemitic pamphlets) at least in England, France, and Germany.[83][r] Fascist groups outside Europe (including in Australia and the USA) jumped on the bandwagon and disseminated twisted versions of Ravage's essays.[s][t][u] Under Alfred Rosenberg's direction after 1937, and fully relocated to Frankfurt am Main in 1939 (tied to his newly founded Institute for Research on the Jewish Question), the Welt-Dienst office generally expanded its output to at least 11 languages by 1940 including Hungarian, Polish, Danish, Spanish, Dutch, Romanian, Norwegian and Swedish, with further growth in subsequent years reportedly reaching over 20 languages including Arabic, Russian, Latvian, Italian, Spanish, Croatian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek.[111][112][126]

Antisemitic Nazi propaganda placard from the Parole der Woche series, quote-mining Marcus Eli Ravage (1939).[127]

Though archival holdings of such additional prints remain largely elusive,[v] Welt-Dienst verifiably escalated its propaganda following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, aiming to shift blame for World War II onto Jews.[132] According to contemporary news reports, the strategy in the United States combined selective misquotation of Marcus Eli Ravage's writings in the World-Service Bulletin (1 October 1939; 1 February 1940) with the intensified distribution of full Century essays reprints, the latter issued with antisemitic cover imagery and a reverse-side blurb featuring the forged Franklin "prophecy on Jews"; Ravage subsequently announced plans to pursue legal action against pro-Nazi groups in the United States.[w] By 1940 at the latest, the NSDAP's Central Publishing House, controlling several publishing houses in the occupied territories through its subsidiary Europa Verlag GmbH,[136] also distributed propaganda versions of the Ravage essays.[137]

Those unauthorized editions of Ravage's essays were part of broader propaganda efforts[x] and are now cited in scholarship as examples of ideological misuse.[y]

Even after the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, antisemitic groups continued to treat Ravage's 1928 essays as literal 'self-incrimination', periodically quote-mining them in conspiracist,[7] far-right,[5] islamist[143][z] and white‑supremacist[84] publications; today, such misappropriations are amplified in antisemitic online spaces.[8]: xxvi [aa]

Visual misrepresentation in digital media

Eli-Marcus-Weg in Münster (Germany) is unconnected to American essayist Marcus Eli Ravage (1884–1965). The street was named in 1961 to honor German poet Eli Marcus (1854–1935),[145] whose portrait, however, has been misused by antisemitic websites to depict Ravage.[82]

Throughout the 2010s and 2020s, Marcus Eli Ravage has repeatedly been visually misrepresented in online contexts. As documented by the Dorsten-located Jewish Museum of Westphalia,[82] antisemitic and conspiracy‑ideological websites circulate a historical portrait of the unrelated German Westphalian actor and dialect poet Eli Marcus (1854–1935) and misidentify it as a depiction of M. E. Ravage.

Historically, the first documented publication of this portrait was 1914 in the book Geschichte der Westfälischen Dialektliteratur, where it is correctly captioned as depicting the German playwright E. Marcus;[146] since then, the portrait has been consistently attributed to E. Marcus in recent scholarship as well. Nevertheless, since at least 2013, it has been repeatedly misused in antisemitic circles as an alleged image of M. E. Ravage. This misrepresentation briefly spread to Wikipedia in 2025, but was subsequently corrected. The persistent use of the incorrect image in antisemitic contexts, where Ravage's writings are selectively quoted or distorted, reflects a lack of source criticism in such circles.[82]

Works

Monographs

  • M. E. Ravage (1917). An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (1st ed.). New York and London: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    B. I. Bell (May 4, 1918). "An Immigrant's Biography: Review of 'An American in the Making'". The Public: A Journal of Democracy. 21 (1031): 576–577. hdl:2027/chi.79230421.
    R. E. Park (1918). "Review of: 'An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant', by M. E. Ravage". American Journal of Sociology. 23 (6): 839–840. doi:10.1086/212834.
    A. Shaw (May 4, 1917). "Review of: 'An American in the Making'". The American Review of Reviews. 56 (Jan–Jun): 664. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027769523.
  • M. E. Ravage (1919). Democratic Americanization: A Criticism and a Policy. [Reprint of a series of essays in The New Republic: Standardizing the Immigrant (May 31, 1919), The Immigrant's Burden (June 14, 1919), The Task for Americans (July 16, 1919)]. The Peoples of America Society. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • M. E. Ravage (1919). The Jew Pays: A Narrative of the Consequences of the War to the Jews of Eastern Europe, and of the Manner in Which Americans Have Attempted to Meet Them. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    M. J. H. (November 29, 1919). "Book Review: 'The Jew Pays'". The Reform Advocate. 58. Chicago, Illinois: Block & Newman: 393–394. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082355408.
    M. Massee, ed. (January 1920). "Ravage, Marcus Eli: The Jew Pays (Review)". The Booklist. 16 (4). Chicago: American Library Association Publishing Board: 111. hdl:2027/hvd.hxtdcy.
  • M. E. Ravage (1923). The Malady of Europe. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    W. A. White (October 31, 1923). "Review of 'The Malady of Europe'". The New Republic. Vol. 36, no. 465. pp. 260–262. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    L. S. Gannett (January 1924). "A Challenging Diagnosis (Review of 'The Malady of Europe')". The World Tomorrow: 21. hdl:2027/njp.32101072882515.
    "Maladies of Europe and an Original Remedy; Review of 'The Malady of Europe' By M. E. Ravage". New York Times. November 18, 1923. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • M. E. Ravage (1924). The Story of the Teapot Dome. New York: Republic Publishing Co. hdl:2027/uc1.$b284789.
  • M. E. Ravage (1929). Five Men of Frankfort: The Story of the Rothschilds. New York: The Dial press. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Translated into Czech as: Pět mužů z Frankfurtu – Historie Rothschildů. Translated by H. Pavelcová. Praha: Jos. R. Vilímek. 1931.
    Translated into Dutch as: Opkomst en bloei van het huis Rothschild. Amsterdam: Allert de Lange. 1930. OCLC 187965.
    Translated into French as: Grandeur et décadence de la Maison Rothschild. Translated by André T. Naijon. Paris: Albin Michel. 1931.
    Translated into German as: Glanz und Niedergang des Hauses Rothschild. Translated by Wilhelm Cremer. Hellerau: Avalun-Verlag. 1930. Retrieved October 19, 2025.[ab]
    Translated into Spanish as: Grandeza y decadencia de la casa de los Rothschild: Cinco hombres de Francfort. (La historia de los Rothschild). Translated by G. Sans Huelín. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A. 1931.
    Translated into Yiddish as: Di finf Frankfurṭer: gešichṭe fun der familie Roṭšild (‏די פינף פראנקפורטער – ‏די געשיכטע פון דער פאמיליע ראטשילד). Translated by Y. Glazer (י' גלאזער). Buenos Aires (‏בוענאס איירעס): G. Ḳaplansḳi (‏פארלאג ג. קאפלאנסקי). 1932. LCCN 74951137. OCLC 165481302.
    Reviewed as:
    W. Lichtenstein (1929). "Review of .. 'Five Men of Frankfort: The Story of the Rothschilds', by M. E. Ravage". The Journal of Modern History. 1 (3). University of Chicago Press: 486–488. JSTOR 1871448.
  • M. E. Ravage (1931). Empress Innocence: The Life of Marie-Louise. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Translated into French as: Iphigenie ou La Vie de Marie Louise. Translated by Jean Talva. Paris: Albin Michel. 1932.
    Translated into Spanish as: La vida de María Luisa, la emperatriz inocente. Vidas extraordinaires. Translated by Julio Huici Miranda. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A. 1932.
    Reviewed as:
    J. Hallett (June 1932). "Review of: 'Empress Innocence', by M. E. Ravage". Fortnightly Review, May 1865-June 1934. 21: 799–801. ISSN 2043-2887. ProQuest 2453778.
  • M. E. Ravage (1936) [1917]. An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With newly added Pt. V, 'Postscript: Twenty Years Later.') (2nd ed.). Harper Modern Classics.
  • M. E. Ravage (1971) [1917]. An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With preface by the author's daughter, Louise Ravage Tresfort) (3rd ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 0486220133.
  • M. E. Ravage (2009) [1917]. Kellman, Steven G. (ed.). An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With a new scholarly introduction by the editor, plus chronological notes) (4th ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4537-0. JSTOR j.ctt5hhx2m.

