Lur (tribe)

Lur proper
لر
Lur girl at the Falak-ol-Aflak castle in Khorramabad, Nowruz 2018
Regions with significant populations
Mainly Lorestan province, parts of Khuzestan province, Ilam province, and Hamadan province
Languages
Northern Luri, Persian
Religion
Predominantly Shia Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Lur tribes

The Lur (Persian: لر), also called Lur proper, are a collection of Lur tribes living mainly in the historic region of Luristan or Lur-e-Kuchak (Lesser Lur) in western Iran. They are one of the main subdivisions of Lurs. Today they mainly live in Lorestan province, but also in adjacent parts of Khuzestan, Ilam, and Hamadan provinces.[1][2] They speak Northern Luri, also known as Luristani, Luri proper, and less commonly as Feyli.[3][4]

History

Minorsky wrote that the Lurs consisted of the Bakhtiari, Mamasani, Kuhgilu, and Lur proper, adding that the Lur proper mainly comprised the tribes of Tarhan, Delfan, Selseleh, and Bala Gariva. He added that the first three groups were originally Lak, but that the Bala Gariva were "the Lurs par excellence".[5]

The Lur proper lived in the region of Lur-e-Kuchak which was later known as Luristan or Feyli Luristan after the 16th century. To the south, the region of Lur-e-Bozorg became known as Bakhtiari and Kuhgilu after the Safavid period. In the Qajar period, Luristan was further split into Pish-e-Kuh and Posht-e-Kuh, and Luristan generally referred to Pish-e-Kuh, while Posht-e-Kuh was known as the "Fayli country". Luristan (Pish-e-Kuh) was bounded on the east and west by convergent streams of the Ab-i Dez and Karkheh. To the north, the mountain ranges of Chehel-Nabaleghan and Garru separated Luristan from Nahavand and the Silakhor plain. The northwestern boundaries of Luristan were located to the southwest of Holeylan and Harsin, which were traditionally part of Kermanshah. To the west of the Karkheh was Posht-e-Kuh. The western branch of the Ab-i Dez formed the border between the Lur proper and the Bakhtiari tribes.[6] The Bakhtiari region was to the south of the Ab-i Dez, its natural border with Luristan.[7] In addition to Pish-e-Kuh and Posht-e-Kuh, the term Bala Gariva was often applied to the region of Luristan south of Khorramabad,[8] which was otherwise considered part of Pish-e-Kuh.[9]

The tribes of Lur-e-Kuchak were directly under the caliphs and exposed to invasions in the north at the time that Shoja al-Din Khorshid came to power around 1184. Shoja al-Din Khorshid established the Khorshidi dynasty which ruled over Lur-e-Kuchak. The Khorshidis were Muzaffarid vassals between the Mongol invasion and the rise of Timur. In 1386 and 1393, Timur ravaged Lur-e-Kuchak but was kinder towards the Hazaraspids of Lur-e-Bozorg. As the Timurids consolidated power in Lur-e-Kuchak, the last Khorshidi atabek disappeared in 1433-34.[10] The Lur ethnic identity had consolidated under the atabeks.[11] The Khorshidi atabeks maintained their positions of leadership and even extended their control to the west of Posht-e-Kuh, although during the Safavid period, the Khorshidi atabek Shahverdi Abbasi was executed by Shah Abbas who installed Hoseyn Khan, from a lateral line of the old family of Shahverdi Abbasi. The Vali dynasty was then established, and claimed descent from Abbas ibn Ali, whose tomb was said to be near Sirwan.[12] Mohammad-Ali Mirza Dowlatshah, the governor of Kermanshah province from 1789-1821, later took control of Pish-e-Kuh from the Vali dynasty.[13] Previously known as the Valis of Luristan, the Vali dynasty then became known as the Valis of Posht-e-Kuh.[14] Minorsky claimed that while all the Lur tribes were officially Shia Muslim, the Lur tribes of Sagvand, Papi, and Badra'i followed Yarsanism, and the religion of the Lurs was so unorthodox that Mohammad-Ali Mirza Dowlatshah sent for a mujtahid to Islamize them in the 19th century.[5] In 1928-29, Reza Shah established direct control over Posht-e-Kuh, and over 700 years of Lur autonomy came to an end.[15]

