Kingdom of Redonda

Kingdom of Redonda
Micronation (unrecognised entity)
LocationRedonda
Area claimed0.864 km2 (0.334 sq mi)
Claimed byVarious, including M. P. Shiel
Dates claimed1929–present

The Kingdom of Redonda is a micronation associated with the tiny uninhabited Caribbean island of Redonda.

The island lies between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat, within the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain, in the West Indies. Redonda is part of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. The island is just over one mile (1.6 km) long and one-third mile (0.54 km) wide, rising to a 971-foot (296 m) peak. In September 2023, the Redonda Ecosystem Reserve was established, covering nearly 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres) of land and sea,[1] making it the largest marine protected area in the region.[2] The island teems with bird life, but is more or less uninhabitable by humans because there is no source of freshwater other than rain, and most of the island is extremely steep and rocky, with only a relatively small, sloping plateau area of grassland at the summit. Landing on the island is a very challenging process, possible only via the leeward coast on days when the seas are calm. Climbing to the top of the island is also very arduous. Despite these difficulties, from 1865 until 1912 Redonda was part of a lucrative trade in guano mining, and many thousands of tons of phosphates were shipped from Redonda to Britain. The ruins associated with the mineworkings can still be seen on the island.

Various parties claim Redonda as a micronation. An account told by the fantasy writer M. P. Shiel in 1929 claimed that Redonda was established by his father as an "independent kingdom" decades earlier in the 19th century, and that he had become king in 1880.[3] The title to the supposed kingdom is still contested to this day in a half-serious fashion. The "Kingdom" is also often associated with a number of supposedly aristocratic members, whose titles are awarded by whoever is currently the "King".

History

The early history of the "Kingdom" of Redonda is uncertain, although a folk memory and oral history of the coronation of Shiel still exists on Montserrat.[4][5]

During Shiel's lifetime

M. P. Shiel (1865–1947), an author of works of adventure and fantasy fiction, was the first person to give an account of the "Kingdom of Redonda," in 1929, in a promotional pamphlet for a reissue of his books.[6][7]

According to Shiel's story, Shiel's father, Matthew Dowdy Shiell, who was a trader and Methodist lay preacher from the nearby island of Montserrat, claimed the island of Redonda when his son, Matthew Phipps Shiell, was born. Supposedly the father felt he could legitimately do this, because it appeared to be the case that no country had officially claimed the islet as territory. Shiell senior is also said to have requested the title of King of Redonda from Queen Victoria and according to the legend, it was granted to him by the British Colonial Office rather than by Victoria herself, provided there was no revolt against colonial power.[8]

The son (originally named Matthew Phipps Shiell but later known as the writer M. P. Shiel) claimed he was crowned on Redonda at the age of 15, in 1880, by a bishop from Antigua.[5]

Shiel cites two different names for the bishop who performed the coronation: the Reverend Dr Mitchinson and the Rev. Hugh Semper.[5] These men were both genuine clerics in the Caribbean during this period. Whether Shiel had a faulty memory or couldn't keep his invented story consistent is unknown. In "About Myself" Shiel writes that he attempted to impose a tribute tax on the American guano miners, but the request was refused. There has been no independent evidence provided of any such demands.

Several of Shiel's works of fiction concerned various aspects of monarchy. One of his detective heroes is called Cummings King Monk. In Shiel's 1901 end-of-the-world story The Purple Cloud, the protagonist Adam Jeffson, the last man on earth, establishes himself as monarch of the devastated globe, while Shiel's novel The Lord of the Sea (1901) has Richard Hogarth, another Overman figure, coming to dominate the world. In 1899, Shiel wrote about visiting Redonda in his adventure novel Contraband of War.

After Shiel's death

In later life, Shiel gave the title, and the rights to his work, to his chief admirer, London poet and editor John Gawsworth (Terence Ian Fytton Armstrong), the biographer of Arthur Machen, who was the realm's Archduke. Gawsworth (1912–70) seems to have passed on the title several times when the writer was low in funds.[5] Gawsworth's realm has been facetiously termed "Almadonda" (by the Shielian scholar A. Reynolds Morse (1914–2000)) after the Alma pub in Westbourne Grove, Bayswater, London, where "King Juan" frequently held court in the 1960s.[9]

After Gawsworth's death

After Gawsworth's death the title fragmented. He had apparently promised to make Max Juan Tonge Leggett, the first son of his friends Charles and Jean Leggett, his Redondan heir if they gave the child (born in the late 1950s) his royal name of Juan.[5] The writer Dominic Behan (1928–89) claimed Gawsworth transferred the title to him in 1960. It is also said that Gawsworth handed on the throne to Aleph Kamal, whose peers include the novelist Edna O'Brien. Some researchers accept that Gawsworth bestowed the title on his friend the publican Arthur John Roberts in 1967, by "Irrevocable Covenant".[5]

Self-appointed monarchs of Redonda include/included Michael Lawler in 2010, Marvin Kitman and William Scott Home. Scott Home's claim to the title was, he says, based on ESP and reincarnation.[5]

Publisher, author and environmentalist Jon Wynne-Tyson, however, claims that Gawsworth, prior to his death in 1970, bestowed the kingship upon him along with the literary executorships, although the writer Iain Fletcher was the joint literary executor for Gawsworth. Jon Wynne-Tyson ruled as King Juan II and visited Redonda in 1979, on an expedition organized by the philanthropist and Shielian publisher A. Reynolds Morse.