Selected articles in periodicals

Puck

  • M. E. Ravage (January 20, 1917). "I Laugh As I Think". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 16. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 10, 1917). "The Fable of the Cipher". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 19. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.
  • M. E. Ravage (March 17, 1917). "A Preface To a Novel". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 20. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.

New York Times

Harper's

The Century Magazine

  • M. E. Ravage (June 1917). "The Loyalty of the Foreign Born: An Interpretation". The Century Magazine. Vol. 94. Introduction by James Harvey Robinson. pp. 201–209. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922265.
  • M. E. Ravage (November 1917). "Absorbing the Alien". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 26–36. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 1918). "The Tired College Man". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 376–384. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1918). "The Religion of Sanity". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 516–522. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (March 1923). "Picnicking on Perilous: The Human Meaning of the Exchange Problem". The Century Magazine. Vol. 105. pp. 737–746. hdl:2027/osu.32435051457083.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1924). "The Wondering Jew: Reflections on the Paradoxes of Anti-Semitism". The Century Magazine. Vol. 107. pp. 552–564. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922278.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 1928). "A Real Case Against the Jews. One of Them Points Out the Full Depth of Their Guilt". The Century Magazine. Vol. 115, no. 3. pp. 346–350. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1928). "Commissary to the Gentiles: The First to See the Possibilities of War by Propaganda". The Century Magazine. Vol. 115, no. 4. pp. 476–483. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.

The New Republic

The Nation and Athenaeum (London)

The Minneapolis Tribune

  • M. E. Ravage (June 5, 1921). "Vienna Called World's Fair of Old Clothes: People Wear Suits Bought Before World War, Says Writer. Low Rate of Exchange Is Cause of Business Depression, Merchants Claim. (Special to Universal Services.)". The Minneapolis Sunday Tribune. Minneapolis. p. 23.

The Saturday Evening Post

The Elks Magazine

Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan

  • M. E. Ravage (July 1926). "What Happens in Real Life to Abie's Irish Rose". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 81. pp. 40–41. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010959628.

The Saturday Review

The American

  • M. E. Ravage (December 1927). "How To Make People Hate You! (I know that these recipees for unpopularity work because I have tried them all)". American Magazine. Vol. 104. New York: Colver. pp. 14–15, 152–156. hdl:2027/mdp.39015007038238. OCLC 6403725.

Le Petit Parisien: journal quotidien du soir (Paris)

Vu: journal de la semaine (Paris)

Neues Wiener Tagblatt: Demokratisches Organ (Vienna)

  • M. E. Ravage (August 17, 1934). "Amerikanische Wirtschaft". Neues Wiener Tagblatt (in German). Vol. 68, no. 225 (24602). Vienna. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
  • M. E. Ravage (August 23, 1934). "Planwirtschaft in Amerika". Neues Wiener Tagblatt (in German). Vol. 68, no. 231 (24608). Vienna. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
  • M. E. Ravage (September 26, 1934). "Roosevelts drei Kabinette". Neues Wiener Tagblatt (in German). Vol. 68, no. 265 (24642). Vienna. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 3, 2026.

Current History (New York/Oakland)

Vendredi: hebdomadaire littéraire, politique et satirique (Paris)

Ce soir: grand quotidien d'information indépendant (Paris)

Das Echo (Vienna)

Nation Magazine (New York)

Articles in anthologies

  • M. E. Ravage (1920), "The Loyality of the Foreign Born. (An extract from an article published under this title in the Century Magazine for June, 1917)", in Paul Monroe; Irving E. Miller (eds.), The American Spirit. A Basis For World Democracy, New York: World Book Company, pp. 209–217, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1922), "The New Immigration; and: What College Life in the West did for An Immigrant", in Stauffer, Robert E. (ed.), The American Spirit in the Writings of Americans of Foreign Birth, The Christopher publishing house, pp. 150–159, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1922), "The American People as a Whole", in Samuel Walker McCall; Charles W. Eliot (eds.), Patriotism of the American Jew, New York: Plymoth Press, pp. 274–289, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1924), "The American People as a Whole", in Samuel Walker McCall; Charles W. Eliot (eds.), Patriotism of the American Jew, New York: Plymoth Press, pp. 279–288, hdl:2027/uc1.$b309248 (slightly revised version)
  • M.-E. Ravage (June 1934), "Les pleins pouvoirs de Roosevelt", in Valery, Paul; Drach, Frédéric (eds.), Dictatures et dictateurs, Témoignages de notre temps n°7 (in French), Société anonyme Les Illustres Français, pp. 75–81

Unpublished academic papers

  • M. Ravitch (c. 1909), The Asterisks (ed.), (Unknown title; a literary criticism of Edgar Allan Poe) (pamphlet), University of Missouri[20]
  • M. Ravitch (1909), (Unknown title; an essay on John Greenleaf Whittier), University of Missouri[149]
  • M. Ravitch (1910). The Yiddish Drama: A Comparative Study in Dramatic Development (Master's thesis). University of Illinois. hdl:2142/54515.

