Khurkhul (Meitei dialect)
| Khurkhul | |
|---|---|
| Khurkhun[1] | |
| ꯈꯨꯔꯈꯨꯜ | |
 Meitei Mayek transliteration of "Khurkhul" | |
| Native to | Manipur |
| Region | Khurkhul |
| Ethnicity | Meitei ethnicity |
Native speakers | 6,450 (2011)[2] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early form | |
| Meitei script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
In linguistics, Khurkhul dialect (ꯈꯨꯔꯈꯨꯜ) is a variety of Meitei language (Manipuri),[3][4] spoken by the inhabitants of Khurkhul village, located in Imphal West district of Manipur, India, approximately 15–16 km from the state capital, Imphal. It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. According to the 2011 Census of India, Khurkhul population was 6,450 individuals, with a literacy rate of 78.16%. The native speakers are known as Lois, who traditionally identify themselves as Ariba Meitei (“original Meiteis”).[2]
Khurkhul is considered as critically endangered due to the increasing language shift among younger generations towards major languages. However, it continues to be widely used by the older generation in various domains of community life.[2]
The dialect contains distinctive linguistic features, including specialized vocabulary related to kinship terms and colour terms, expressions of gender, linguistic and non-linguistic forms of politeness, and traditional proverbs and taboos. These features provide insight into the social structure, cultural practices, religious beliefs, and worldview of the Khurkhul-speaking community.[2]
Etymology
Several traditions explain the origin of the name Khurkhul. According to one account, the name is derived from Khoiri Khun (khoiri “umbilical cord” + khun “village”), referring to a place associated with the cutting of an umbilical cord during the reign of King Thangcha Khongchomba and Queen Leinung Yaibilok of Sangaithel. Over time, Khoiri Khun is believed to have evolved into the present name Khurkhul.[2]
Another tradition traces the name to Khoiren Khun (khoi “umbilical” + ren “cut” + khun “village”), referring to the place where an umbilical cord was cut using a blade of grass.[2]
A third tradition derives the name from Khutlukhun (khutlu “knee” + khun “village”). It is associated with a story in which a community representative resisted religious conversion by refusing to comply even while kneeling before the authorities. According to this tradition, the name Khutlukhun later developed into Khurkhul.[2]
Classification
Khurkhul primarily belongs to the Chakpa sub-group of the Loi group of dialects of Meiteilon (Manipuri), eventually belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family.[4][2]
Phonology
Vowels
Khurkhul has 6 vowel phonemes.[2]
| FRONT | CENTRAL | BACK | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIGH | i | u | |
| MID | e | ə | o |
| LOW | a |
Minimal pairs establishing the pure vowels
Khurkhul has multiple minimal pairs to make pure vowels.[2]
| Minimal pairs | Contexts | Phonemes |
|---|---|---|
| [pi] : [pe] 'tear'; 'a kind of umbrella' |
[p_] | /i/, /e/ |
| [li] : [la] 'cane'; 'banana leaf' |
[l_] | /i/, /a/ |
| [kəmbə] : [kambə] 'cut'; 'greedy' |
[k_mbə] | /ə/, /a/ |
| [məroi] : [maroi] 'vegetable'; 'will not rotten' |
[m_roi] | /ə/, /a/ |
| [lobə] : [lubə] 'ripe'; 'deep' |
[l_bə] | /o/, /u/ |
| [koppə] : [kuppə] 'curve'; 'cover' |
[p_bə] | /o/, /u/ |
