List of luminous blue variable stars

Luminous blue variable AG Carinae as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope

Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are rare, massive, evolved stars that show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in their spectra and brightness. They are also known as S Doradus variables after S Doradus, one of the brightest stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud.

This is a list of luminous blue variable stars in order of their distance from Earth.[1][2]

List

Milky Way galaxy (confirmed LBVs)

Star system Nebula Median distance (ly) Spectral type Apparent magnitude (V) Comments and references
P Cygni (34 Cygni) 5,251B1-2 Ia-0ep4.82The closest luminous blue variable star to Earth
V4029 Sagittarii (HD 168607) 6,000 B9Ia+ 8.12 to 8.29 [3][4] near the Omega Nebula
V905 Scorpii (HD 160529) 6,100 LBV 6.66 [3][4]
Eta Carinae 7,500O + B−1.0 to ~7.6part of Trumpler 16 in the Carina Nebula
MWC 930 (V446 Scuti) 11,400 B5/9Iaeq 11.51 [3]
WRAY 16-137 12,400 LBV 15.5 [5][4]
W1-243 15,000 LBV 15.81 [3] in Westerlund 1
HR Carinae 16,000 LBV+RSG 8.42 [3][4]
V481 Scuti (LBV G24.73+0.69) 17,000 LBV_B[e]: [3]
AG Carinae 17,000B6.96
EM* VRMF 55 (MN44) 18,000 or 35,000 LBV 15 [5][6]
[GKF2010] MN48 20,000 LBV 15.83 [3][4]
GCIRS 34W (WR 101db) 25,000 Ofpe/WN9 [5][7] in the Galactic Center
Pistol Star (V4647 Sgr) 25,114B>28part of the Quintuplet Cluster
LBV G0.120-0.048 (V4998 Sgr) 26,000 WN5b [5] near the Quintuplet Cluster
FMM 362 (V4650 Sgr) 26,000 LBV [5] near the Quintuplet Cluster
AFGL 2298 (V1672 Aql) 30,000 B8I [5]
V432 Carinae (Wray 15-751) 33,000 LBV 10.20 Also known as AT 2019ooa[3][4]
[GKM2012] WS1 39,000 LBV 15.31 [3][4]
[GKF2010] MN58 LBV [5]

Milky Way galaxy (candidate LBVs)

Star system Nebula Median distance (ly) Spectral type Apparent magnitude (V) Comments and references
HD 148937 3,870 O6f?p 6.71 [5] central star of NGC 6164
MWC 349A (V1478 Cygni) 4,560 B0-1.5 I + B0 III 13.15 [5] maybe ejected from Cygnus OB2
HD 326823 4,700 WNpec9.03 [3][4]
HD 168625 5,000 B6Ia+ 8.30–8.41 [3][4] near the Omega Nebula
Cygnus OB2-12 5,500 B3–4 Ia+ 11.702 [3][4] in Cygnus OB2
AS 314 5,600 B9Ia 9.85 [5]
Zeta1 Scorpii 5,600 B1.5 Iae 4.705 [3][4]
G79.29+0.46 5,700 B:I[e] 15.1 [3][4] in Cygnus X
WRAY 16-232 6,850 Be 12.5 [5][4]
HD 80077 8,700 B2.5Ia+ 9.00 [3][4]
HD 316285 10,800 B0Ieq 9.60 [3][4]
MWC 314 (V1429 Aquilae) 15,000 B3Ibe 9.79 - 10.1 [3][4]
[SBW2007] 1 18,500 B1Iab 12.7 [3][4]
Sher 25 21,000 cLBV 12.23 [3][4] in NGC 3603
W51 LS1 (V1936 Aquilae) 22,000 O4I 15.1 [3][4]
WRAY 17-96 22,000 cLBV ~13.0 [3][4]
[B61] 2 22,000 LBV_B[e]: 15.00 [5][4]
WR 102ka 26,000 WN10 [5] near the Galactic Center
GCIRS 16SW 27,000 Ofpe/WN9 [5] in the Galactic Center
LBV 1806−20 28,000 cLBV [5] part of the 1806−20 cluster
Hen 3-519 28,000 WN11h 10.85 [3][4]
MSX6C G026.4700+00.0207 30,000 LBV_B [5][8]