Letters and correspondence

  • T. Roosevelt (April 30, 1917), Letter to M. E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • T. Roosevelt (January 3, 1918), Letter to M. E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • Secretary of T. Roosevelt (January 25, 1918), Letter to Max E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (February 2, 1920), Letter to Ida M. Tarbell, Peoples of America Society, hdl:10456/24205

See also

Parallel antisemitic reframings of Jewish authorship

Notes

  1. ↑ Ravage was born 1884 as a Jew in the Kingdom of Romania.[3] Under Article 7 of the 1866 Constitution of Romania, Jews were excluded from Romanian citizenship.[4] Ravage was therefore a legal "alien" to Romania.[5]: 55–56  He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1912.[3]
  2. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [1][10][11][12][13]
  3. ↑ In his memoir 1917, Ravage would lament the widespread simplification of immigrant names, citing precisely "Max" as an example of what he saw as a loss of cultural depth and distinctiveness.[15]
  4. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [26][27][1][28]
  5. ↑ Although the institution's name suggests a focus on agriculture and science, its curriculum at the time included humanities.[29]
  6. ↑ Ravage's literary network at the time included later Pulitzer Prize-winning author Hamlin Garland (1860–1940).[33]
  7. ↑ Other members of the Peoples of America Society included Allen T. Burns (Who Was Who entry), Grace Abbott, Jane Addams, George L. Bell, Herbert Croly, Felix Frankfurter (future Supreme Court Justice), Florence Jaffray Harriman, Isaac Aronovich Hourwich, Frederic C. Howe, William Morris Leiserson, Bishop Francis John McConnell, Louis Freeland Post, Reverend John A. Ryan, Lillian D. Wald, and Dorothy Payne Whitney Straight, bringing together figures from feminist social work, labor and civil rights movements, child rights advocacy, housing policy, healthcare, welfare state theory, immigration integration, religious ethics, and legal reform.[37][35]
  8. ↑ According to a 1919 article in the New York Sun, he was involved in selecting and awarding college scholarships to "promising young men and women of foreign parentage".[55] Drawing on his own return visit to Romania after World War I,[56][57] Ravage's later articles for the Saturday Evening Post (1923)[58][59] were cited in U.S. Congressional discussions of immigration reform[60] and received international media attention.[61]
  9. ↑ Following the devastations of World War I, Ravage's publicist efforts focused on engaging the American public to extend its democratic promise outward, advocating improved conditions for vulnerable groups, such as Jews who had remained in Europe.[5] See The Jew Pays 1919 and The Malady of Europe 1923.
  10. ↑ As Dana Mihăilescu observes in her 2021 study of Ravage's writings, "one cannot ignore that America too makes the Jewish immigrant aware of his difference from the others because of a separate background. Still, because of this emigrant's relocation into a society of consent, Ravage highlights the possibility of bridging the gap, in contrast with a descent-based society like Romania, where everything seems to be officially fixed in stable, unchanging patterns."[5]: 64 
  11. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [82][83][5][7][84][85][8]: xxvi 
  12. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [86][87][88][54]: 47 
  13. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [89][90][91]
  14. ↑ Whereas Ravage's 1928 essays develop these themes through overt satire and ironic reversal, William S. Berlin (1979) already notes Ravage's "bitter irony" in the context of his 1924 essay, while interpreting Ravage's emphasis on Jewish moral influence largely in earnest terms, including his idea of "the Jew" as the (asserted) "conscience" of the Western world it would prefer to forget and therefore subconsciously hates.[99]
  15. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [100][5][7][84][85][101]
  16. ↑ See the German Wikipedia article: de:Welt-Dienst
  17. ↑ The prefaces to the Welt-Dienst editions of Ravage's essays are ideologically distorting, and also factually inaccurate. For instance, they falsely claim he had five children, mistakenly counting his three[3] children's multiple forenames as separate individuals.[114] The error can be backtraced to a 24 October 1935 intelligence circular by the Deutscher Beobachter in New York and became reprinted by Welt-Dienst without verification.[115]
  18. ↑ According to a Berne Trial document titled "Die Aufdeckung einer nationalsozialistischen Agitationszentrale in Mitteleuropa", Welt-Dienst was published in eight languages and was reportedly preparing editions in thirteen, including Hungarian, Polish, Serbian, and Arabic.[117]
  19. ↑ In Australia, the fascist 'Unity League' reproduced such a pamphlet titled The Sensational Confessions of Marcus Eli Ravage (A Hebrew) against Christianity,[118][100] described by historians as an inflammatory piece in the long tradition of antisemitic polemics.[119]
  20. ↑ The most influential Nazi organization in the USA at that time, the 'German American Bund' (est. Mar 1936, dis. Dec 1941),[120] distributed the pamphlet Bombshell against Christianity[116] in the U.S., where it was then sold in specialized antisemitic bookstores such as in Los Angeles, California, until the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941, or shortly thereafter.[121][7]
  21. ↑ Based in Chicago, Illinois (USA), the antisemitic organization 'Right Cause' issued a pamphlet that combined different propagandistically manipulated text corpora by Jewish authors: a distorted presentation of Ravage's 1928 essays; and a tendentious translation of a German-language article by Jewish Party of Romania activist Manfred Reifer, originally published in the Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 3. September 1933, p. 10. The Chicago pamphlet's umbrella title appears to falsely attribute rabbinic status to Reifer and/or Ravage.[122][123][124][125]
  22. ↑ Among the numerous later propagandistic translations that extended beyond the initial German, French, and English editions, documented examples include Czech,[128] Dutch,[129] Hungarian[130] and Polish[131] prints. They circulated in various nationalist and antisemitic milieus during the late 1930s and early 1940s.
  23. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [133][134][81][135]
  24. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [127][138][139][140]
  25. ↑ Attributed to multiple references: [101][141][125][124][142]
  26. ↑ David Musa Pidcock, founder of the Islamic Party of Britain, also published Islamist‑fundamentalist tracts such as Satanic Voices, Ancient and Modern (1992), incorporating ideological misreadings of Ravage's 1928 essays into antisemitic conspiracy narratives.
