List of African American suffragists
This is a list of African American suffragists, suffrage groups and others associated with the cause of women's suffrage in United States.
Groups
- Afro-American Protective Association (Iowa).[1]
- Alpha Suffrage Club (Illinois).[2]
- American Woman Suffrage Association.[3]
- Colored Women's Equal Suffrage Club (Oregon).[4]
- Colored Women's Independent Political League (Ohio).[5]
- Colored Women's Suffrage Club of New York.[6]
- Colored Women's Suffrage Club (Maryland).[7]
- Colored Women's Voting Club in Roanoke (Virginia).[8]
- Des Moines League of Colored Women Voters, formed in 1912 (Iowa).[9]
- El Paso Negro Woman's Civic and Enfranchisement League, started in 1918 (Texas).[10]
- Federated Colored Women's Clubs.[11]
- Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs.[12]
- Los Angeles Forum of Colored Women.[13]
- Lucy Stone Woman Suffrage League (Pennsylvania).[14]
- National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.[3]
- New Jersey State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs (NJSFCWC).[15]
- Philadelphia Suffrage Association, founded in 1866 with interracial membership.[3]
- Progressive Women's Suffrage Club (Baltimore, Maryland), (also known as the Colored Women's Suffrage Club).[16]
- Suffrage Study Club (Wilmington, Delaware).[17]
- Tuskegee Women's Club (Alabama).[18]
Suffragists
A
- Christia Adair (Texas).[19]
- Osceola Macarthy Adams.[20]
- Sadie Lewis Adams (Illinois).[21]
- Teresa Adams (Iowa).[22]
- Winona Cargile Alexander.[23]
- Susan E. Allen (Illinois).[24]
- Eliza Anderson.[25]
- Naomi Anderson.[26]
- Libbie C. Anthony (Missouri).[27]
- Blanche Armwood (Florida).[28]
B
- Alice Gertrude Baldwin (Delaware).[29]
- Maria Louise Baldwin (Massachusetts).[30]
- Janie Porter Barrett (Virginia).[26]
- Laura Beasley (Illinois).[31]
- Mary Beatty (Mississippi and Oregon).[32]
- Ida M. Bowman Becks.[33]
- Mae E. Profitt Bentley (Rhode Island).[34]
- Ella G. Berry (Illinois).[35]
- Mary V. Berry (Washington, D.C.).[36]
- Kizziah J. Bills (Illinois).[37]
- Ethel Cuff Black.[38]
- Irene Moorman Blackstone (New York).[39]
- Annie Walker Blackwell (Pennsylvania).[40]
- Bonnie Thomas Bogle (Oregon).[4]
- Bertha C. Boschulte (St. Thomas).[41]
- Rosa Dixon Bowser (Virginia).[42]
- Rose Talliaferro Bradic (Rhode Island).[43]
- Minnie L. Bradley (Connecticut).[44]
- Louise Beatrice Braxton (Maryland).[45]
- Hallie Quinn Brown (Ohio).[46]
- Ida E. Duckett Brown (New Jersey).[15]
- Solomon G. Brown.[47]
- Josephine Beall Willson Bruce.[26]
- Eva Carter Buckner (California).[13]
- Mary E. Cary Burrell (New Jersey).[48]
- Nannie Helen Burroughs.[49]
- Louisa C. Hatton Crawford Butler (Washington, D.C.).[50]
- Marian D. Butler (Washington, D.C.).[51]
C
- Bertha Pitts Campbell.[52]
- Susan E. Cannon Allen (Illinois).[24]
- Jeannette Carter (Washington, D.C.).[53]
- Augusta Theodosia Lewis Chissell (Maryland).[16]
- Helen E. Christian (New York).[6]
- Mary C. Clarke (Illinois).[54]
- Carrie Williams Clifford (Ohio).[55]
- Mattie E. Coleman (Tennessee).[56]
- Maude B. Deering Coleman (Washington, Pennsylvania).[57]
- Coralie Franklin Cook.[26]
- Helen Appo Cook (Washington, D.C.).[58]
- Anna J. Cooper.[26]
- Fannie Wilson Cooper (Iowa).[59]
- Henrietta Green Crawford (New Jersey).[60]
- Ida R. Cummings (Maryland).[7]
- Ella Cunningham (New York).[61]
- Helen M. Curtis (New York).[62]
D
- Ida Clark DePriest (Colorado).[63]
- Addie Whiteman Dickerson (Pennsylvania).[64]
- Mamie Dillard (Kansas).[26]
- Julia Dorsey.[47]
- Frederick Douglass.[49]
- Virginia Hewlett Douglass.[47]
E
- Mary E. Eato (New York).[65]
- Elizabeth Piper Ensley.[66]
F
- Charlotte Vandine Forten.[26]
- Margaretta Forten (Pennsylvania).[3]
- Nellie Griswold Francis (Minnesota).[67]
G
- Sarah J. S. Garnet (New York).[65]
- Ella Gifft (St. Thomas).[68]
- Irene W. Griffin (Louisiana).[69]
- Charlotte Forten Grimké.[26]
- Angelina Weld Grimké.[3]
H
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.[70]
- Lugenia Burns Hope (Georgia).[3]
- Addie Waites Hunton (New York).[71]
J
- Mary E. Jackson (Rhode Island).[26]
- Lottie Wilson Jackson (Michigan}.[72]
- Anna Louise James (Connecticut).[44]
- Hester C. Jeffrey (New York).[73]
- Harriet C. Johnson {Pennsylvania).[74]