Magellanic Clouds

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is around 163 kly distant and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is around 204 kly distant

Host galaxy Star system Spectral type Apparent magnitude (V) Comments and references
LMC S DoradusB8/9eq – F0/5:Iae8.6 – 11.5
LMC HD 269858 (R127)B10.15
LMC HD 269006 (R71) LBV 10.55 [5]
LMC HD 269216 (SK −69 75) OBe 11.123 [5]
LMC HD 269582 (SK −69 142a) WN10h 11.093 [5]
LMC HD 269662 (R110) A0Ia 10.28 [5]
LMC HD 269700 (R116) B1.5Iaeq 10.54 [5]
LMC R143 (CPD-69 463) F7Ia 12.014 [5]
SMC HD 5980 (R14) WN4+O7I: 11.31 [5]
SMC HD 6884 (R40) B9Ia0ek 10.2 [5]

Andromeda Galaxy and Triangulum Galaxy

The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is 2.5 Mly distant and the Triangulum Galaxy is around 3.2 Mly distant

Host galaxy Star system Spectral type Apparent magnitude (V) Comments and references
Andromeda LGGS J004051.59+403303.0LBV16.989 [5]
Andromeda AE Andromedae (HV 4476) LBV 17.0–17.9 [5]
Andromeda AF Andromedae (HV 4013) LBV 17.325 [5]
Andromeda Var 15 ([WB92a] 370) LBV 18.450 [5]
Andromeda Var A-1 LBV 17.143 [5]
Andromeda UCAC4 660-003111 LBV 16.39 [5]
Triangulum Var C LBV 16.429 [5]
Triangulum Var B LBV 16.208 [5]
Triangulum Var 83 LBV 15.4–16.6 [5]
Triangulum Var 2 (Y Trianguli) Ofpe/WN9 18.22 [5]
Triangulum Romano’s Star (M33 V0532) Ofpe/WN9 16.5–18.8 [5]