Positions of pure vowels
| Pure vowels | Initial position | Middle syllable | Final position |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | inuŋ 'inside the house' |
cin 'mouth' |
Pi 'tear' |
| e | en 'chicken' |
leŋ 'shoulder' |
Pe 'a kind of umbrella' |
| ə | əhan 'day before yesterday' |
səŋ 'hut' |
sənabə 'to play' |
| a | aːdə 'there' |
labə 'male' |
məca 'small' |
| u | uci 'mouse' |
utʰum 'a kind of edible plant' |
məpu 'owner' |
| o | ok 'pork' |
lok 'cough' |
tʰəro 'lily' |
Diphthongs
Khurkhul has six notable diphthongs.[2]
| Diphthongs | Initial position | Middle position | Final position |
|---|---|---|---|
| ai | haipʰet 'slightly' |
Lai 'God' | |
| əi | əi 'I' |
həibə 'to say' |
pʰəi 'a seat made out of straw for the rice/curry pot' |
| oi | Oi 'left' |
koibə 'long way' |
koi 'not frank' |
| əw | əwə- əwə 'indicating that the speaker wants to take a break during playing' |
pʰəwra 'made of bamboo to dry things like paddy rice, chillies, silk cocoons etc,' |
pʰəw 'paddy rice' |
| ui | Uide 'not dozing' |
huibə 'wither' |
kʰui 'is narrow' |
| aw | aw 'a way of saying yes' |
nawron 'the gap between two children' |
naw 'small' |
Minimal pairs establishing the diphthongs
| Minimal pairs | Contexts | Phonemes |
|---|---|---|
| [kai] : [kəi] 'made of bamboo to carry a dead body'; 'the place to store firewood' |
[k_] | /ai/, /əi/ |
| [lai] : [lei] 'God' 'flower' |
[l_] | /ai/, /ei/ |
| [moi] : [məw] 'they' : 'affinal woman' |
[m_] | /oi/, /əw/ |
| [loi] : [ləw] 'a group of people' 'paddy field' |
[l_] | /oi/, /əw/ |
| [lui] : [law] 'difficult' 'shout (IMP)' |
[l_] | /ui/, /aw/ |
| [cui] : [caw] 'stain' 'eat (IMP)' |
[c_] | /ui/, /aw/ |
Consonants
| + / - Voice | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -V | +V | -V | +V | -V | -V | +V | -V | +V | |
| Stops: Unaspirate | p | b | t | d | c | k | g | ||
| Stops: Aspirate | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||||
| Fricatives | s | H | |||||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||||
| Trills | r | ||||||||
| Semi vowel | w | J | |||||||
Minimal pairs establishing the consonants
| Minimal pairs | Contexts | Phonemes |
|---|---|---|
| [paː] : [taː] 'eye lash'; 'arrow' |
[_aː] | /p/, /t/ |
| [pui] : [tui] 'borrow'; 'fall' |
[_ui] | /p/, /t/ |
| [ka] : [kʰa] 'room'; 'south' |
[k_] | /k/, /kʰ/ |
| [cəka] : [cəga] 'wheel'; 'place' |
[cə_a] | /k/, /g/ |
| [kəw] : [kʰəw] 'ox'; 'throat' |
[_əw] | /k/, /kʰ/ |
| [pʰəw] : [tʰəw] 'paddy rice'; 'duty' |
[_əw] | /pʰ/, /tʰ/ |
| [pʰan] : [tʰan] 'a kind of stool'; 'bunch of clothes to sell' |
[_an] | /pʰ/, /tʰ/ |
| [nəsi] : [məsi] 'today' 'this' |
[_əsi] | /m/, /n/ |
| [nai] : [ŋai] 'pun'; 'the kinship relation between the parents of the bride and thegroom'; the social relation between the Khurkhuls and another tribe who exchange necessary support to each other' |
[_ai] | /n/, /ŋ/ |
| [ləw] : [rəw] 'paddy field'; 'a kind of fish' |
[_əw] | /l/, /r/ |
| [ləsiŋ] : [məsiŋ] 'cotton' 'the fiber in fruits/vegetable' |
[_əsiŋ] | /l/, /ŋ/ |
| [wai] : [jai] 'the cover of uncooked rice'; 'a kind of plant used for fishing, i.e. it suffocates the fish for a while' |
[_ai] | /w/, /j/ |
| [wabə] : [pabə] 'tire' 'thin' |
[_abə] | /w/, /p/ |
| [joŋ] : [loŋ] 'monkey' 'a kind of fishnet used by women' |
[_oŋ] | /j/, /l/ |
| [caː] : [saː] 'tea'; 'animal' |
[_aː] | /c/, /s/ |
| [cəŋbə] : [səŋbə] 'to enter'; 'free' |