Outside of Luristan, the Lurs were also present in Malayer, Tuyserkan, and Nahavand, historically known as the Salas region.[16] Borujerd, which was associated with Lurs since Lur-e-Kuchak, was separated from Luristan under the Qajars and united with Khansar and Golpayegan as a single district, but later rejoined the Lorestan province.[17] There were also Lurs in parts of Ilam province, formerly Posht-e-Kuh.[18] Sekandar Amanollahi Baharvand added that they lived in the region spanning Lorestan, Nahavand, Silakhor, Borujerd, Tuyserkan, Malayer, Ilam, and northern Khuzestan.[19]

Tribes

Luristan (Pish-e-Kuh)

Bala Gariva

The tribes of Bala Gariva mainly included the Dirakvand, Baharvand, Qalavand, Judaki, Mir, Papi, and Sagvand.[20][21] Minorsky, who described the Bala Gariva as the "Lurs par excellence", suggested that the Dirakvand were the "real nucleus of the Lur race."[22] He also included the Beyranvand and Dalvand, which spoke Laki, among the tribes of Bala Gariva.[23] The tribes of Bala Gariva spoke a dialect of Northern Luri, except for the Beyranvand which spoke Laki.[24] The tribes of Bala Gariva, along with the tribes of Tarhan, historically made up the majority of the tribes of Pish-e-Kuh (Luristan).[25]

When Hoseynqoli Khan became Vali of Posht-e-Kuh, Baqir Khan, from the Vali dynasty, settled down in the Shush region with three Feyli Lur clans that followed him, forming an independent tribe called Amaleh. Later, nine more clans, including Feyli Lurs from Posht-e-Kuh and Arabs from the Shush region, joined the tribe. It was distinct from the Amaleh of Lorestan and the Amaleh of the Qashqai.[26]

Tarhan

The region of Tarhan, located between the Karkheh and Kashgan rivers in the west of the Lorestan province, traditionally centered around Kuhdasht, mainly included the Lur tribes of Suri and Amra'i, and smaller ones such as Alivand, Khoshnamvand, Garma'i, and Shiravand. There were also Lak tribes in Tarhan including Garavand, Adinavand, Kunani, Azadbakht, and Owlad-e Qobad. The Balavand, Zardalani, and Tarhani tribes lived close to Tarhan but within the Ilam province.[27] While the Delfan and Selseleh were generally considered Lak, the Tarhan were divided between Lurs and Laks, and while Oskar Mann claimed the Tarhan were Lak majority, Amanollahi acknowledged the Lak element but did not describe them as the majority.[28]

Delfan

The tribes of Delfan, from the region of Delfan in northern Luristan, spoke Laki and mainly comprised the tribes of Kakavand, Ivatvand, Mumavand, Bijanvand, Mir Beg, and Chavari, among others.[29] Minorsky claimed that the tribes of Delfan were entirely Yarsani.[30] According to 19th and 20th century literature, the Delfan and Selseleh were the two most significant Lak subgroups, and although sometimes the names and number of tribes in each group varied or overlapped, the Kakavand were consistently considered Delfan.[31]

Selseleh

The tribes of Selseleh lived in the region known as Selseleh centered around Aleshtar and mainly included the tribes of Hasanvand, Yusufvand, Kowlivand, and several smaller tribes. They were said to speak Luri.[32][33] Others reported the Selseleh as Laki speakers.[34] They were frequently mentioned along with the Delfan as the main Lak groups in the 19th and 20th century.[35][36]

Others in Pish-e-Kuh

The region of Chegini in central Luristan included the tribes of Tulabi, Chegini, Sadat-e Hayatolgheybi, among others. The Manasari section of the Papi tribe, comprising the tribes of Moradi, Yaqubvand, Madhuni, Malziri, Keshvari, Lira'i, and others, lived in the east of Khorramabad. The region called Haro mainly consisted of Chaghalvandi and Zagha in the east of Khorramabad. The Chaghalvandi region included the Beyranvand, while the Zagha region included the Bajolvand which comprised the tribes of Sagvand, Dalvand, and Qaid Rahmat.[37] The Amaleh were established on the homelands of the Vali dynasty in Lorestan, around Tarhan, Jaydar, Kuhdasht, Qilab, Khorramabad, and Aleshtar. Some of their clans included Ahangar, Mirakhor, Jelowdar, Qaterchi, Sarban, Farrash, and Zinbardar. The Amaleh gradually lost their cohesion and thoroughly disintegrated by the end of the 19th century, with only a few of its clans remaining afterwards as independent tribes, such as Amra'i and Chegini.[38] The Amaleh of Lorestan were distinct from the Amaleh of Khuzestan, a mixed Lur and Arab tribe which were servants of the local dynasty of Shush, which was an offshoot of the Vali dynasty, or the Amaleh of the Qashqai.[26]