Other Galaxies

Host Galaxy Star system Median distance (ly) Spectral type Apparent magnitude (V) Comments and references
NGC 3109AT 2018akx4,350,000LBV17.5 - 19.28[9]
NGC 2403AT 2016ccd9,650,000LBV18.0 - 19.95Also known as SNhunt225.[10][11]
NGC 2403 V14LBV[12]
NGC 4214SN 2010U9,700,000LBV16[13]
NGC 2363NGC 2363-V110,800,000LBV17.88One of the most luminous stars known.
NGC 45AT 2018htr21,700,000LBV17.469[14]
Whirlpool GalaxyM51 OT2019-123,500,000LBV[15]
NGC 2537AT 2017be27,900,000LBV18.349 - 18.5Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[16]
NGC 4559AT 2016blu29,000,000LBV15.9 – 19Repeated outbursts have been observed since January 2012.[17][18]
NGC 7286AT 2019mil32,400,000LBV19Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[19]
UGC 5829AT 2021blu43,500,000LBV18.17 - 21.62Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[20]
NGC 4656Variable in NGC 465643,700,000LBV18Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[21]
NGC 4389AT 2022fnm44,700,000LBV18.495 - 17.855Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[22]
ESO 249- G 015AT 2020agp47,500,000LBV18.463Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[23]
NGC 908AT 2021ablz56,000,000LBV20.58[24]
UGC 5979SN 2007sv58,270,000LBV17.4Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[25][26]
IC 5267AAT 2019oet60,000,000LBV18.335Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[27]
NGC 3003AT 2020jev61,200,000LBV18.74 - 20.33Distance from NED using mean distance.[28]
NGC 2748PSN J09132750+762741061,300,000LBV18.3[29]
NGC 3423AT 2019ahd65,600,000LBV17.83 - 18.73Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[30]
NGC 1385AT 2020pju66,400,000LBV17.3 - 19.73[31]
NGC 718AT 2019udc69,800,000LBV17.53 - 19.09Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[32]
PHL 293BSDSS J2230–000675,510,000LBV[33]
NGC 2770SN 2015bh77,000,000LBV[34]
NGC 5334SN 2003gm80,196,000LBV17.0Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[35]
NGC 6509PSN J17592296+061726795,300,000LBV18.5[36]
NGC 4045AT 2019wbg111,500,000LBV17.7 -19.39Repeated outbursts observed since discovery. Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[37]
NGC 4532AT 2017des112,800,000LBV18.817 - 19.85Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[38][39]
ESO 602- G 015AT 2022rmk113,200,000LBV19.472 - 20.04Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[40]
UGC 9113AT 2017dau162,100,000LBV19.32 - 21.32Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[41]
MCG +07-07-070AT 2018kle180,200,000LBV18.797 - 18.91Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[42]
UGC 449AT 2022oku239,100,000LBV18.781 - 19.49Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[43]
WISEA J010803.49+010843.7AT 2020zmn262,600,000LBV20.31 - 20.85Distance from NED using redshift of host galaxy.[44]
Sunburst GalaxyGodzilla10,900,000,000LBV[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barry, Don C. (January 1970), "Spectral Classification of a and F Stars", Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 19: 281, Bibcode:1970ApJS...19..281B, doi:10.1086/190209.
  2. ↑ Frost, E. B. (December 1924), "Fourteen spectroscopic binaries", Astrophysical Journal, 60: 319–320, Bibcode:1924ApJ....60..319F, doi:10.1086/142868.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Smith, Nathan; Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Murphy, Jeremiah W.; Drout, Maria R.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Groh, Jose H. (2019). "On the Gaia DR2 distances for Galactic luminous blue variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 488 (2): 1760–1778. arXiv:1805.03298. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.1760S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1712. S2CID 119267371.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Richardson, Noel D.; Mehner, Andrea (2018-07-01). "The 2018 Census of Luminous Blue Variables in the Local Group". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society. 2 (3): 121. arXiv:1807.04262. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2..121R. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aad1f3. ISSN 2515-5172.
  6. ↑ Gvaramadze, V. V.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Berdnikov, L. N. (2015-12-01). "Discovery of a new bona fide luminous blue variable in Norma". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (4): 3710–3721. arXiv:1509.08931. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.454.3710G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2278. ISSN 0035-8711.
  7. ↑ Trippe, S.; Martins, F.; Ott, T.; Paumard, T.; Abuter, R.; Eisenhauer, F.; Gillessen, S.; Genzel, R.; Eckart, A.; Schödel, R. (2006-03-01). "GCIRS34W: an irregular variable in the Galactic Centre". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 448 (1): 305–311. arXiv:astro-ph/0510478. Bibcode:2006A&A...448..305T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053173. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. ↑ Hou, L. G.; Gao, X. Y. (2014-02-01). "A statistical study of gaseous environment of Spitzer interstellar bubbles". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 438 (1): 426–437. arXiv:1311.4943. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.438..426H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2212. ISSN 0035-8711.