Later developments

In 1988, clergyman Paul de Fortis established "The Redondan Cultural Foundation" and sought a successor to Wynne-Tyson. De Fortis promoted a new king, Cedric Boston (born on Montserrat in 1960). Boston claimed the Redondan throne in 1984, winning the allegiance of a number of Gawsworth's peers.[10] In 1993 Roger Dobson, also of the Redonda Cultural Foundation identified Shiel's grand daughter Margaret Parry as Queen.[11] Recognising the counter claims, Dobson said she was "certainly" a princess and had a claim to be Queen.[12][13][14] Parry subsequently issued a statutory declaration that only her claim was legally valid under British law.[15]

Wynne-Tyson eventually abdicated in favour of the novelist Javier Marías of Madrid in 1997, transferring the literary executorship of Gawsworth and Shiel along with the title.[16][17] After Marias took the throne he established the Reino de Redonda book imprint,[18] which closed after his death.[19]

William Leonard Gates, whom Gawsworth had given the title of "Baron L'Angelier de Blythswood de Redonda", claimed Arthur John Roberts' title after Roberts' death. From his home at Thurlton, Norfolk, Gates, who was known as King Leo, presided over a group known as "The Redondan Foundation". King Leo 'reigned' as king for thirty years, from 1989.[20] Gates died on 2 January 2019 and his crown was inherited by his wife, Queen Josephine.[21]

In 2000 Bob Williamson, who lived on Antigua until his death in 2009, claimed the throne for himself as "King Bob the Bald", and sold Redonda branded souvenirs to tourists.[22]

Wynne-Tyson, Javier Marías, Bob Williamson, and Cedric Boston were all interviewed in the BBC Radio 4 documentary Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, broadcast in May 2007.[23][24] Roger Dobson, who researched and wrote the programme, spoke to "Queen Maggie", who had visited the island in June 1993,[25] but she declined to participate, saying she did not "take the title very seriously."[26]

Various people have been given a "peerage" status in Redonda. Generally, these were writer friends of Shiel's and Gawsworth in the early years of the Kingdom. They include Arthur Machen, Oliver Stonor, Edgar Jepson, Thomas Burke, Victor Gollancz, Carl Van Vechten, Arthur Ransome, Lawrence Durrell, Gerald Durrell, G. S. Fraser, Michael Harrison, John Heath-Stubbs, Dylan Thomas, Henry Miller, Julian MacLaren-Ross, Philip Lindsay, Rebecca West, John Waller, August Derleth, Stephen Graham, Dorothy L. Sayers, J. B. Priestley, Eden Phillpotts, Stephen Potter, Martin Secker, Frank Swinnerton, John Wain, and Julian Symons. This practice has continued with later kings; examples include the artist Stephen Chambers, ennobled in 2017.

On the question of the Kingdom of Redonda, Wynne-Tyson has written:

The legend is and should remain a pleasing and eccentric fairy tale; a piece of literary mythology to be taken with salt, romantic sighs, appropriate perplexity, some amusement, but without great seriousness. It is, after all, a fantasy.[27]

Death of Javier Marias

On 11 September 2022, Javier Marías died in Madrid. It was reported that Xavier I had named Juan Gabriel Vásquez[28] as his successor, however, Vásquez later clarified that an official naming ceremony had never taken place.[29]

In August 2022, Spanish writer Javier Diéguez visited the island of Redonda and left some books by Javier Marías, M. P. Shiel, and Jon Wynne-Tyson as a tribute to Javier Marías and the previous monarchs of Redonda.[30] Diéguez's book 'Redonda' narrates his journey to the island and serves as a posthumous tribute to Javier Marías.[31]

List of monarchs

Original claims:

Disputed claims:

  • Arthur John Roberts, 1967–1989 (styled as King Juan II)
  • Jon Wynne-Tyson, 1970–1997 (styled as King Juan II)
  • William Leonard Gates, 1989–2019 (styled as King Leo)
  • Margaret Parry, 1993–2021 (styled as Queen Maggie)
  • Javier Marías, 1997–2022 (styled as King Xavier)
  • Bob Williamson, 2000-2009 (styled as King Bob the Bald)

In 2007, the Wellington Arms pub in Southampton, England, attempted to declare itself an embassy of Bob Williamson's Redonda, in order to gain diplomatic immunity from a nationwide ban on smoking in enclosed workplaces, including pubs. This ultimately failed when the Foreign and Commonwealth Office pointed out that His Majesty's Government recognises Redonda as a dependent territory of Antigua and Barbuda which, accordingly, is not entitled to establish a separate embassy or high commission in the United Kingdom.[32]