- Mary Jane Richardson Jones (Illinois).[75]
- Verina Morton Jones (New York).[26][65]
L
- Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lampkin (Pennsylvania).[70][14]
- Lucy Craft Laney (Georgia).[26]
- Indiana Little (Alabama).[76]
- Adella Hunt Logan (Alabama).[18]
M
- Victoria Earle Matthews (New York).[26]
- Mary A. McCurdy (Indiana).[26]
- Rosa Moorman (Ohio).[77]
- Gertrude Bustill Mossell (Pennsylvania).[3]
P
- Millie Lawson Bethell Paxton (Virginia).[8][78]
- Ora Brown Stokes Perry (Virginia).[79][77]
- Juno Frankie Pierce (Tennessee).[80][81][82][83]
- Alice Sampson Presto (Washington).[84]
- Lucy Proffitt (Rhode Island).[85]
- Harriet Forten Purvis (Pennsylvania).[3]
- Harriet Purvis Jr. (Pennsylvania).[26]
R
- Harriet Redmond (Oregon).[86]
- Sarah Parker Remond.[26]
- Naomi Sewell Richardson.[87]
- Florida Ruffin Ridley (Massachusetts).[88]
- Ruth Logan Roberts (New York).[89]
- Charlotte Rollin (South Carolina).[3]
- Carrie Barnes Ross (Indiana).[90]
- Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (Massachusetts).[3]
S
- Maude Sampson (Texas).[91]
- Mary Townsend Seymour (Connecticut).[44]
- Mary Ann Shadd.[70]
- Eliza Pearl Shippen.[92]
- Lydia C. Smith (New York).[65]
- Rosetta Douglass Sprague.[47]
T
- Mary Burnett Talbert (New York).[49]
- Mary Church Terrell.[49]
- Beatrice Sumner Thompson (California).[93]
- Sojourner Truth.[3]
- Harriet Tubman.[94]
W
- Margaret Murray Washington (Alabama).[18]
- Alice L. Thompson Waytes (Massachusetts).[95]
- Ida B. Wells (Illinois).[96]
- Madree Penn White.[97]
- Caroline B. Williams.[17]
- Edith L. Williams (St. Thomas).[68]
- Fannie Barrier Williams.[26]
- Carrie Whalon.[98]
Y
- Estelle Hall Young (Maryland).[7]
See also
References
- ↑ Boyd 2018, p. 29.
- ↑ Sorenson 2004, p. 9.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "African American Women and the Nineteenth Amendment". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- 1 2 Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Bonnie Thomas Bogle". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ "Woman Suffrage in the Midwest". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- 1 2 Lemen, Emily. "Biographical Sketch of Helen E. Christian, 1879-1930". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- 1 2 3 Novara, Elizabeth A. "Biographical Sketch of Ida R. Cummings". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- 1 2 Edds, Margaret (February 12, 2021). "Paxton, Millie Lawson Bethell (1875–1939)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ↑ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Sue M. Wilson Brown, 1877-1941". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ "Letters regarding African American suffrage organization". Bullock Texas State History Museum. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- 1 2 Shea, Neil (2017). "Biographical Sketch of Victoria Clay Haley". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ "Toward A Universal Suffrage: Profiles of Courage". Central Iowa Community Museum. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
- 1 2 Smith, Sode. "Biographical Sketch of Eva Carter Buckner". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- 1 2 "Daisy Elizabeth Adams Lampkin -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Iowa State University. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
- 1 2 Adams, Betty Livingston. "Biographical Sketch of Ida E. Duckett Brown". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- 1 2 Loughlin, Maggie. "Biographical Sketch of Augusta "Gussie" Theodosia Lewis Chissell". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- 1 2 "Colored Women Want the Ballot". The Evening Journal. March 21, 1914. p. 12. Retrieved June 17, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 3 Worthy, Shalis. "The 19th Amendment and Women's Suffrage: Suffrage & Race in Alabama". Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Cobbins, Quin'Nita. "Biographical Sketch of Christia V. Daniels Adair". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Hart, Evan Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Osceola Macarthy Adams, 1890-1983". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Davis 1922, p. 80.