  27. ↑ Archive.org hosts a 2018 re-edition of Ravage's essays, containing a misattributed photograph as well as a newly added editorial note which promotes antisemitic conspiracy claims and incites racial violence; the item is cited here to document the persistent misrepresentation of Ravage and his work.[144]
  28. ↑ The German translation of this book was also serialized in numerous installments in the Viennese tabloid newspaper Die Stunde in the early 1930s.[147]
  29. ↑ While the exact year of the correspondence with Hamlin Garland remains undetermined, the letterhead establishes that both writers resided in New York at that time. Such was the case in the late 1910s or alternatively the mid-1920s.[150][3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "GS49, MAX RAVITCH (MARCUS ELI RAVAGE)". The Semi-Centennial Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois. 1918. p. 800. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 "Marcus Eli Ravage, Writer on Politics [Obituary]" (Newspaper article), The New York Times, New York, October 12, 1965, retrieved October 19, 2025
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Kellman, "Chronology", pp. ix–xi, in: American in the Making (4 ed.). 2009.
  4. ↑ Schwarz, Adi Horatiu (2011). "The jewish question – a particular political issue in modern romania". Revista de Ştiinţe Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques (32): 27–35.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mihăilescu, Dana (December 2021). "Struggles Between Nationalism and Ethnicity in Eastern Europe and the United States, 1890s–1910s: The Life Writings of M. E. Ravage and Michael Gold". Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History (20). doi:10.48248/issn.2037-741X/13087.
  6. 1 2 3 "John Ravage Obituary (2005) – Santa Rosa, CA", Press Democrat, January 23, 2005, archived from the original on March 20, 2026, retrieved October 19, 2025
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Konda, Thomas Milan (2019). Conspiracies of Conspiracies: How Delusions Have Overrun America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71, 354. ISBN 9780226585932. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kellman, "Introduction", in: An American in the Making (4 ed.). 2009. pp. xiii–xxxi..
  9. ↑ "100 Years of Romanian Cultural Presence in the US: an overview". EMBASSY OF ROMANIA to the United States of America. Retrieved June 13, 2026. Eli Marcus Ravage (b. Marcu Revici)
  10. 1 2 "Roumanian Excels in English. Max Ravitch Wins Fellowship in University of Illinois". University Missourian. April 22, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  11. ↑ "Short and Simple Annals". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. Vol. 4, no. 8. University of Illinois. January 15, 1919. p. 162. Retrieved October 19, 2025. M. E. Ravage, '10g (Max Ravitch)
  12. ↑ Savitar – The MU Yearbook, 1909, p. 35, retrieved October 19, 2025, [Photograph of M. E. Ravage.] Max Ravitch. New York, N.Y. Cosmopolitan. Asterisk. Can babel in a thousand tongues.
  13. ↑ Savitar – The MU Yearbook, 1909, p. 284, retrieved October 19, 2025, The Asterisk Club. Established 1903; reorganized February 22. 1909. Purpose: To stimulate literary production in the University, [Photograph of 11 students incl. M. E. Ravage.]
  14. ↑ Portes, Alejandro; Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2001). Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. University of California Press. p. 189.
  15. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. VIII". An American in the Making. Mordecai – a name full of romantic association – had been changed to the insipid monosyllable Max.
  16. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. XIII: The Soul of the Ghetto". An American in the Making. [..] I was trying to become a writer myself. The Forward had accepted and published some aphorisms of mine under the penname of "Max the Sleever," [..].
  17. ↑ Ravage, Mark‑Eli (May 15, 1936). "Le Front populaire vu d'Amérique". Vendredi (in French). No. 28. p. 4.
  18. ↑ Ravage, Marc‑Elie (October 2, 1935). "La lutte pour le pouvoir. Dialogue au Troisième Reich". Vu (in French). Vol. 8, no. 394. pp. 1291–1292.
  19. ↑ Ravage, Mark‑Éli (February 27, 1935). "Un nationalisme sans impérialisme". Vu (in French). No. 363. pp. 258–259.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "A Romance of Education: How a Penniless Roumanian Boy Lost and Won Here". Oklahoma State Register. Vol. 18, no. 14. Guthrie, Oklahoma. June 10, 1909. p. 8.
  21. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. II: The Gospel of New York". An American in the Making.
  22. ↑ Mihăilescu, Dana (2020). "The Jewish Fusgeyer Migration Movement from Early Twentieth-Century Romania as Transcultural Rhetorical Tool in US Memorial Literary Culture". MELUS. 45 (1): 139–162, here: 141. doi:10.2307/27105818. ISSN 0163-755X.
  23. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. XV: The Trials of Scholarship". An American in the Making.
  24. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch.s XII–XVI". An American in the Making. – After working for several years as a "sleever" to save money, he enrolls in the University of Missouri (the least expensive school he can find), where culture shock overwhelms him at first.
  25. ↑ "Daily Illini". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. University of Illinois. May 15, 1910. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  26. ↑ "Illini Everywhere: Romanian Illini, Since 1905". Student Life and Culture Archives – University of Illinois Library. University of Illinois. May 9, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  27. ↑ "Department of English and Comparative Literature". Columbia University Quarterly. Vol. 14. 1911–1912. pp. 92–93. hdl:2027/hvd.hwxntq. The following former students have been recently appointed to the positions stated: […] Max Ravitch, graduate student, 1910–11, instructor, Kansas State Agricultural College
  28. ↑ "[Kansas Topics.] Cosmopolitan Club". Kansas City journal. March 29, 1912. p. 6. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  29. ↑ Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912). "Agricultural College". Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History. Standard Publishing Company. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  30. 1 2 Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. (1926). Who's Who in America: 1926–1927. Vol. 14. Chicago: The A. N. Marquis Company. hdl:2027/uc1.31175025329403.
  31. 1 2 3 Mihăilescu, Dana (2018). Eastern European Jewish American Narratives, 1890–1930. pp. 29–31.
  32. ↑ Ravage Tresfort, Louise: "Preface to the Dover edition", in: Ravage, M. E. (1971). An American in the Making (3rd ed.). Dover. pp. vi. ISBN 0486220133.