[_əŋbə] | /c/, /s/ |
| [həi] : [təi] 'fruit'; 'a kind of frying pan' |
[_əi] | /h/, /t/ |
| [hu] : [ju] 'poison'; 'wine' |
[_u] | /h/, /j/ |
| [cadə] : [camə] 'out of cent'; 'hundred' |
[ca_ə] | /d/, /m/ |
Tones
Khurkhul has two tones, falling and level. Falling tone is marked by (`) while level tone is unmarked.[2]
| Level tone | Falling tone |
|---|---|
| kaŋ (mosquito) | kàŋ (a traditional game) |
| i (blood) | ì (thatch) |
| tʰaŋbə (to carry) | tʰàŋbə (pass on ) |
| tʰoŋ (door) | tʰòŋ (bridge) |
| səmbə (to join) | sə̀mbə (taking short cut) |
| kʰəŋbə (to get frighten) | kʰə̀ŋbə (to know) |
| tabə (to fall) | tàbə (to roll) |
Grammar
Khurkhul follows Subject Object Verb order.[2]
Pronouns
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | əi , ijak, jak | ibani/imani/əikhoni/khoni ‘we two’ |
əi khoi/khoi/ijakhoi ‘we’ |
| 2nd Person | nəŋ ‘you’ |
nəbani/noini/nəmaini ‘you two’ |
noi ‘you’ pl. |
| 3rd Person | ma ‘he/she’ |
moi ni/ məbani ‘they two’ |
moi ‘they’ |
Adjectives
| Quality | Examples |
|---|---|
| Attribute | phəcə hui (beautiful dog) |
| Size | cau hui (big dog) |
| Colour | mubə hui (black dog) |
| Gender | hui əmom (female dog) |
Postpositions
| Post-positions | Case |
|---|---|
| Noun-gi | Genitive case |
| Noun -də | Dative case |
| Noun -də | Locative case |
| Noun -nə | Instrumental |
| Noun-gə/kə | Associative |
| Noun-təgi/ dəgi | Ablative |
| Noun-nə | Nominative |
Adverbs
| Examples | Roots | Adverbial morphemes |
|---|---|---|
| ca-nə ca-nə (doing something simultaneously) |
ca- | -nə |
| cao-tək cao-tək (very big) |
cao- | -tək |
| na-ri na-ri (slightly painful) |
na | -ri |
Verb root morphemes
| Verb root-morphemes[2] |
|---|
| ca-i eat-non-future |
| ca-gəni eat-future |
| ca-re eat-perfect |
| ca-ri eat-progressive |
| ca-ro eat-imperative |
| ca-nu eat-prohibitive |
| ca-de eat-negation |
| ca-ge eat-volition |
Verbal morphemes
| Adjectives | Verbal morphemes | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -cao ‘big’ | cao-re big-PERF |
tombi cao-re tombi-big-PERF ‘Tombi has grown up.’ |
| -waŋ ‘tall’ | waŋ-de tall-NEG |
tombi waŋ-de tombi-tall-NEG ‘Tombi is not growing.’ |
Wh-words
| Wh-words[2] | Examples |
|---|---|
| kəna (who) | tombə-nə kəna paːmi Tomba-NOM Who like ‘Who does Tomba like?’ |
| kəri (what) | nəŋ kəri cai you what eat ‘What do you eat?’ |
| kaidə (where) | tombə kaidə cak cai Tomba where food eat ‘Where does Tomba eat food?’ |
| keigi (why) | nəŋ keigi lairik pai you why book read ‘Why do you read books?’ |
| kəwŋandə (when) | tombə kəwŋan(də) laki Tomba when come ‘When does Tomba come?’ |
| kəjam (how many) | nəŋ pʰiː kəjam sai you clothes how many make ‘How many dresses do you make?’ |
| kəmai(nə) (how) | nəŋ pʰiː kəmai (nə) sai you clothes how make ‘How do you make clothes?’ |
| kəidəwnə (why) | nəŋ pʰiː kəidəwnə sai you clothes why make ‘Why do you make clothes?’ |
| kəramba (which) | nəŋ pʰiː kəramba sai you clothes which make ‘Which clothes do you make?’ |
Vocabulary
| Khurkhul | Gloss |
|---|---|
| Chak chariro? | (Are you) eating rice? |
| Chak thongiro? | (Are you) cooking rice? |
| Phi suiro? | (Are you) washing clothes? |
| Tummiro? | (Are you) sleeping? |
| Phammiro? | (Are you) sitting? |
| Cha thak (l)iro? | (Are you) drinking tea? |
| Ensang hek(l)iro? | (Are you) plucking vegetables? |
Kinship terms