- ↑ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Teresa Adams". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Bowling, Jean. "Biographical Sketch of Winona Cargile Alexander |". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- 1 2 Davis 1922, p. 73.
- ↑ Wintory, Blake. "Biographical Sketch of Eliza Julia (Brockett or Brackett) Shadd Anderson". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Libbie (Libby) C. Anthony". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Hewitt, Nancy. "Biographical Sketch of Blanche Armwood". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Boylan, Anne M. (Summer 2019). "Delaware Women's Suffrage Timeline" (PDF). Delaware Historical Society. League of Women Voters. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ↑ "Maria Baldwin". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Dobschuetz, Barbara. "Biographical Sketch of Laura Beasley". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ↑ Ward, Jean M. "Mary Laurinda Jane Smith Beatty (1834–1899)". Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Ida M. Bowman Becks". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Truppi, Lily; Cottineau, Sacha. "Biographical Sketch of Mae E. Proffitt Bentley". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Materson, Lisa G. "Biographical Sketch of Ella G. Berry". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Lundquist-Wentz, Chelsea. "Biographical Sketch of Mary V. Berry". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Thomas Wells, Brandy. "Biographical Sketch of Kizziah J. Bills". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Boylan, Anne M. "Biographical Sketch of Ethel L. Cuff (Black)". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ↑ "Irene Moorman Blackstone -". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ↑ Wilson, Linda D. "Biographical Sketch of Annie Walker Blackwell". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ "Bertha Boschulte: Talented teacher and tireless women's suffragist". Chalkboard Champions. Retrieved April 11, 2026.
- ↑ Davis, Veronica Alease. "Biographical Sketch of Rosa L. Dixon Bowser". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Battye, Jilian; Riordan, Katherine. "Biographical Sketch of Rose Talliaferro Bradic". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- 1 2 3 "What happened in Connecticut with the 19th Amendment Ratification?". League of Women Voters. August 28, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
- ↑ Weinstock, Rebecca F. "Biographical Sketch of Louise Beatrice Braxton". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ Borchardt, Jackie; Balmert, Jessie (June 14, 2019). "100 years ago Ohio ratified the 19th Amendment. Here are 6 women who made suffrage reality". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 Lundquist-Wentz, Chelsea. "Biography of Mrs. Julia Dorsey, 1850-1919". Alexander Street. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
- ↑ Livingston Adams, Betty. "Biographical Sketch of Mary E. Cary Burrell". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "Four African American Suffragists You Should Know". National Park Foundation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Wintory, Blake. "Biographical Sketch of Louisa C. (Hatton) Crawford Butler". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Hart, Evan Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Marian D. Butler". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Dublin, Thomas. "Biographical Sketch of Bertha Pitts Campbell". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Keating, James. "Biographical Sketch of Jeannette Carter". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Wilson, Linda D. "Biographical Sketch of Mary C. Beasley Byron Clarke". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Murphy, Mary-Elizabeth. "Biographical Sketch of Carrie Williams Clifford". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Walker, Kobe; Rials, Kalie; Jones, Terriana; Kanu, Maria. "Biographical Sketch of Mattie E. Coleman". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Streeter, Carrie. "Biographical Sketch of Maude B. Deering Coleman". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ VanCour, Ciara. "Biographical Sketch of Helen A. Cook". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Hoskins, Danielle. "Biographical Sketch of Fannie Wilson Cooper". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Johnson, James Elton. "Biographical Sketch of Henrietta Green Crawford". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ↑ McCune, Sarah Lirley. "Biographical Sketch of Ella Cunningham". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ↑ Kearns, Annemarie. "Biographical Sketch of Helen M. Curtis". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
- ↑ Higginbotham, Elizabeth; Romero, Mary, eds. (1997). Women and Work: Exploring Race, Ethnicity, and Class. Vol. 6: Women and Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 220. ISBN 9780803950597.
- ↑ Who's who in Colored America. Who's Who in Colored America Corporation. 1942. p. 157.
- 1 2 3 4 Carrillo, Karen Juanita (October 20, 2022). "Plaque unveiled for African American suffragists in Brooklyn". New York Amsterdam News. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Yaeger, Lynn (October 21, 2015). "The African-American Suffragists History Forgot". Vogue. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ "Women's suffrage bill". The Nashville Globe. October 20, 1918. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
- 1 2 "After the 19th Amendment: Women in the US Virgin Islands Secure the Vote". Rediscovering Black History. December 16, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2026.