  33. 1 2 3 Ravage, M. E. (n.d.), Letter to Hamlin Garland (Archival manuscript), No year specified, dated November 30, Los Angeles: USC Libraries Special Collections, doi:10.25549/gar-c81-27761, retrieved October 19, 2025, When I was a teacher of English in the evening high schools of that city I always urged my foreign pupils who had college ambitions to go West for their training. It seems to me that it is the only way to make the real thing of our young immigrants and the benefit to themselves resulting from contact with genuine Americans would be quote as great as the benefit to the country. It is a rocky road to perfection, but the rewards are equal to the effort.
  34. ↑ Wininger, Salomon, ed. (1931). Große Jüdische National-Biographie mit mehr als 10.000 Lebensbeschreibungen namhafter jüdischer Männer und Frauen aller Zeiten und Länder. Vol. 5. Leipzig: Kommisssionsverlag Gustav Brauns. pp. 149–150.
  35. 1 2 Ravage, M. E. (November 24, 1919), Letter to Ida M. Tarbell, Peoples of America Society, hdl:10456/24216
  36. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (February 2, 1920), Letter to Ida M. Tarbell, Peoples of America Society, hdl:10456/24205
  37. ↑ Henle, James (October 5, 1920). "Noui Americani: O societate care are scopul de a americaniza pe imigranti". America – The Only Roumanian Daily News (The Official Organ of the Roumanian Beneficial and Cultural Societies of America) (in Romanian). Vol. 15, no. 230. Cleveland, Ohio. p. 1.
  38. ↑ "M. E. Ravage to Speak at Community Meet. Will Address National Conference, Franklin K. Lane, Chairman, at New Willard Saturday". The Evening Star. Washington, DC. March 17, 1920. p. 4.
  39. ↑ "Immigrants Have Much to Give Us: Americanization an Exchange, Says E. M. Ravage. Speaks at All Souls". Watertown Daily Times. May 5, 1919.
  40. ↑ "Experts Study Social Unit; To Recommend For Future". The Clinton Advertiser. Clinton, Iowa. October 3, 1919. p. 3. Retrieved August 26, 2026.
  41. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Pt. V, 'Postscript: Twenty Years Later'". An American in the Making (2nd ed.).
  42. 1 2 Ravage Clausen, Suzanne (1995). Growing Up Rootless. Santa Barbara: Fithian. ISBN 978-1-56474-131-8.
  43. ↑ Bouchareb, Hind (2020). "RAVAGE, Denise". In Antonutti, Isabelle (ed.). Figures de bibliothécaires (in French). Presses de l’enssib. pp. 207–208. doi:10.4000/books.pressesenssib.13329. ISBN 978-2-37546-135-8.
  44. 1 2 Sternlicht, Sanford (2004). "Marcus Eli Ravage". The Tenement Saga: The Lower East Side and the Early Jewish American Writers. Terrace Books/The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-029920483-9. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  45. ↑ Freda Kirchwey; Joseph Wood Krutch; Max Lerner, eds. (March 18, 1936). "Contributors". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3689. p. 364. ISSN 0027-8378.
  46. ↑ M.-É. Ravage (February 27, 1935). "Un nationalisme sans impérialisme". Vu (in French). No. 363. pp. 258–259.
  47. ↑ M. E. Ravage (December 9, 1936). "Hopeful Catalonia". The New Republic. Vol. 89, no. 1149. pp. 171–173.
  48. ↑ M. E. Ravage (February 3, 1937). "In Catalonia". The New Republic. Vol. 89, no. 1157. pp. 401–402.
  49. ↑ "M. E. Ravage". Wheeling Intelligencer. Vol. lxxxxvi, no. 174. March 15, 1938. p. 11.
  50. ↑ "N.Y. Author Named To M. U. Fraternity". The Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. December 6, 1933. p. 5. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  51. ↑ "M.U. Phi Bta Kappa Honors Marcus Eli Ravage, Author". St. Joseph Gazette. St. Joseph, Missouri. December 6, 1933. p. 6. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  52. ↑ Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed. (1940). Who's Who in America: 1940–1941. Vol. 21. Chicago: The A. N. Marquis.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stanciu, Cristina (2015), "Marcus E. Ravage's An American in the Making, Americanization, and New Immigrant Representation", MELUS, 40 (2): 5–29, doi:10.1093/melus/mlv007, ISSN 0163-755X, JSTOR 24569972
  54. 1 2 Pavlenko, Aneta (2004). "Ch. 1: 'The Making of an American': Negotiation of Identities at the Turn of the Twentieth Century". In Pavlenko, Aneta; Blackledge, Adrian (eds.). "Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts". Clevedon/Buffalo/Toronto/Sydney: Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 34–67. doi:10.2307/jj.27710911.6. ISBN 9781853596483.
  55. ↑ "Says Plan Would Please Roosevelt". The Sun. March 12, 1919. p. 7. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  56. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (March 17, 1923). "Our Sentimental Pilgrimage". The Saturday Evening Post. 195 (38): 3–4, 120. hdl:2027/mdp.39015016748017. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  57. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (March 24, 1923). "Our Sentimental Pilgrimage: The Return of the Native". The Saturday Evening Post. 195 (39): 8–9, 129–130, 133. hdl:2027/mdp.39015016748017. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  58. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (September 15, 1923). "America Goes A-Marketing". The Saturday Evening Post. 196 (11): 3–4, 189–190, 192–194. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  59. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (December 8, 1923). "Immigrants of Tomorrow". The Saturday Evening Post. 196 (23): 18, 148, 153–154, 156–157, 161–162. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  60. ↑ "Congressional Record – House of Representatives". Congress.gov. April 5, 1924. p. 5640. Retrieved August 26, 2026.
  61. ↑ "Från smålänning till fullblodsamerikan. Hur amerikanerna sålla emigrantströmmen och amerikanisera främlingarna". Smålandsposten. No. 151. Kronoberg County. September 29, 1923. p. 9.
  62. ↑ Bell, Bernard Iddings (May 4, 1918). "An Immigrant's Biography: Review of 'An American in the Making'". The Public: A Journal of Democracy. 21 (1031): 576–577. hdl:2027/chi.79230421.
  63. 1 2 Park, Robert E. (1918). "Review of: 'An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant', by M. E. Ravage". American Journal of Sociology. 23 (6): 839–840. doi:10.1086/212834.
  64. ↑ Shaw, Albert (May 4, 1917). "Review of: 'An American in the Making'". The American Review of Reviews. 56 (Jan–Jun): 664. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027769523.
  65. ↑ The Making of an American. New York: Macmillan. 1901. – Archive.org, LibriVox recording
  66. ↑ Daniels, Roger (1998). "What Is An American? Ethnicity, Race, the Constitution and the Immigrant in Early American History". In Jacobson, David (ed.). The Immigration Reader: America in a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Blackwell. p. 30.
  67. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. VI: First Impressions". An American in the Making.
  68. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. XVII: In the Mold". An American in the Making.