References

  1. ↑ Handy, Gemma (1 October 2023). "Redonda: Tiny Caribbean island's transformation to wildlife haven". BBC. St John's, Antigua. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  2. ↑ Editorial Staff (17 October 2024). "Redonda Celebrates One Year as Largest Marine Protected Area in the Region". Antigua.news. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  3. ↑ Hobbs, Harry; Williams, George (6 January 2022). Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty. Cambridge University. p. 182. ISBN 9781009156950.
  4. ↑ Hingston, Michael (13 September 2022). Try Not to Be Strange: The Curious History of the Kingdom of Redonda. Biblioasis. ISBN 9781771964159..
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Squires, John D. "Of Dreams and Shadows: An Outline of the Redonda Legend with Some Notes on Various Claimants to its Uncertain Throne". alangullette.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  6. ↑ "REDONDA [ARTÍCULOS]". Javier Marías. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  7. ↑ Squires, John D. "The Redonda Legend: A Chronological Bibliography". alangullette.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
  8. ↑ de Fortis, Paul (1991). "A History of Redonda". In de Fortis, Rev. Paul (ed.). The Kingdom of Redonda, 1865-1990. Cheshire: The Alyesford Press.
  9. ↑ Morse, A. Reynolds (1980). The Works of M. P. Shiel, Vol. 3: The Shielography Updated, part 2. Cleveland: The Reynolds Morse Foundation. pp. 531–552.
  10. ↑ de Fortis 1991, pp. 19–41 [Argues the case for Cedric Boston].
  11. ↑ Finnegan, Matt (15 May 1993). "Hunt for Caribbean Queen". Manchester Evening News. p. 3.
  12. ↑ Mulchrone, Patrick (17 May 1993). "Ilse be Queen". Daily Mirror. London. p. 10.,
  13. ↑ Bowman, Carin (21 May 1993). "Maggie's World, a Woman's Realm". Rossendale Free Press. Rossendale. p. 7.
  14. ↑ Finnegan, Matt (15 May 1993). "Hunt for Queen of Caribbean". Manchester Evening News. Manchester. p. 3.
  15. ↑ Brewin, Craig (16 March 2025). "Image from: How Prince Nicholas de Vere made the Queen of Redonda a Legal Title (Part 1)". Craig Brewin's Blog. WordPress. Retrieved 19 July 2026.
  16. ↑ Wynne-Tyson, Jon (2004). Finding the Words: A Publishing Life. Wilby, Norfolk: Michael Russell. [Chapter 8, 'The Cause of Half Our Sorrows,' covers the author’s perspective on Gawsworth, Redonda, and the transfer of his disputed royal claim to Javier Marías, pp. 158–195.]
  17. ↑ Fay, Sarah (Winter 2006). "Javier Marías, The Art of Fiction No. 190 (interview)". The Paris Review. No. 179.
  18. ↑ Orthofer, M. A. (6 April 2013). "Javier Marías's Debt to Translation - Gareth J. Wood". The Complete Review. Retrieved 28 July 2026.
  19. ↑ "Reino de Redonda". javiermarias.es (in Spanish). Javier Marías. Retrieved 28 July 2026.
  20. ↑ Hutchison, Henry (2005). Realm of Redonda: A Definitive History of the Island-Kingdom of Santa Maria la Redonda in the West Indies. Thurlton, Norfolk: The Redondan Foundation. [The history of the legend from the perspective of William Gates’s claim.]
  21. ↑ "The Future of the Realm of Redonda". The Redonda Foundation. The Redonda Foundation. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "Official Web-Site For The Kingdom of Redonda". thekingdomofredonda.com. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. [Website of the late Bob Williamson]
  23. ↑ BBC Radio 4 (27 May 2007). "Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Brewin, Craig (11 September 2024). "The Island with Too Many Kings". Craig Brewin’s Blog. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  25. ↑ Bowman, Carin (11 June 1993). "Queen Maggie's island joy turns sour". Rossendale Free Press. Rossendale. p. 9.
  26. ↑ "Hunt is over in search to find Caribbean island queen". The Bolton News. Retrieved 14 July 2026.
  27. ↑ Wynne-Tyson, Jon (November 1981). "M.P. Shiel: Right Royal Fantasist". Antiquarian Book Monthly Review. 8 (11). Issue 91: 417.
  28. ↑ "Juan Gabriel Vásquez sucederá a Javier Marías como Rey de Redonda". Diario ABC (in Spanish). 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  29. ↑ Vásquez, Juan Gabriel (28 September 2023). "El reino de Redonda: algunas aclaraciones". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  30. ↑ Diéguez, Javier (6 November 2022). "En los reales dominios de Redonda - Javier Diéguez". Zenda (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  31. ↑ purgante (8 January 2024). "El viaje es la metáfora más perfecta de la vida plena: Javier Diéguez". purgante (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  32. ↑ "Pub 'embassy' dodges smoking ban". BBC. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

Further reading

  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Kingdom of Redonda at Wikimedia Commons
  • King Bob the Bald Website of Bob Williamson
  • King Michael the Grey The Howorths - Website of Frances and Michael Howorth
  • King Leo Website of William L. Gates
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