| Father’s side | Gloss | Mother’s side | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| pachi | Father | Ima | Mother |
| ipu | Grandfather | Ipu | Grandfather |
| ipen | Grandmother | Ipen | Grandmother |
| ipanthou | Father’s elder brother | imanthou | Mother’s elder sister |
| imanthou | ipanthou’s wife | Ipanthou | imanthou’s husband |
| ìton | Father’s younger brother | Inomcha | Mother’s younger sister |
| inomcha | iton’s wife | Ìton | inomcha’s husband |
Fillers
Khurkhul is notable for using certain kinds of filler words during daily conversation. The percentage of usage of such words vary depending on genders, through a study by Tezpur University.[2]
| Khurkhul fillers | Glosses | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asibai | (it/that/those etc.) | 100% | 100% |
| Keino | something | 100% | 100% |
| Tune | that's it | 100% | 100% |
| Toise | that's what | 100% | 100% |
Hedges
Khurkhul is found to use hedge words in daily conversation. Women are found to be more frequent in using these words than men, through a study by Tezpur University.[2]
| Khurkhul Hedges | Gloss | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
| chumdro? | Isn't right? | 33% | 83% |
| nattro? | Isn't it? | 50% | 83% |
Color terms
| Basic colour | Non-basic colour term | The thing | The colour |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANGOUBA (WHITE) | sangkom mapram machu | the upper the layer of boiled milk | slightly reddish white |
| wa pongshang mapram machu | the thin layer inside the bamboo | transparent white | |
| chanton machu | sandalwood | very white | |
| laphuleiyon machu | the tenderes banana leaf | slightly greenish white | |
| AMUBA (BLACK) | lakang machu | dirt gathered near the cooking hearth | slightly reddish black |
| kangchet machu | European rhinoceros beetle | slightly more reddish than lakang machu | |
| heikha appatpa machu | rotten plum | light blue | |
| ut machu | ash | Grey | |
| timunapun machu | blind snake | slightly reddish blackish | |
| ANGANGBA (RED) | kurao mapan machu | red coral flower | deep red |
| salu angangba machu | salu | blackish deep red | |
| soukri mapan machu | roselle flower | close to blackish deep red | |
| kabirei machu | oleander flower | near pink | |
| kaphoi mapan machu | pomegranate flower | close to near pink | |
| kodang machu | the liquid from chewing betel leaf with areca nut | reddish pink | |
| mithai machu | a particular kind of popular sweet | close to above | |
| ureirom machu | bixa orellana | close to above | |
| thangching mapan machu | euryle ferox flower | blackish pink | |
| ASANGBA (GREEN) | khongtrummaku machu | bottle gourd skin | light green |
| pangkhokla machu | taro leaf | blackish green | |
| wana machu | bamboo leaf | more blackish green | |
| tingkhak mathibong machu | caterpillar intestine | very dark green | |
| hichang machu | moss | dark green | |
| Ureng | baby leaf | green | |
| naspati machu | pears | faded green | |
| chorphon machu | olive fruit | dull faded green | |
| santhi machu | cow dung | close to above | |
| HANGKAMPAN (YELLOW) | hangkam maru machu | mustard flower before it blooms | light yellow |
| komlarong machu | orange | reddish yellow | |
| sana machu | gold | gold colour | |
| mei machu | fire | blackish yellow | |
| meiri machu | flame | reddish blackish yellow | |
| yaingang machu | Turmeric | deep reddish yellow | |