  69. ↑ Jarczok, Anita (2020). "Reminiscing the past, pointing to the future: immigrant memoirs from the early-twentieth-century United States". Świat i słowo (World and word). 34 (1). Bielsko-Biała: Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna: 127–146. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3067. ISSN 1731-3317.
  70. ↑ Jarczok, Anita (2021). "Immigrant Memoirs in the Service of Americanization: Between 'the Melting Pot' and Cultural Pluralism". European Journal of American Studies. 16 (2). doi:10.4000/ejas.17128. ISSN 1991-9336.
  71. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Part I, The Alien at Home; vs. Ch. XVII: In the Mold". An American in the Making.
  72. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (1922), "The New Immigration; and: What College Life in the West did for An Immigrant", in Stauffer, Robert E. (ed.), The American Spirit in the Writings of Americans of Foreign Birth, The Christopher publishing house, pp. 150–159, retrieved October 19, 2025
  73. ↑ Ravage, M. E. "Ch. VII–IX". An American in the Making.
  74. ↑ Buelens, Gert (September 1993). "'An American in the Making' de Marcus Ravage, ou l'homme en devenir perpétuel". Configuration de l'ethnicité aux États-Unis. Cahiers Charles V n°15 (in French). Vol. 15. pp. 107–119, here: 109. doi:10.3406/cchav.1993.1079.
  75. ↑ See also his collection of essays titled Democratic Americanization (1919).
  76. ↑ Wilson, Sarah (2010). Melting-Pot Modernism. Cornell University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8014-4816-4. Retrieved June 28, 2026.
  77. ↑ Smith, Brenda R. (2011). "'We, Too, Sing America': The Construction of American Subjectivity in African American Migration and European Immigrant Autobiographies". In Simal, Begoña (ed.). Selves in Dialogue: A Transethnic Approach to American Life Writing. Critical Approaches to Ethnic American Literature. pp. 81–107, here: 94. doi:10.1163/9789401206853_006. ISBN 978-90-420-3398-6.
  78. ↑ Dittmar, Kurt (1981). "Jüdische Ghettoliteratur: Die Lower East Side, 1890–1924". Amerikastudien / American Studies (Amst) (in German). 26 (3/4). Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler: 270–292, here: 278, 282, 286. doi:10.1007/978-3-476-98961-1_3. ISBN 978-3-476-98962-8. ISSN 0340-2827.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  79. 1 2 Ravage, M. E. (January 1928). "A Real Case Against the Jews. One of Them Points Out the Full Depth of Their Guilt". Century. Vol. 115, no. 3. pp. 346–350. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.
  80. 1 2 Ravage, M. E. (February 1928). "Commissary to the Gentiles: The First to See the Possibilities of War by Propaganda". Century. Vol. 115, no. 4. pp. 476–483. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.
  81. 1 2 "Legal Action to Be Taken Against Anti-Semitic Misusers of Writings". The Hour. No. 24. December 16, 1939. pp. 4–5. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
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  83. 1 2 3 4 Kaplan, Alice Y. (1995), Scullion, Rosemarie; Solomon, Philip H.; Spear, Thomas C. (eds.), "Sources and Quotations in Céline's Bagatelles pour un massacre", Céline and the Politics of Difference, translated by Rosemarie Scullion, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, pp. 29–46, here: 36
  84. 1 2 3 Jackson, Dave and Neta (2002). No Random Act: Behind the Murder of Ricky Byrdsong (1 ed.). Colorado Springs: WaterBrook Press. pp. 76–78. ISBN 9781578565085. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
  85. 1 2 Kominsky, Morris (1970). The Hoaxers: Plain Liars, Fancy Liars, and Damned Liars. Boston, Massachusetts: Branden Press, Inc. pp. 131–134. ISBN 0-8283-1288-5. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
  86. ↑ Shiffman, Dan (2017). College Bound: The Pursuit of Education in Jewish American Literature, 1896-1944. State University of New York Press. pp. xxxv, 93, 143. ISBN 9781438467245.
  87. ↑ Boelhower, William (1982). "The Brave New World of Immigrant Autobiography". MELUS. 9 (2): 5–23, here: 14. doi:10.2307/466962. JSTOR 466962.
  88. ↑ Loock, Kathleen (July 11, 2016). "Jewish immigrants as New World explorers and conquistadores: narrative identity fashioning and political purpose in the early twentieth century". Atlantic Studies. 13 (4): 512–534, here: 523. doi:10.1080/14788810.2016.1192828. ISSN 1478-8810. de-familiarize the familiar
  89. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (January 20, 1917). "I Laugh As I Think". Puck. Vol. 81. p. 16.
  90. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (February 10, 1917). "The Fable of the Cipher". Puck. Vol. 81. p. 19.
  91. ↑ Ravage, M. E. (March 17, 1917). "A Preface To a Novel". Puck. Vol. 81. p. 20.
  92. ↑ Dueben, Alex (September 10, 2014). "Puck Magazine and the Birth of Modern Political Cartooning". Vulture. Retrieved June 14, 2026.
  93. ↑ M. E. Ravage (December 1927). "How To Make People Hate You! (I know that these recipees for unpopularity work because I have tried them all)". American Magazine. Vol. 104. New York: Colver. pp. 14–15, 152–156. hdl:2027/mdp.39015007038238. OCLC 6403725.
  94. ↑ See:
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in World Listed by Author". The Hardin News. December 5, 1927. p. 2.
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in World Listed by Author". Stanberry Herald Headlight. December 8, 1927. p. 2.
    • "Editorial". The Neosho Times. December 8, 1927. p. 2. The ten most irritating remarks in the world are listed by Marcus Eli Ravage, well known writer, ...
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in World Listed by Author". The Advertiser Courier. December 9, 1927. p. 4.
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in World Listed by Author". Dunklin County News. December 13, 1927. p. 2.
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things". The Vincennes Commercial. December 13, 1927. p. 4.
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in World Listed by Author". Bethany Republican Clipper. December 14, 1927. p. 2.
    • "Ten Most Irritating Things in the World". Shelby County Herald. December 14, 1927. p. 7.
    • "Which is Yours?". The Boston Transcript. December 28, 1927. p. 31.
    • "Unpopularity Rules". The Evening Sentinel. April 26, 1928. p. 3.
    • "Author Lists 10 Most Irritating Things in World". San Jose News. August 2, 1928. p. 7.
    • "How To Make People Hate You". McMurry War Whoop. March 19, 1937. p. 2.
    • "Do You Lack Friends? (An Editorial)". The Shamrock Texan. April 2, 1937. p. 3.
  95. ↑ "The Centurion: Who's Who in This Number – M. E. Ravage". The Century. Vol. 95. November 1917. p. 6. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  96. ↑ "Antisemitism and Henry Ford's 'The International Jew'". Holocaust Encyclopedia. USHMM. Archived from the original on June 17, 2026. Retrieved June 29, 2026.