- ↑ "Irene Griffin, first black woman to register to vote in Plaquemines Parish, dies at 84". New Orleans Times-Picayune. March 30, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- 1 2 3 "Five You Should Know: African American Suffragists". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ Goodier, Susan; Pastorello, Karen (September 15, 2017). Women Will Vote: Winning Suffrage in New York State. Cornell University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-5017-1319-4.
- ↑ Sibilla, Michelle; Arbab, Fiana; Humayun, Afaf; Shammami, Narmeen; Kaniaris, Alex. "Biographical Sketch of Charlotte "Lottie" Wilson Jackson, 1854-1914". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ "Hester Jeffrey". Western New York Suffragists: Winning the Vote. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
- ↑ Walton-Hanley, Jennifer. "Biography of Harriet C. Johnson, 1845-1907". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists. Alexander Street. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
- ↑ Harbour, Jennifer (September 14, 2020). "Mary Jane Richardson Jones, Emancipation and Women's Suffrage Activist". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ↑ Royster, Briana Adline (2019). "Biographical Sketch of Indiana T. Little". Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists. Alexander Street. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- 1 2 Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-253-21176-7.
- ↑ Edds, Margaret (2020). "Millie Lawson Bethell Paxton (1875–1939)". Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Library of Virginia. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ↑ McDaid, Jennifer Davis (October 26, 2018). "Woman Suffrage in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.
- ↑ The African-American history of Nashville, Tennessee, 1780–1930: elites and dilemmas, by Bobby L. Lovett, University of Arkansas Press, 1999, p. 232
- ↑ Tennessee Through Time, The Later Years. Gibbs Smith. 2007. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-1-58685-806-3.
- ↑ "Black History Month: J. Frankie Pierce founded school for girls | The Tennessean | tennessean.com". Archive.tennessean.com. February 14, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
- ↑ "Frankie Pierce & the Tennessee Vocational School for Colored Girls". Ww2.tnstate.edu. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
- ↑ Cobbins, Quin'Nita. "Biographical Sketch of Alice S. Presto". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists. Retrieved May 14, 2022 – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ Ramos, Emily; Szeneitas, Sophia. "Biographical Sketch of Lucy Proffitt". Alexander Street. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ↑ "Harriet "Hattie" Redmond (1862-1952)". Oregon Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- ↑ Carson, Tabitha; Northern, Yasmine; Rollins, Perrye; Bowler, Lauryn; Parker, Skylar; Davis, Lundyn (2018). "Biographical Sketch of Naomi Sewell Richardson". Alexander Street. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- ↑ Zackodnik, Teresa C. (2010). "We Must Be Up and Doing": A Reader in Early African American Feminisms. Broadview Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 9781460402146.
- ↑ Alexander, Adele Logan. "Roberts, Ruth Logan". Religion and Community. Facts On File, 1997. African-American History Online. Retrieved February 6, 2016. Sourced from Hine, Darlene Clark; Thompson, Kathleen, eds. (1997). Facts on File encyclopedia of Black women in America. New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 9780816034246. OCLC 906768602.
- ↑ Nahmias, Leah (March 11, 2020). "The Black Women Suffragists of Indiana". Indy Maven. Retrieved July 18, 2025.
- ↑ "Letters regarding African American suffrage organization". Bullock Texas State History Museum. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ↑ Hymes, Makenzie. "Eliza Pearl Shippen". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ "Los Angeles N.A.A.C.P." California Eagle. April 4, 1924. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Brown, Tammy L. (August 24, 2018). "Celebrate Women's Suffrage, but Don't Whitewash the Movement's Racism | ACLU". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ↑ "Woman's Suffrage". The Crisis. Vol. 4, no. 5. September 1912. p. 215. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
- ↑ "Suffragists in Illinois". Turning Point Suffragist Memorial. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
- ↑ "Biography of Madree Penn White, 1892-1967". Biographical Database of Black Woman Suffragists – via Alexander Street.
- ↑ Morgan, Anita (2020). "We Must Be Fearless": The Woman Suffrage Movement in Indiana. Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87195-438-1.
Sources
- Boyd, Katherine (Spring 2018). Partial Suffrage in Iowa: 1894 (Thesis). University of Iowa.
- Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay (1922). The Story of the Illinois Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. Chicago – via HathiTrust.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sorenson, Mark W. (2004). "Ahead of Their Time: A Brief History of Suffrage in Illinois". Illinois Heritage. 7 (6). Illinois State Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023 – via Illinois Periodicals Online.