  9. ↑ "AT 2018akx". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  10. ↑ Bishop, David (9 November 2021). "LBV AT2016ccd in NGC 2403". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  11. ↑ "AT 2016ccd". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  12. ↑ Tammann, G. A.; Sandage, Allan (1968). "The Stellar Content and Distance of the Galaxy NGC 2403 IN the M81 Group". The Astrophysical Journal. 151: 825. Bibcode:1968ApJ...151..825T. doi:10.1086/149487. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ↑ Green, Daniel W. E. (7 February 2010). "Electronic Telegram No. 2163". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  14. ↑ "AT 2018htr". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  15. ↑ Jencson, Jacob E.; Adams, Scott M.; Bond, Howard E.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Bally, John; Blagorodnova, Nadejda; De, Kishalay; Fremling, Christoffer; Yao, Yuhan; Fruchter, Andrew; Rubin, David; Barbarino, Cristina; Sollerman, Jesper; Miller, Adam A. (2019-08-01). "Discovery of an Intermediate-luminosity Red Transient in M51 and Its Likely Dust-obscured, Infrared-variable Progenitor". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 880 (2): L20. arXiv:1904.07857. Bibcode:2019ApJ...880L..20J. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab2c05. ISSN 2041-8205.
  16. ↑ "AT 2017be". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  17. ↑ Bishop, David (6 July 2021). "LBV 2016blu in NGC 4559". rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  18. ↑ Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Smith, Nathan; Milne, Peter; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Lau, Ryan M.; Sand, David J.; Wyatt, Samuel; Zheng, WeiKang (2022). "Recurring outbursts of the supernova impostor AT 2016blu in NGC 4559". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 526 (1): 456. arXiv:2212.09708. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.526..456A. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2702.
  19. ↑ "AT 2019mil". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  20. ↑ "AT 2021blu". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Green, Daniel W. E. (24 March 2005). "Circular No. 8498". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  22. ↑ "AT 2022fnm". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  23. ↑ "AT 2020agp". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  24. ↑ "AT 2021ablz". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  25. ↑ "2007sv". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  26. ↑ Tartaglia, L.; Pastorello, A.; Taubenberger, S.; Cappellaro, E.; Maund, J. R.; Benetti, S.; Boles, T.; Bufano, F.; Duszanowicz, G.; Elias-Rosa, N.; Harutyunyan, A.; Hermansson, L.; Höflich, P.; Maguire, K.; Navasardyan, H.; Smartt, S. J.; Taddia, F.; Turatto, M. (2015). "Interacting supernovae and supernova impostors. SN 2007sv: The major eruption of a massive star in UGC 5979". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 447 (1): 117. arXiv:1406.2120. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..117T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2384.
  27. ↑ "AT 2019oet". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  28. ↑ "AT 2020jev". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  29. ↑ Fox, Derek (12 February 2015). "Asiago spectroscopic observation of PSN J09132750+7627410". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  30. ↑ "AT 2019ahd". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  31. ↑ "AT 2020pju". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  32. ↑ "AT 2019udc". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  33. ↑ Allan, Andrew P; Groh, Jose H; Mehner, Andrea; Smith, Nathan; Boian, Ioana; Farrell, Eoin J; Andrews, Jennifer E (2020-08-01). "The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low-metallicity galaxy PHL 293B". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 496 (2): 1902–1908. arXiv:2003.02242. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1629. ISSN 0035-8711.
  34. ↑ Thöne, C. C.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Leloudas, G.; Gall, C.; Cano, Z.; Maeda, K.; Schulze, S.; Campana, S.; Wiersema, K.; Groh, J.; de la Rosa, J.; Bauer, F. E.; Malesani, D.; Maund, J.; Morrell, N. (2017). "SN 2015bh: NGC 2770's 4th supernova or a luminous blue variable on its way to a Wolf-Rayet star?". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 599: A129. arXiv:1606.09025. Bibcode:2017A&A...599A.129T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629968. ISSN 0004-6361.
  35. ↑ "SN 2003gm". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  36. ↑ Green, Daniel W. E. (June 30, 2011). "Electronic Telegram No. 2754". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  37. ↑ "AT 2022rmk". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  38. ↑ "AT 2017des". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  39. ↑ Fulton, M.; Smartt, S. J.; Smith, K. W.; Huber, M.; Tucker, M. A.; Chambers, K. C.; Srivastav, S.; Young, D. R.; Gillanders, J.; Sim, S.; Moore, T.; Boer, T. D.; Bulger, J.; Fairlamb, J.; Lin, C. C.; Lowe, T.; Magnier, E.; Schultz, A.; Wainscoat, R. J.; Gao, H.; Chen, T. W.; Wright, D. E.; Stubbs, C.; Rest, A. (2022). "Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae: PS17cke confirmed to be an LBV outburst and not a kilonova candidate". Transient Name Server Astronote. 36: 1. Bibcode:2022TNSAN..36....1F.
  40. ↑ "AT 2022rmk". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  41. ↑ "AT 2017dau". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  42. ↑ "AT 2018kle". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  43. ↑ "AT 2022oku". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  44. ↑ "AT 2020zmn". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  45. ↑ Diego, J. M.; Pascale, M.; Kavanagh, B. J.; Kelly, P.; Dai, L.; Frye, B.; Broadhurst, T. (2022). "Godzilla, a monster lurks in the Sunburst galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 665: A134. arXiv:2203.08158. Bibcode:2022A&A...665A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243605. ISSN 0004-6361.
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