  97. ↑ M. E. Ravage (February 1924). "The Wondering Jew: Reflections on the Paradoxes of Anti-Semitism". The Century Magazine. Vol. 107. pp. 552–564. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922278.
  98. ↑ Frank, Glenn (February 25, 1927). "The Riddles of Jewishness". Youngstown Vindicator. Vol. 38, no. 174. p. 6. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
  99. ↑ See Berlin, William S. (1979). "Ch. 4: The Immigrant Experience: Assimilating into America". On the Edge of Politics. The Roots of Jewish Political Thought in America. Westport/London: Greenwood Press. pp. 77–103, here: 88-90. ISBN 0-313-20422-5.
  100. 1 2 Hund, Wulf D.; Affeldt, Christiane (2019–2020). "'Racism' Down Under. The Prehistory of a Concept in Australia". Australian Studies Journal. 33–34: 7–42. doi:10.35515/zfa/asj.3334/201920.02. ISSN 1864-3957. Fn. 92
  101. 1 2 3 Thome, Astrid, ed. (2023). Klages – Rothschild: Briefwechsel 1929–1956 (in German). Baden-Baden: Karl Alber. p. 388. doi:10.5771/9783495995495. ISBN 978-3-495-99548-8.
  102. ↑ Brechtken, Magnus (1998). "Ch. III.5.: Ulrich Fleischhauer und der 'Welt-Dienst'". 'Madagaskar für die Juden': Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885–1945. Studien zur Zeitgeschichte (in German). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 47–48. doi:10.1524/9783486594416. ISBN 978-3-486-56384-9.
  103. ↑ "Jüdisches Geständnis: 'Die wirkliche Schwere unserer Verbrechen': Die französische und russische Revolution sind der Triumph der jüdischen Idee". National-Zeitung: Amtliches Kreisblatt für den Kreis Wittgenstein – Amtliche Tageszeitung der NSDAP. Vol. 85, no. 158. Berleburg. July 10, 1935. p. 4.
  104. ↑ "Niederträchtiges Jüdisches Selbsturteil". Westfälische Landeszeitung (Rote Erde: Amtliches Blatt der NSDAP). Vol. 48, no. 176. June 30, 1935. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 1, 2026.
  105. ↑ Nationalsozialist. Verl. für d. Gau Sachsen, ed. (1935), "Juda bleibt der ewige Verbrecher – Selbstbekenntnisse des Juden Marcus Eli Ravage", Judenspiegel – Ständige Beilage zum 'Sächsischen Sonntage' (archive-material) (in German), Archived by the Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, OCLC 638976902
  106. ↑ Hauptmann, Hans; Rosenberg, Alfred, eds. (September 1935). "Sensationelles jüdisches Geständnis". Der Weltkampf, Monatsschrift f. Weltpolitik, völkische Kulturen, die Judenfrage aller Länder. Vol. 12, no. 141. Bayreuth, München: Deutscher Volksverlag GmbH. pp. 261–266.
  107. ↑ L. (July 20, 1935). "Glaubensbewegung". Am Heiligen Quell Deutscher Kraft: Ludendorffs Halbmonatsschrift. Vol. 6, no. 8. Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag G.m.b.H. pp. 316–321.
  108. ↑ Ben-Itto, Hadassa, ed. (October 29, 1935), Abschrift. Betr. Marcus Eli Ravage [Report on Marcus Eli Ravage] (Archival material), The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  109. ↑ ""Nous sommes vos maitres!"". Le patriote. Vol. 3, no. 31. Montreal. November 28, 1935. p. 2. ISSN 1487-248X. Retrieved January 13, 2026.
  110. 1 2 Gaster, Moses (1936). "The Present Position of the Jews in Relation to World Events" (PDF). Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute. 68: 146–172.
  111. 1 2 3 Schörle, Eckart (2009). "Internationale der Antisemiten. Ulrich Fleischhauer und der 'Welt-Dienst'". Werkstatt Geschichte. Vol. 51. Verein für kritische Geschichtsschreibung e. V./Klartext-Verlag. pp. 57–72. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  112. 1 2 Plass, Hanno; Templer, Bill (2013). "Der Welt-Dienst: International Anti-Semitic Propaganda". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 103 (4). University of Pennsylvania Press, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies: 503–522. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 43298762.
  113. ↑ "Item 106 – Ravage, Marcus Eli. A Real Case Against the Jews". Dan Wyman Books Antisemitica. March 20, 2026. Archived from the original on March 20, 2026. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  114. 1 2 3 Unknown, ed. (1942) [1936/1937]. Zwei jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage. (A Real Case Against the Jews) und (Commissary to the Gentiles). Englischer Originaltext mit deutscher Übersetzung [Propagandistic Nazi edition misappropriating Ravage's satirical 1928 Century magazine articles as literal confession] (Pamphlet). Welt-Dienst-Bücherei, Heft 5. Published by U. Bodung-Verlag, Daberstedterstr. 4, Erfurt, Germany (alternatively: Bern), without attribution of editorial responsibility and without the author's or original publisher's consent. (7 ed.). Printed by Thiel und Böhm, Buch- und Kunstdruckerei, Erfurt.
  115. ↑ "Wer ist der Mann Marcus Eli Ravage (Aus 'Deutscher Beobachter of New York' vom 24. Oktober 1935)", Les Criminals de Guerre, p. 67, JSTOR community.38670233
  116. 1 2 Unknown, ed. (c. 1936). 'Bombshell against Christianity!' [Propagandistic Nazi edition misappropriating Ravage's satirical 1928 Century magazine articles as literal confession] (Pamphlet). World Service library. Published by U. Bodung-Verlag, Erfurt, Germany, without attribution of editorial responsibility and without the author's or original publisher's consent. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  117. ↑ "Die Aufdeckung einer nationalsozialistischen Agitationszentrale in Mitteleuropa". Switzerland: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  118. ↑ Australia's Unity League, ed. (c. 1936). The Sensational Confession of Marcus Eli Ravage (a Hebrew) Against Christianity (Pamphlet). Sydney: Printed by F. H. Booth & Son.
  119. ↑ Blakeney, Michael (1985). Australia and the Jewish Refugees, 1933–1948. Sydney: Croom Helm Australia. p. 64. ISBN 0949614181. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
  120. ↑ "German American Bund". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on March 20, 2026. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  121. ↑ Joe Kamp: Peddler of Propaganda and Hero of the Pro-Fascists (a report) (pamphlet), Kansas City, Mo.: Friends of Democracy, Inc, c. 1942, p. 20, retrieved October 19, 2025
  122. ↑ Unknown, ed. (c. 1935), A Voice in the Wilderness. Jewish Rabbi [sic!] on Hitler's Anti-Semitism. With: A Disastrous Admission by the Jew Marcus Eli Ravage, [Propagandistic patchwork of texts originally written by Manfred Reifer and M. E. Ravage, 8p.], Chicago: Right Cause.
  123. ↑ Singerman, Robert, ed. (September 30, 2022). ""A Voice in the Wilderness. Jewish Rabbi on Hitler's Anti-Semitism", [1935 or 1936?]". Singerman Bibliography of Antisemitic Texts in English. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. doi:10.1515/siba. Retrieved January 28, 2026.
  124. 1 2 "Catalog record for "A Voice in the Wilderness"". StarPlus Library Discovery. University of Sheffield Library. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Subject: Anti-Jewish propaganda …