| HIKOK (BLUE) | khoimu machu | Bee | blackish blue |
| ising machu | water | light blue | |
| sorraren machu | the sky | close to above | |
| atiya machu | the sky | close to above | |
| meikhet machu | match stick | reddish blue | |
| pitruklei machu | globe amaranth (a kind of flower) | pinkish blue | |
| centre phres machu | wrapper of 'centre fresh'(a popular sweing gum) | deep blue | |
| pangg/kan khamen machu | egg plant | very dark blue | |
| kabokang mapan machu | water hyacinth flower | close to above | |
| samballei machu | duranta (golden dewdrop flower) | close to above | |
| leitan machu | a type soil used for plastering wall | close to above |
Comparison with Standard Meitei
| Khurkhul dialect[5] | Imphal dialect (Standard dialect)[5] | English translation/equivalent(s)[6][7][8] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meitei Mayek transliteration | Eastern Nagari transliteration | Latinization/Romanization | Meitei Mayek transliteration | Eastern Nagari transliteration | Latinization/Romanization | |
| ꯀꯣꯛ ꯆꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ | কোক চোৎথোকপা | Kok Chotthokpa | ꯀꯣꯛ ꯇꯨꯝꯕ | কোক তুম্বা | Kok Tumba | Washing head/scalp hair |
| ꯉꯥꯖꯤꯡ | ঙাজিং | Ngaajing | ꯈꯖꯤꯡ | খজিং | Khajing | Prawn[9] |
| ꯇꯦꯡꯅꯧ | তেংনৌ | Tengnou | ꯇꯦꯡꯅꯧꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ | তেংনৌমানবী | Tengnoumanbi | Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)[10][11] |
| ꯇꯦꯛꯄꯤ | তেকপী | Tekpi | ꯄꯣꯒꯦ | পোগে | Poge | |
| ꯆꯨꯃꯥꯏꯆꯨꯝꯕꯤ | চুমাইচুম্বী | Chumaichumbi | ꯃꯥꯏꯈꯨꯝꯕꯤ | মাইখুম্বী | Maikhumbi | Wandering Glider (Pantala flavescens)[12]/Odonata anisoptera (dragonfly larvae)[13]/Baetidae[14][15][16] |
| ꯃꯌꯥꯡꯕꯤ | ময়াংবী | Mayangbi | ꯃꯌꯥꯡꯇꯣꯟ | ময়াংতোন | Mayangton | Hoary Basil, Wild basil, Lemon basil (Ocimum americanum)[17] |
| ꯋꯥꯍꯤ | ৱাহি | Waahi/Wahi[18] | ꯋꯥꯍꯤꯛ | ৱাহিক | Waahik/Wahik | Plant hopper[19]/Aphid[20] |
| ꯍꯩꯁꯥꯡ | হৈশাঙ | Heisaang/Heishaang | ꯍꯩꯖꯥꯡ | হৈজাঙ | Heijaang/Heijang | Citron[21][22][23] |
Research
Louriyam Bebica’s research titled “A Sociolinguistic Study of Khurkhul,” guided by Gautam K. Borah in the Department of English & Foreign Languages at Tezpur University, examines the sociolinguistic aspects of the Khurkhul speech form in Manipur and was published as Series/Report No. T569 on 22 January 2019.[2]
See also
Bibliography
- Chandrakala, Ch. 1993. A Comparative Study of Imphal, Sekmai and Khurkhul Dialects of Meiteiron. PhD diss., Manipur University.
- Devi, Lairenlakpam Bino. The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai. India: Mittal Publications, 2002.
- Louriyam, Bebica Devi (2017). A sociolinguistic study of Khurkhul (Thesis). hdl:10603/201842.
- Linguistic Heritage of India and Asia. India: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 2000.
- Indian Linguistics. India: Linguistic Society of India., 2006.
- Manipur. India: Anthropological Survey of India, 1998. p. 110–118.
References
- ↑ Ibohal Singh, Wahengbam. The History of Manipur: An early period. India: Manipur Commercial Company, 1986. p. 146, 310.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Louriyam 2017, p. .
- ↑ "Place-Name in Khurkhul" (PDF). languageinindia.com. Language in India | Vol. 19:5. May 2019. ISSN 1930-2940.
The Khurkhul speech is said to be a variety of Meiteilon, a Tibeto-Burman language which is a lingua franca of Manipur state (Chelliah, 2015).