Salas

The Torkashvand were an important tribe around Hamadan.[39] The Torkashvand of Hamadan were a Lur tribe, although some of them migrated to Kermanshah where they were considered Kurds after intermingling with tribes such as the Jomur.[40]

The Lurs of the Salas region had relatively good relations with the historic Jewish community of the region.[41]

Posht-e-Kuh

In the historic region of Posht-e-Kuh, later Ilam province, the Lur tribes converged with the Kurdish and Lak tribes and were so intermingled that it was historically difficult for outsiders to identify them.[42] For the first two centuries under the Vali dynasty, when they ruled all of Luristan (Pish-e-Kuh and Posht-e-Kuh), all the tribes in the region were called Feyli, although when Mohammad-Ali Mirza Dowlatshah seized Pish-e Kuh, the term Feyli came to denote only the tribes of Posht-e-Kuh, due to its association with the Vali dynasty. There was historically little information on the Feyli tribes of Posht-e-Kuh.[43] In Posht-e-Kuh, which was mostly Kurdish, there were also Lurs in the south, and Laks in the east. All three groups were called Feyli.[44][45] The Lurs of Posht-e-Kuh were traditionally concentrated in Abdanan, Darrehshahr, Dehloran, and Mehran.[46] According to a 2015 study in Ilam province, the Kurds comprised 79.6%, the Lurs 10.7%, and the Laks 6.1%.[47]

Historically, the Lur tribes of Posht-e-Kuh, which mostly lived in the south, were generally employed as the servants and retinue for the Vali dynasty. When Hasan Khan, the Vali, relocated to Posht-e-Kuh during the Qajar period, the Lur tribes of Reshno and Haydari migrated with him.[48] The Sagvand tribe formerly lived in Posht-e-Kuh.[49] The Beyranvand historically made seasonal migrations to Posht-e-Kuh. Other known Lur tribes in Posht-e-Kuh were the Mir and Zaynivand, which were both settled around Saymara.[50] The Mir tribe of Saymara was affiliated with the Vali dynasty, and had been fighting amongst itself at the time Reza Shah seized the region in the 1920s.[51]

Iranian scholar Ali Bolukbashi claimed that the Lurs of Posht-e-Kuh spoke a variety of Southern Kurdish.[52] Other linguists also described it as such.[53][54] Anonby added that the Ilam province was characterized by cultural and linguistic and cultural convergence among Lurs, Laks, and Kurds, and that the linguistic situation and divide between Kurdish and Luri there was complex and still poorly understood in the early 21st century, but it was clear that ethnic self-identification did not always correspond to linguistic affiliation.[55] In 2003, Anonby noted that it seemed as if some of those who claimed Lur ethnicity in reality spoke Southern Kurdish.[56] In 2015, he questioned whether the language called "Luri" in Ilam province was actually linguistically affiliated to Luri, or to Kurdish (Southern Kurdish or Laki), noting that the Luri dialect of Darrehshahr carried some typically Northwestern Iranian features unlike the typically Southwestern features of Luri, and suggested that the Luri of Ilam was possibly closer to Southern Kurdish and Laki, and hoped to address it in later research.[57]

Across the border from Ilam province, in Iraq, there was formerly a community identifying itself as Lur, but they were displaced as they left for Iran in the last decades of the 20th century.[58] Their migration to Iran was caused by political factors after 1975. In 2003, Anonby stated that the historic presence of the Lur ethnic group and language in Iraq was uncertain at best. Throughout his work, Fattah maintained that the variety called "Luri" spoken in Iraq and the extreme west of Iran was actually Southern Kurdish. Other linguists added that language varieties used in parts of Iraq did not always correspond with the same ethnic labels in other parts of the Luri and Kurdish regions, or even with labels that are applied to similar language varieties.[59] It was never verified by linguists whether the dialect in Iraq called Luri was actually Luri or Southern Kurdish.[60]