  125. 1 2 "Catalog record for "A Voice in the Wilderness"". Catalog Search Results. Yale University Library. Retrieved October 19, 2025. Subjects: Anti-Jewish propaganda …
  126. ↑ Ben-Itto, Hadassa, ed. (1938), Welt-Dienst propaganda world wide (Archival material) (in German, English, French, and Russian), The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  127. 1 2 Reichspropagandaleitung der NSDAP; Fritz Kaiser, eds. (January 26, 1939). "'Ihr habt noch nicht einmal angefangen, die wirkliche Größe unserer Schuld zu begreifen...'" (Placard, 84 × 120 cm). Die Parole der Woche. Parteiamtliche Wandzeitung der NSDAP (in German). No. 4. Nazi propaganda poster archived by Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Abt. Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, J 151 Nr 2741; access via Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek. Originally published by Verlag Franz Eher Nachf., Zentralverlag d. NSDAP, München (W. Wächter, Berlin). Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  128. ↑ Propagandistic Czech translation: Názor talmudistického Žida na původ křesťanství [dva články, jež roku 1928 do americké revue The Century Magazine napsal Markus Eli Ravage] (in Czech). Translated by Šourek, Emil. Praha: nákladem vlastním [překladatele]. 1940.
  129. ↑ Propagandistic Dutch edition: 2000 jaar bedrog, zendbode aan de niet-Joden. Misthoorn-Serie 7 (2 ed.). Amsterdam: Stichting De Misthoorn. c. 1942.
  130. ↑ Propagandistic Hungarian edition: Egy zsidó nyilatkozik. Tájékoztató tűzetek, 32. sz. (in Hungarian). London, Berlin, Páris: Európa-Kiadóvállalat. 1941.
  131. ↑ Propagandistic Polish misappropriation: Ziemicki, L. (1939). Grzanka, Józef (ed.). "Światopoglqd na eksport". Zadruga: pismo nacjonalistów polskich (in Polish). Vol. 3, no. 1 (15). Warszawa. pp. 5–11.
  132. ↑ Ben-Itto, Hadassa, ed. (1939), The Welt-Dienst is moving to Frankfurt am Main (Archival material), The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  133. ↑ "Nazi Agents are Rebuked. Anti-Semite Sentenced; Fascist Monthly is Suspended". The Detroit Jewish Chronicle and The Legal Chronicle. Vol. 41, no. 31. Detroit, Michigan. December 22, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  134. ↑ "Author Sues For Misuse Of Articles". The Southern Israelite. Vol. 14, no. 50. December 22, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
  135. ↑ "Old Century Article Once More Misused". The Hour. No. 39. April 6, 1940. p. 4. Retrieved November 22, 2025.
  136. ↑ Hoser, Paul (May 11, 2005), Franz Eher Nachf. Verlag (Zentralverlag der NSDAP), Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, retrieved October 29, 2025, Tätigkeit im Zweiten Weltkrieg
  137. ↑ Cf. Ein Jude spricht. Informations-Schriften Nr. 32. London/Berlin/Paris: Europa-Verlag. 1940.
  138. ↑ "Juden über sich selbst..." Österreichischer Beobachter: Traditionsblatt der alten Kämpfer (Organ der NSDAP in Österreich). Vol. 3, no. 11–2. Linz. 1938. p. 2. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
  139. ↑ Koppen, Wilhelm (May 12, 1943). "Die jüdische Kriegsschuld". Völkischer Beobachter: Kampfblatt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Großdeutschlands (Wiener Ausgabe). pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 4, 2026.
  140. ↑ Streicher, Julius (November 4, 1943), Document 1965-PS: Article by Julius Streicher in 'Der Stürmer', 4 November 1943 – "The Jewish New Order [submitted as Exhibit GB-176 in the Nuremberg trials]" (Government document), Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal: Proceedings Vol. XXIX (Blue Series), Documents and Other Material in Evidence, Nos. 1850-PS to 2233-PS (in German), Trials conducted Nov 14 1945 – Oct 1 1946; record published in 1947 (ed. by S. Paul A. Joosten), Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal, pp. 180–185, here: page 181, hdl:loc.law/llmlp.2011525338_NT_Vol-XXIX
  141. ↑ Singerman, Robert (2022), "Ravage, Marcus Eli. 'Zwei jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage. (A Real Case Against the Jews) und (Commissary to the Gentiles). Englischer Originaltext mit deutscher Übersetzung', 1936.", Singerman Bibliography of Antisemitic Texts in English, Boston, Berlin: De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/siba, retrieved October 19, 2025, A Jewish writer's satire ('One of Them Points Out the Full Depth of their Guilt') is exploited by the Nazi propaganda machine as a Jewish renegade's confession.
  142. ↑ Zafren, Herbert C., ed. (1971). "Nazi Judaica I". Judaica in the Library of Ludwig Rosenberger, The University of Chicago Library. Bibliographica Judaica 2. Cincinnati: Jewish Institute of Religion, Library of Hebrew Union College. p. 474. ISBN 0-87820-901-8. [468C-2/3A-2/3B:] (Ravage, Marcus Eli) Zwei jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage. Erfurt, 1937 [4th+5th editions]
  143. ↑ Fastenbauer, Raimund (2021). Jud, Jahudi oder Zionist – der ausgegrenzte Feind. Antisemitische Motive und moderner Antizionismus in Europa und in der islamischen Welt. p. 298. doi:10.30965/9783657760701_006. ISBN 978-3-506-76070-8.
  144. ↑ "Marcus Eli Ravage, A Real Case Against the Jews [antisemitic distortion from 2018]". Internet Archive. 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  145. ↑ Weiss, Gisela (1989). "Eli Marcus — ein jüdischer Mundartautor Westfalens". In Taubken, Hans; Kessemeier, Siegfried; Peters, Robert; Weber, Ulrich (eds.). Jahrbuch der Augustin Wibbelt-Gesellschaft e.V., Nummer 5. Münster: Regensberg. pp. 70–77, here: 76. ISBN 3-7923-0586-0. Retrieved August 22, 2026.
  146. ↑ Schönhoff, Hermann (1914). Geschichte der Westfälischen Dialektliteratur. Münster: A. Greve. pp. [unnumbered plate between pp. 40-41]. Retrieved November 13, 2025. E. Marcus
  147. ↑ "Die Geschichte des Rothschild-Vermögens: Ein neues Fortsetzungswerk in der 'Stunde'". Die Stunde. Vol. 8, no. 2304. Vienna. November 15, 1930. p. 5. Retrieved January 3, 2026.
  148. ↑ Szajkowski, Zosa (October 1970). "The Jews and New York City's Mayoralty Election of 1917". Jewish Social Studies. Vol. 32, no. 4. Indiana University Press. pp. 286–306, here:301. JSTOR 4466612.
  149. ↑ "English Prize to Roumanian: Max Ravitch Wins Medal for Essay on John Greenleaf Whittier". University Missourian. Vol. 1, no. 158. June 1, 1909. p. 1.
  150. ↑ Ball, Jane L. (2023). "Hamlin Garland". EBSCO Advantage/Research Starter.

Sources

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  • Sanford Sternlicht (2004). "Marcus Eli Ravage". The Tenement Saga: The Lower East Side and the Early Jewish American Writers. Madison: Terrace Books/The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-029920483-9. – Survey study of Jewish‑American migration literature of the Lower East Side, with a section on Ravage.
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