- 1 2 Chanu, Tonjam Bidyasana; Singh, Khaidem Kennedy; Singh, Ningombam Bishwamitra; Konthoujam, Nikki; Singh, Oinam Shajan; Devi, Phuritshabam Liklainganbi; Singh, Keithellakpam Ojit; Sharma, Nanaocha (July 2026). "Traditional medicinal plant knowledge and therapeutic practices among the Scheduled Caste community of Khurkhul village, Manipur, India: An ethnobotanical study". Trees, Forests and People. 26 101349. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101349.
The inhabitants of Khurkhul primarily belong to the Chakpa community, a sub-group of the Loi community, which is recognized as a Scheduled Caste under the Indian Constitution. The local language spoken in the village is a dialect of Meiteilon (Manipuri), which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family and serves as the dominant language of the region.
- 1 2 Anand, Longjam (2007). Manipuri Lon (in Manipuri). India: Manipur University Research Club; Digital Library of India; Internet Archive. pp. 39, 40.
- ↑ H Surmangol Sharma (2006). লরনর্স মনিপুরী-ইংলিশ দিক্সনারী (in Manipuri and English). Digital Library of India; Internet Archive.
- ↑ A dictionary in English, Bengali and Manipuri (in English, Manipuri, and Bengali). Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. 1837.
- ↑ Ayekapam Amarjeet; Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh; Kamaljeet Chirom; Koithelakpam Meghchandra Meitei (2013). মনিপুরী লোনগৈ (in Manipuri). India: Digital Library of India; Internet Archive.
- ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary | Khajing". dsal.uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). University of Chicago. pp. 46, 180. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
khajing ꯈꯖꯤꯡ /kʰə.jiŋ/ n. prawn.
- ↑ "Psophocarpus tetragonolobus - Winged Bean". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary | Tengnou | Tengnoumanbi". dsal.uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). University of Chicago. p. 82. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
tengnou ꯇꯦꯡꯅꯧ /teŋ.nəu/ n. a plant of a genus (Euphorbia) of the euphorbiaceae family. ... tengnoumānbi ꯇꯦꯡꯅꯧꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ /teŋ.nəu.man.bi/ n. a creeper plant of a genus (Psophocarpus) of the papilionaceae family, its green fruit is eaten as a vegetable. Morph: tengnou‑mān‑bi [name of a plant‑to resemble‑NF].
- ↑ "Table 16.1: Some of the insects consumed as food". p. 196. in: Kom, Grace K.; Arunkumar, M.C. (2020). "Entomophagy: A Culinary Heritage of Manipur". The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. pp. 193–207. doi:10.4324/9781003132745-21. ISBN 978-1-003-13274-5.
- ↑ "Table 19.2: Some edible insects of the Meeteis people (N. Biraj Singh and Abhik Gupta, pers. comm.)". p. 396. in: Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2005). "Traditional Food Insects and Spiders in Several Ethnic Groups of Northeast India, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand". Ecological Implications of Minilivestock. pp. 389–414. doi:10.1201/9781482294439-19. ISBN 978-0-429-07859-0.
- ↑ Samom, Sobhapati (2010-09-15). "6 new species of water beetles found in Manipur". assamtribune.com. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ "Edible aquatic insects vanishing in Loktak: Researchers". www.easternmirrornagaland.com. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ Admin, IT Web (2015-03-22). "'Edible aquatic insects of Loktak lake are at the verge of extinction'". News from Manipur - Imphal Times. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ "Ocimum americanum - Hoary Basil". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary | Wahi". dsal.uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). University of Chicago. p. 187. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
wāhi ꯋꯥꯍꯤ /wa.hi/ n. a kind of insect, that usu lives in soft soil.
- ↑ "Organic pesticides ptotect paddy crops from hopper infestation : 11th nov21 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ "Stop Burning of Hay Straw will uplift Rural Economy By N Munal". e-pao.net. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ "Heijaang – Manipur Medicinal Plants". medicinalplants.co.in. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ "Citrus medica - Citron". www.flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- ↑ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary | Heijang". dsal.uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). University of Chicago. p. 210. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
heijāng ꯍꯩꯖꯥꯡ /hə́i.jaŋ/ n. a species of citrus plant, with white, thick, edible fleshy portion covering the sour pulp. Morph: hei‑jāng [fruit‑id.].