Language

They speak the Northern Luri dialects which were also naturally separated from the Bakhtiari and Southern Luri dialects by the Ab-i Dez, corresponding to the distinction between the historic Lur-e-Kuchak and Lur-e-Bozorg. The Northern Luri dialects included Gioni, Khorramabadi, Chegini, and Bala Gariva'i.[61] The language was called "northern Luri", "Luristani" or "Luri proper", and less commonly as "Feyli".[62][63] By the 21st century, academics gradually stopped using the term Feyli, as it was naturally an ambiguous term, and to avoid conflation with the Feyli Kurds and their dialect of Southern Kurdish, also known as "Ilami".[64][65][66]

Northern Luri was centered in Lorestan province, while major dialects of Northern Luri were centered in Khorramabad, Borujerd, Nahavand, Andimeshk, and Bala Gariva, and in 2012, there were an estimated 2 to 3 million Northern Luri speakers. It was also spoken in parts of Hamadan and Khuzestan provinces, while the status of Luri in Ilam province was more complex.[67] The Salas region (Nahavand, Malayer, Tuyserkan) spoke Luri and Persian.[68] The core of Borujerd city mostly spoke Persian, while Luri was spoken in the periphery.[69] Some Lurs spoke Persian as a mother language.[70] There were also groups of Lurs which had adopted the neighboring Laki or Kurdish languages.[71]

References

  1. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  2. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Luristān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 829–832. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  3. ↑ Update on Luri: How many languages?, Erik John Anonby, pp. 178, JRAS, Series 3, 13, 2 (2003), pp. 171–197 DOI: 10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  4. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 26, ISBN 9783863098254.
  5. 1 2 Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  6. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Luristān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 829–832. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  7. ↑ "BAḴTĪĀRĪ MOUNTAINS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  8. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 5, ISBN 9783863098254.
  9. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 5, ISBN 9783863098254.
  10. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  11. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Luristān". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 829–832. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  12. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  13. ↑ Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914, Sabri Ateş, 2013, pp. 166, ISBN 9781107245082.
  14. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur-i Kūčik". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 828–829. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  15. ↑ Amanolahi, Sekandar. “Reza Shah and the Lurs: The Impact of the Modern State on Luristan.” Iran & the Caucasus, vol. 6, no. 1/2, 2002, pp. 193. JSTOR.
  16. ↑ Borjian, H. (2025). The Ecbatanic Language Group: Median Jewish Dialects of Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Nehavand, Borujerd, Khonsar, and Golpayegan. Journal of Jewish Languages, 13(2), pp. 4. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10058.
  17. ↑ Borjian, H. (2025). The Ecbatanic Language Group: Median Jewish Dialects of Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Nehavand, Borujerd, Khonsar, and Golpayegan. Journal of Jewish Languages, 13(2), pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10058.
  18. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  19. ↑ قوم لر، سكندر امان‌اللهى بهاروند، 1992، pp. 13, انتشارات آگاه.
  20. ↑ "JUDAKI". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-05-17.
  21. ↑ Tales from Luristan, Sikandar Amān Allāhī Bahārvand, 1986, pp. 11, ISBN 9780674867802.
  22. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
  23. ↑ Minorsky, Vladimir (2012). "Lak". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0562. ISBN 9789004161214.
  24. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 21-22, ISBN 9783863098254.
  25. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 26, ISBN 9783863098254.
  26. 1 2 "ʿAMALA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  27. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  28. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 21, ISBN 9783863098254.
  29. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  30. ↑ Minorsky, Vladimir (2012). "Lak". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0562. ISBN 9789004161214.
  31. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 6-7, ISBN 9783863098254.
  32. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  33. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 6-7, ISBN 9783863098254.
  34. ↑ "KURDISH TRIBES". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  35. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 6-7, ISBN 9783863098254.
  36. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 21, ISBN 9783863098254.
  37. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  38. ↑ "ʿAMALA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  39. ↑ "HAMADĀN ii. POPULATION". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  40. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  41. ↑ Borjian, H. (2025). The Ecbatanic Language Group: Median Jewish Dialects of Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Nehavand, Borujerd, Khonsar, and Golpayegan. Journal of Jewish Languages, 13(2), pp. 25. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10058.
  42. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  43. ↑ "FEYLĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  44. ↑ تاريخ سياسى اجتماعى كردهاى فيلى در عصر واليان پشتكوه (ايلام), مراد مرادی مقدم, 2006, pp. 55, 205-206, ISBN 9789648079999.
  45. ↑ Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux: étude lingusitique et dialectlogique, Volume 37, Ismaïl Kamandâr Fattah, 2000, pp. 43, ISBN 978-2-87723-524-2.
  46. ↑ Ghasemi Pirbalouti; Momeni; Bahmani (31 December 2012). "Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Kurd Tribe in Dehloran and Abdanan Districts, Ilam Province, Iran". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 10 (2): 368. doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v10i2.24. ISSN 0189-6016. PMC 3746586. PMID 24146463.
  47. ↑ Aliakbari, Mohammad; Gheitasi, Mojtaba; Anonby, Erik (2015). "On Language Distribution in Ilam Province, Iran". Iranian Studies. 48 (6), pp. 9-10. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.913423. S2CID 162337795.
  48. ↑ تاريخ سياسى اجتماعى كردهاى فيلى در عصر واليان پشتكوه (ايلام), مراد مرادی مقدم, 2006, pp. 206, ISBN 978-964-8079-99-9.
  49. ↑ ايلام و تمدن ديرينۀ آن، افشار سيستانى، ايرج، ١٩٩٣، ص. 156.
  50. ↑ "ʿAŠĀYER". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  51. ↑ Amanolahi, Sekandar. “Reza Shah and the Lurs: The Impact of the Modern State on Luristan.” Iran and the Caucasus, vol. 6, no. 1/2, 2002, pp. 203-204. JSTOR 4030721.
  52. ↑ جامعۀ ايلى در ايران، علی بلوکباشی، 2003، pp. 90, ISBN 9789645799760.
  53. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, 2010, pp. 625, ISBN 9780080877754.
  54. ↑ Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux: étude lingusitique et dialectlogique, Volume 37, Ismaïl Kamandâr Fattah, 2000, pp. 40-55, ISBN 9782877235242.
  55. ↑ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  56. ↑ Update on Luri: How many languages?, Erik John Anonby, pp. 174, JRAS, Series 3, 13, 2 (2003), pp. 171–197 DOI: 10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  57. ↑ Aliakbari, Mohammad; Gheitasi, Mojtaba; Anonby, Erik (2015). "On Language Distribution in Ilam Province, Iran". Iranian Studies. 48 (6), pp. 10. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.913423. S2CID 162337795.
  58. ↑ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  59. ↑ Update on Luri: How many languages?, Erik John Anonby, pp. 174, JRAS, Series 3, 13, 2 (2003), pp. 171–197 DOI: 10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  60. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 26, ISBN 9783863098254.
  61. ↑ "LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  62. ↑ Update on Luri: How many languages?, Erik John Anonby, pp. 178, JRAS, Series 3, 13, 2 (2003), pp. 171–197 DOI: 10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  63. ↑ The Laki Variety of Harsin: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, Sara Belelli, 2021, pp. 26, ISBN 9783863098254.
  64. ↑ "KERMANSHAH vii. LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-04-03.
  65. ↑ Aliakbari, Mohammad, et al. “On Language Distribution in Ilam Province, Iran.” Iranian Studies, vol. 48, no. 6, 2015, pp. 6-7.
  66. ↑ Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics, 2019, pp. 77-78, ISBN 978-3-86309-686-1.
  67. ↑ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
  68. ↑ Borjian, H. (2025). The Ecbatanic Language Group: Median Jewish Dialects of Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Nehavand, Borujerd, Khonsar, and Golpayegan. Journal of Jewish Languages, 13(2), pp. 4. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10058.
  69. ↑ Borjian, H. (2025). The Ecbatanic Language Group: Median Jewish Dialects of Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Nehavand, Borujerd, Khonsar, and Golpayegan. Journal of Jewish Languages, 13(2), pp. 5. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10058.
  70. ↑ Update on Luri: How many languages?, Erik John Anonby, pp. 176, JRAS, Series 3, 13, 2 (2003), pp. 171–197 DOI: 10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  71. ↑ Kurdish or Luri? Laki's disputed identity in the Luristan province of Iran, Erik John Anonby, Kurdische Studien, vol. 4/5 (2004/2005), pp. 8, ISSN 1617-5417.
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